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of Longmont, COIssue 12

TIDBITS® TAKES A PEEK AT

OUR SOLAR SYSTEMby Rick Dandes

Ever since the dawn of man, there has been a fascination with the stars. But it wasn’t until the invention of the telescope that a true map-ping of the sky began. Of course now, with space-age telescopes mounted on deep-space probes, we know a lot more about the universe. Take a journey into space with Tidbits, as we explore the wonders of our own solar system.

• How old is our solar system? About 4.6 billion years old, give or take a few million years. Since the Earth is constantly resurfacing itself, we can’t determine exactly how old it is by examining the surface, but there’s another way to find out. Meteorites, which date back to the formation of the solar system, have been raining down on Earth for millions of years. Scientists have sampled meteorites and learned that they’re all about 4.6 billion years old. That means that everything in the solar system formed around the same time.

• Until the telescope was invented around 1608, sky watchers used their naked eyes, careful record keeping and basic mathematics to help them understand the heavens.

turn the page for more!

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1. MOVIES: In what Disney movie was Earth re-ferred to as “Section 17, Area 51”?2. MUSIC: What does the musical direction “subito” mean?3. ACRONYMS: What does B.P.O.E. stand for?4. SCIENCE: What term describes a plant’s in-voluntary tendency to grow toward light?5. TELEVISION: What popular 1970s TV show featured a news writer named Murray Slaugh-ter?6. COMMUNICATION: What is the code word for the letter “V” in international radio alphabet?7. COMICS: Who was The Green Hornet’s side-kick?8. U.S. STATES: Which of the United States has the nickname “Old Dominion State”?9. RELIGION: Who was the founder of the Meth-odist Church?10. HUMAN ANATOMY: What is a more common name for the nares?

Q: I have a tintype that has been in my family for many years. I think it is of a family member and wonder if you can provide me with any helpful in-formation. -- Phyllis, Tewksbury, Mass.A: Most tintypes sell at regional antique shows for about $15 or $20 each. There are exceptions to ev-ery collectible, and subject matter is one of those that apply to this early form of photography. If your tintype shows a man in uniform (police, mili-tary or fireman, for example), or it is of an African-American, a child with a toy or animal, a man or woman in an unusual costume, or someone who is prominent, your tintype could be worth much more. At a recent show in Albuquerque, N.M., I saw three tintypes of Confederate soldiers sell for $75 each. If your tintype is of a distant member of your family, it probably is worth less than $25. Famous photographers and elaborate encasements also are popular with collectors.***Q: I have a rare early edition of Robert Browning’s poems. I am curious about its monetary value. -- Lynn, Mobile, Ala.

SOLAR SYSTEM (continued):• Examples of ancient Rome’s contribution to

space science are the names of the planets. The association of certain planets with certain attributes of gods or goddesses harkens back to the Sumerians, but Roman names were directly appropriated. Examples are Mercury, Venus, Mars and Saturn.•

• Our solar system only has eight planets. Not the nine planets you grew up with. That’s because the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006.

• To qualify as a planet, an object needs to orbit the sun, have enough mass to pull itself into a spherical shape, and have cleared out its orbit of other material. It’s this third requirement that Pluto hasn’t fulfilled. Pluto is a fraction of the mass in its orbit, while the other planets are millions of times more massive than everything else in their orbits.

• Pluto may have been downgraded from planet to dwarf planet, but guess what? It’s not the only dwarf planet found in our solar system. Three others have been discovered: Ceres, Eris and Makemake. Dwarf planets are objects that orbit the sun and have enough mass to form a sphere, but they share their orbit with other objects. As telescopes improve, more dwarf planets will probably be discovered. There might eventually be more dwarf planets than planets.

• Unlike Earth, Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium, so its density is only 0.13 that of Earth. While it has heavier materials in the core, it is the only planet in the solar system that is less dense than water.

• Titan is the largest of Saturn’s moons. It is the second largest moon in the solar system. In fact, it is larger than both Mercury and Pluto.

ARIES (March 21 to April 19) Your honesty con-tinues to impress everyone who needs reassurance about a project. But be careful you don’t lose pa-tience with those who are still not ready to act.TAURUS (April 20 to May 20) Pushing others too hard to do things your way could cause resentment and raise more doubts. Instead, take more time to explain why your methods will work.GEMINI (May 21 to June 20) Be more considerate of those close to you before making a decision that could have a serious effect on their lives. Explain your intentions and ask for their advice.CANCER (June 21 to July 22) You might have to defend a workplace decision you plan to make. Colleagues might back you up on this, but it’s the facts that will ultimately win the day for you. Good luck.LEO (July 23 to August 22) The Big Cat’s co-workers might not be doing enough to help get that project finished. Your roars might stir things up, but gentle purrr-suasion will prove to be more effective.VIRGO (August 23 to September 22) Someone you care for needs help with a problem. Give it lov-ingly and without judging the situation. Whatever you feel you should know will be revealed later.LIBRA (September 23 to October 22) While you’re to be admired for how you handled recent work-place problems, be careful not to react the same way to a new situation until all the facts are in.SCORPIO (October 23 to November 21) Rely on your keen instincts as well as the facts at hand when dealing with a troubling situation. Be patient. Take things one step at a time as you work through it.SAGITTARIUS (November 22 to December 21) Your curiosity leads you to ask questions. How-ever, the answers might not be what you hoped to hear. Don’t reject them without checking them out.CAPRICORN (December 22 to January 19) Be careful not to tackle a problem without sufficient facts. Even sure-footed Goats need to know where they’ll land before leaping off a mountain path.AQUARIUS (January 20 to February 18) Appear-ances can be deceiving. You need to do more inves-tigating before investing your time, let alone your money, in something that might have some hidden flaws.PISCES (February 19 to March 20) Your recent stand on an issue could make you the focus of more attention than you would like. But you’ll regain your privacy, as well as more time with loved ones, by week’s end.BORN THIS WEEK: You’re a good friend and a trusted confidante. You would be a wonderful teacher and a respected member of the clergy.

A: It depends on how early and rare your edition is. Just because a book is old doesn’t necessary mean it is valuable -- or even collectible. Check out www.abe.com to see if your book is being of-fered by a dealer and, if so, what its price is. This excellent website is especially helpful in finding out-of-print books and determining their ballpark values. If you know the title, the author, the pub-lisher and the edition, you should be able to find it at this site.***Q: I have a Koroyo Celedon water vase. One simi-lar to mine was recently given to a museum, and it was valued at a very large amount. -- James, Flor-ence, Ariz.A: You might contact the museum you referenced, since there probably is an expert on staff who can help you. R&D Antiques is a business that spe-cializes in Oriental art and antiques. The owners also are certified appraisers. Write to R&D in care of Antique Land, 800 North Central Expressway, Plano, TX 75974. Also, check out this excellent website: www.trocadero.com/ming2ching/.

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SOLAR SYSTEM (continued):• Scientists are particularly interested in Titan

because it’s one of the few known moons with its own dense atmosphere. Titan’s atmosphere is also thought to be very similar to what Earth’s atmosphere was a long time ago. By learning about Titan, we’ll learn about our own planet.

• Saturn’s moon Hyperion is shaped sort of like a hamburger patty and rotates chaotically, probably due to a recent collision.

• The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Sometimes called minor planets, asteroids are rocky objects that are the remnants of the solar system when it formed. Over 90,000 asteroids of various sizes have been found by scientists.

• Often referred to as the “final frontier” of the solar system, the Kuiper Belt, which is a disc-shaped area made up of icy debris, is located at a distance of 7.5- 9.3 billion miles (12 -15 billion kilometers) from the sun.

• Ancient astronomers used to think the Earth was the center of the universe. It wasn’t until the 16th century that Nicolaus Copernicus first presented the idea that the sun was at the center, not the Earth.

• All the objects in the solar system orbit the sun in a counter-clockwise direction. This matches the theory that the solar system formed all at once from a cool cloud of hydrogen. As the gas came together, it began to spin, so that the sun collected in the middle, surrounded by an accretion disk of gas and dust. All the planets and other material in the solar system formed within this rotating disk.

• Our sun is a typical star, middling in size, but big enough to burn steadily for 10 billion years.

DEAR PAW’S CORNER: My little dog “Gellie” gets fleas quite often. A while ago in your column a reader suggested washing the dog with Dawn dish detergent and soaking her collar in something. Do you know what that something is? Also, how often should you bathe a dog? -- Frances M., Batavia, N.Y.

DEAR FRANCES: Unfortunately I don’t have the original column right at hand, but I did a little research for you on home remedies for getting rid of these pesky biters. The website www.stopthefleas.com is the source of the dish detergent remedy: specifically, bathing your pet in lemon-scented Dawn liquid soap. It supposedly both kills and repels fleas.It’s important to note, however, that using dish detergents or hand soaps to bathe your pet will dry out their skin. This can lead to other problems, including

rashes and sores, increased allergies, and in general, a lot of discomfort for your pet -- as well as making its skin more susceptible to future flea infestation. I would recommend not using this method more than once a month, or even once every two or three months. And I’d encourage you to look for pet-friendly, natural flea-repellent soaps, which are available at pet stores.Home remedies are probably not as fast or effective as chemical remedies, and you’ll need to employ other methods to discourage fleas, including vacuuming the house at least weekly. Sprinkle a little Borax in front of the doors or plant pennyroyal near your home’s entry points. Brush your pet daily, especially if she goes outside at all, to remove dirt or grass that fleas can ride in on and dislodge flea eggs.

Do Home Flea Remedies Work?

By Samantha Mazzotta

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Serve this dish to your family and see if you aren’t voted “most favorite cook.”

1 (10 3/4-ounce) can reduced-fat cream of chicken soup1/2 cup water1/3 cup fat-free mayonnaise1 tablespoon reduced-sodium soy sauce2 teaspoons dried onion flakes2 teaspoons dried parsley flakes2 full cups diced cooked chicken breast1 1/3 cups uncooked instant rice1/2 cup plus 1 tablespoon shredded reduced-fat Cheddar cheese

1. Preheat oven to 350 F. Spray an 8-by-12-inch baking dish with butter-flavored cooking spray.2. In a large bowl, combine chicken soup, water, mayon-naise, soy sauce, onion flakes and parsley flakes. Add chicken and uncooked rice. Mix well to combine. Spread mixture evenly into prepared baking dish.3. Cover and bake for 45 minutes. Uncover. Evenly sprinkle Cheddar cheese over top. Continue baking, uncovered, for 15 minutes. Place baking dish on a wire rack and let set for 5 minutes. Divide into 6 servings. Freezes well.

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To Your Good Health By Paul G. Donohue, M.D.

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: I have taught fourth grade for 20 years. This year I couldn’t wait for the summer break. I was feeling fine at the beginning of the year, but as the months passed, I could hardly make it through the day. I had no energy.My husband insisted that I see a doctor. I did. The first doctor told me I was depressed. The second one took a longer time with me and ordered a batch of blood tests. My thyroid gland isn’t working. I have a condition with a foreign-sounding name. Do you know what I’m talking about? Will you expand on it for me? -- T.Y.

ANSWER: I’m sure you’re referring to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The Hashimoto name is not recognized by most people. It is, however, in our part of the world, the most common cause of hypothyroidism -- a nonworking thyroid gland.The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck. Thyroid hormone keeps all body cells and organs working at their peak efficiency. In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the immune system has attacked the gland for reasons that are not clear. It’s yet another example of an autoimmune disease, one where the immune system turns on its own body.Signs of a lack of thyroid hormone come on gradually. Fatigue and weakness make it a heroic feat to get through

Energy Vanishes When Thyroid on the Blink

the day. Hair might fall out. Skin becomes dry. Affected people feel cold when others are comfortably warm. Constipation is a common complaint. Menstrual cycles are erratic. Weight is gained in spite of a poor appetite and a decreased intake of calories.In addition to these signs, the gland often enlarges -- becomes a goiter.Although Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and the resulting hypothyroidism are serious conditions, treatment is straightforward: Supply the missing thyroid hormone. Once on the pill form of the hormone, signs and symptoms disappear. It takes time, however, before a person notices big changes for the better.The booklet on thyroid disorders discusses conditions of both under- and overactive thyroid glands in detail. Readers can obtain a copy by writing: Dr. Donohue -- No. 401W, Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475. Enclose a check or money order (no cash) for $4.75 U.S./$6 Canada with the recipient’s printed name and address. Please allow four weeks for delivery. ***DEAR DR. DONOHUE: Our 21-year-old daughter has been diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. Her finger turned a shade of blue. She went to the emergency room and got the diagnosis there. What kind of doctor should we consult to determine if this is her condition? -- V.C.

ANSWER: Your family doesn’t have a history of having peripheral neuropathy, right? So let’s remove all the genetic causes of it from consideration.Twenty-one is young to come down with it. It’s more of an older person’s illness. People with diabetes and a few other diseases also are targets for it, but your daughter is in otherwise good health. A blue finger isn’t a usual sign. Your daughter should see a neurologist or a vascular specialist to confirm this diagnosis, which appears a bit strange to me.

SOLAR SYSTEM (continued):• The sun contains 99.8 percent of the

mass in the solar system. And the sun is approximately 72 percent hydrogen, so most of the matter in the solar system is hydrogen, with the remaining amount being mostly helium, oxygen and carbon. Everything else, like metals and rocks, is just a tiny fraction of a fraction of the solar system’s mass.

• How big is our sun? It has a diameter of 864,000 miles (1,391,000 kilometers), and more than one million Earths could fit into the sun. It is located 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) from Earth.

• The heat the sun gives us derives from nuclear fusion at its core.

• There are only a few stars within 10 light-years of our sun. The closest Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light-years away. Barnard’s Star is 5.9 light-years away; Wolf 359 is 7.8 light-years away; Lalande 21185 is 8.3 light-years away; Sirius is 8.6 light-years away; Luyten 726-8 is 8.7 light-years away; and finally Ross 154 is 9.7 light-years away.

• The sun is just one star in 200 billion in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Doesn’t that give you perspective? Our world is just one planet orbiting one star in a galaxy of 200 billion stars.

• So, are we alone? Astronomers now estimate that the universe contains roughly trillions of stars organized into billions of galaxies.

• Spacecraft from Earth have visited or orbited every planet in the solar system, and more are on their way to visit some of the dwarf planets. Man has explored the sun, the moon and many asteroids. And now some of the oldest spacecraft still active — NASA’s Voyager spacecrafts — have almost reached the sun’s heliosphere.

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Nearly half of patients who go in for ortho-pedic surgery are seriously deficient in vi-tamin D, according to a recent study. Being deficient in that vitamin compromised heal-ing.Maybe if the patients had enough vitamin D to begin with, they wouldn’t have needed surgery in the first place. The D vitamin is essential for bone health and muscle func-tion. It helps the body absorb calcium and can help ward off osteoporosis.There are three ways we can get enough vi-tamin D: exposure to the sun, eating certain foods and taking supplements. Most foods don’t have a lot of the vitamin, but these do in varying amounts: fortified orange juice,

Vitamin D Is Vital for Bone Health

many types of fish, eggs and dairy products, and some cereals.Sunlight is tricky, especially in the winter. Ac-cording to a fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health, those of us living above the 42nd par-allel (approximately above a straight line from Boston to Northern California) likely don’t get enough sunlight from November to February to produce synthesis. Additionally, we seniors can’t synthesize sun-induced vitamin D as well as we once could.Supplements are tricky, too. The amount of vi-tamin D needed on a daily basis is apparently up for debate. Different sources quote different amounts needed for bone strength. Too much is as bad as too little.Best bet: Write down everything you eat for a week, including drinks, and take it to your doc-tor. Ask if you’re getting enough vitamin D in your diet alone, or if you need a supplement or a diet addition.If you’re scheduled for surgery, ask your doc-tor for a vitamin D test first to make sure your levels are in the right range.

• “Prewash fabrics that tend to shrink before you use them to make clothing items. That way, the fit is more accu-rate.” -- G.V. in Indiana

• Use a saltshaker to sprinkle sugar on cookies. Make sure you label it if you put it back in your cabinet!

• “I used double-face tape to adhere a small magnet to my vanity mirror to keep track of my tweezers. The tweezers are held there by the magnet, and I can always find them when I need them.” -- W.L. in New Mexico

• Add a pinch of cornstarch to beat-en eggs for a fluffier omelet.

• Keep your paintbrushes soft by rins-ing them with a little fabric softener and letting them dry. They may dry stiff, but when you rinse them before use, they will be perfect.

• “When you are asked to mark your preschooler’s things for day care, the best marker for a bottle or sippy cup is nail polish. Use a bright color. It stays on forever and won’t wear off with washing.” -- K.L. in Georgia

(c) 2009 King Features Synd., Inc.

Music Legend:Tina Turner

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock on No-vember 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards, and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title “The Queen of Rock ‘n’ Roll.”• Born to a share-cropping family in the

segregated South, Anna Mae Bullock and her elder sister were raised by their grandparents. Anna Mae eventually moved to St. Louis to reunite with her mother.

• In St. Louis, Bullock attended Sumner High School. At this time, Bullock’s sister was taking her to several nightclubs in the city. One night, Bullock met Mississippi-born rhythm and blues musician Ike Turner and later asked him if she could sing for him. Ike was initially skeptical, but after much persistence on Bullock’s part, he decided to let her sing. And the rest is history.

• Going by the name “Little Ann,” Bullock was soon the lead singer in a soul revue led by Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm band.

• When the singer that was to record “A Fool In Love” failed to turn up for the session, Ike Turner drafted Bullock to provide the vocal with the intention of removing it later. However, once he heard her spine-tingling performance of the song, he changed his plans. He changed her name to Tina Turner, and when the record became a hit, Tina became a permanent fixture in Ike’s band and his quest for international stardom.

• After they married, Ike and Tina Turner recorded a string of hits in the 1960s, including “A Fool in Love,” “It’s Gonna Work Out Fine,” “I Idolize You” and the groundbreaking “River Deep, Mountain High” with producer Phil Spector.

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1. In 2008, J.J. Hardy became the third shortstop in Milwaukee Brewers history to hit 20-plus home runs in a season twice. Name the other two.2. In 1933, Philadelphia’s Chuck Klein won the Triple Crown in the National League, but did not win the league’s MVP Award. Who did win it?3. From 2000 through 2009,

how many times did a quarterback win the Heisman Trophy?4. Name the two Chicago Bulls before Derrick Rose in 2009 to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award.5. Who was the last Vancouver Canuck before Henrik Sedin in 2009-10 to lead the NHL in scoring for a season?6. When was the last time before 2010 that Chile’s men’s soccer team won a World Cup game?7. How many Tour de France bicycle races in a row did Spain’s Miguel Indurain win?

TINA TURNER (continued):• By the end of the decade, Ike and Tina

incorporated modern rock styles into their act and began including their interpretations of “Come Together,” “Honky Tonk Woman” and “I Want to Take You Higher” in their stage show.

• “Proud Mary,” the duo’s interpretation of the Credence Clearwater Revival hit, was the duo’s greatest commercial success, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1971.The single eventually won a Grammy for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.

• Many believed that after Turner broke with Ike, she would not return to the music scene. Tina proved otherwise, when she, with the help of Roger Davies, her Australian manager, released her multi-platinum and Grammy-winning album in 1984, “Private Dancer,” with her biggest hits “What’s Love Got To Do With It?” and “Better Be Good to Me.”

• Turner in the movies: Following Turner’s success in 1984, she starred in the film, “Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome,” and recorded the film’s soundtrack as well, which produced the international hit, “We Don’t Need Another Hero.”

• Turner was listed on Rolling Stone’s list “The Immortals — The Greatest Artists of All Time.” She is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee, and two of her recordings, “River Deep - Mountain High” (1999) and “Proud Mary” (2003), are in the Grammy Hall of Fame. Turner has won eight Grammy Awards

• Tina Turner is one of the top-selling music artists of all time, with record sales estimated at around 200 million copies.

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• On Nov. 12, 1799, Andrew Ellicott Douglass, an early American astronomer born in Vermont, wit-nesses the Leonids meteor shower from a ship off the Florida Keys. Douglass’ journal entry is the first known record of a meteor shower in North America.

• On Nov. 11, 1885, George Smith Patton, one of the great American generals of World War II, is born in San Gabriel, Calif. Patton was one of the most controversial of the U.S. commanders, known to make eccentric claims that he was a di-rect descendant of great military leaders of the past through reincarnation.

• On Nov. 8, 1895, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen becomes the first person to observe X-rays. Rontgen’s discovery occurred accidentally in his Wurzburg, Germany, lab, where he was testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass.

• On Nov. 10, 1932, Roy Scheider, the actor best known for his role as the police chief of a beach community terrorized by a killer shark in the 1975 movie “Jaws,” is born in Orange, N.J. “Jaws,” di-rected by Steven Spielberg, became the first movie in history to gross more than $100 million.

• On Nov. 14, 1941, “Suspicion,” a romantic thriller starring Cary Grant and directed by Alfred Hitch-cock, makes its debut. The film marked the first time that Grant and Hitchcock worked together. The two would later collaborate on “Notorious,” “To Catch a Thief” and “North by Northwest.”

• On Nov. 13, 1974, 28-year-old Karen Silkwood, a technician at a plutonium plant operated by the Kerr-McGee Corporation, is killed in a suspicious car accident near Crescent, Okla. She was on her way to a meeting with a reporter for The New York Times, reportedly with a folder full of documents that proved that Kerr-McGee was acting negli-gently when it came to worker safety at the plant.

• On Nov. 9, 1989, East German officials open the Berlin Wall, allowing travel from East to West Berlin. The following day, celebrating Germans began to tear down the wall, reducing it to rubble that was quickly snatched up by souvenir hunters.

At last count, upward of 40 states have called a temporary halt to foreclosures. Paperwork is a mess, with lenders admitting to having signed off on thousands of foreclosure documents without even having read them.If you’re facing foreclosure, now is the time that scammers will come out of the woodwork and ap-proach you about beating the foreclosure complete-ly -- and possibly ending up with a free house.Here’s how that has worked in the past: When mortgages were moving fast, it wasn’t uncommon for a lender to immediately sell off a collection of promissory notes to someone else for a profit, take that money, lend it out and start all over again. When the “savvy” homeowner was faced with foreclosure, all he had to do was say to his original lender: “Produce the note.” With so much paper shuffling going on, often nobody could locate the actual note, the sole document with your signature on it. Unscrupulous attorneys would hustle clients into court and tell the judge, “No one can find the note. No one can prove my client actually owes any money,” and would file a form demanding to see the original note.Some people, it’s said, actually ended up with a free house. The bigger negative was that some ho-meowners were foreclosed on by multiple lenders, all claiming to have a right to do so.This ploy doesn’t work anymore. The reason: MERS, or Mortgage Electronic Registration Sys-tems. MERS is party (as nominal mortgagee) to each mortgage transaction, as well as an online computer registration system for documents. If there’s a case of foreclosure where the lender needs to produce facts, MERS has them. Your note can be sold multiple times, and it will be tracked the whole way by MERS without you needing to sign anything. Or, as a party to the deal, MERS also can file for bankruptcy. According to the MERS web-site (www.mersinc.org), all the biggies use them, including the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.Unfortunately, MERS is now embroiled in the foreclosure battle as some judges have decided that MERS has no legal standing in foreclosures, since it doesn’t actually own the loans. Hence the halt in foreclosures in many states.Best bet: If you face foreclosure, find the money to hire an attorney.

Foreclosures Halted

Television Quiz ShowsTelevision quiz shows have been around as long as television itself. Actually, quiz shows pre-date TV and were a popular form of entertain-ment on radio.• “Major Bowes’ Original Amateur Hour”

was one of the first national radio programs to feature contestants competing for prizes. Other early radio quiz shows included “Professor Quiz” (CBS 1936), which awarded $25 cash prizes to anyone who could stump the professor. A large number of quiz shows appeared on radio in 1937 and 1938. “Pot ‘O Gold” (NBC 1939) gave $1,000 to anyone who answered a telephone call during the show.

• The 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Federal Communications Commission v. American Broadcasting Co., Inc. 347 U.S. 284, said that quiz shows were not a form of gambling. This paved the way for their introduction to television.

• On June 7, 1955. CBS TV premiered “The $64,000 Question,” the biggest jackpot program in radio-TV history up to that time. With host Hal March, the Tuesday night program drew an amazing 84.8 percent share of the TV audience, a feat unheard of these days. Marine Captain Richard S. McCutchen became a national celebrity as an expert on cooking. Joyce Brothers would star as an expert on boxing.

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• It was American author, producer, screenwriter and director Michael Crichton who made the following sage observation: “Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you’re being had.” • Statistics show that more babies are born in September than in any other month of the year. • Talk about bad luck: In May of 2009, two thieves broke into a jewelry store in Milwaukee, bagged up their loot and tried to make their getaway. On the way out of the looted store, they were confronted by two more thieves, who took the ill-gotten gains. No one ended

up profiting from the crime, however; all four were arrested. • According to an estimate by the United Nations, there are more than 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor. • You may have heard of the turducken -- a chicken stuffed into a duck stuffed into a turkey -- but you probably didn’t know that a chef in the United Kingdom took the idea of nested fowl several steps further. Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall stuffed a woodcock inside a pigeon, inside a partridge, inside a pheasant, inside a chicken, inside a guineafowl, inside a mallard, inside a duck, inside a goose, inside a turkey. No word on how the 10-layer dish was carved for serving. • If you’re not the sort of person who makes the bed every day, here’s some good news for you: Researchers in the United Kingdom have found that unmade beds are less likely to harbor dust mites, a common cause of asthma and allergic symptoms.

1. Robin Yount (1980, ‘82) and Jose Hernandez (2001, ‘02).2. Pitcher Carl Hubbell of the New York Giants.3. Eight times.4. Michael Jordan (1985) and Elton Brand (2000).5. No Vancouver Canuck led the NHL in scoring for a season before Sedin.6. It was 1962.7. Five, 1991-95.

1. “Lilo and Stitch”2. Suddenly3. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks4. Tropism5. “The Mary Tyler Moore Show”6. Victor7. Kato8. Virginia9. The Rev. John Wesley10. Nostrils

QUIZ SHOWS (continued):• Herb Stempel’s scripted loss on “Twenty-

One” to the more-popular Charles Van Doren occurred on December 5, 1956, and involved his deliberately getting the answer to a question about an Academy Award-winning movie wrong. (The correct answer was “Marty,” one of Stempel’s favorite movies.) After his loss, Stempel blew the whistle on the operation. Initially, he was dismissed as a sore loser. More evidence of the fix came from “Twenty-One” contestant James Snodgrass, who had sent registered letters to himself containing the advance answers. Such evidence was irrefutable.

• Quiz shows all but disappeared from prime time American television for decades. Those that continued to air had substantially reduced prizes, and many shows adopted limits on the number of games a player could win (usually five). Quiz shows became game shows, shifting focus from knowledge to puzzles and word games. A quiz for big money would not return until ABC premiered “100 Grand” in 1963; it went off the air after just three weeks.

• Today, “Jeopardy!” is a popular international television game show, originally devised by Merv Griffin, who also created “Wheel of Fortune.”

• Merv Griffin’s first idea for “Jeopardy!” used a board comprising 10 categories with 10 clues each, but after finding that this board could not be filmed easily, he reduced it to two rounds of 30 clues, with five clues each in six categories. Early on, Griffin discarded his original name for the show, “What’s the Question?” after a network executive suggested that the game “need[ed] more jeopardies.”

• “Jeopardy!” first aired on NBC from 1964 to 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979. Its most successful incarnation is the current Alex Trebek-hosted syndicated version, which has aired continuously since September 1984.

• “Wheel of Fortune” first aired in 1975 on daytime network television. The current version has been syndicated in prime time since September 19, 1983. Its 28th season premiered in 2010. It is the longest-running syndicated game show in American television history.

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