throughout the business supply chain, risks abound that can ultimately impact food safety and...
DESCRIPTION
Throughout the business supply chain, risks abound that can ultimately impact food safety and security. FOOD SECURITY. Access • Availability • Utilization. CLIMATE CHANGE. POVERTY. Agricultural Production. Food Manufacturing. Consumer Contact. Inputs Harvesting - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Building Enduring Trust & Delight
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
Throughout the business supply chain, risks abound that can ultimately impact food safety and security
Access • Availability • Utilization
FOOD SECURITY
Raw Materials • Pathogens • Cross-Contamination
FOOD SAFETY
Mitigating for these risks allows us to:Make more food available • Reduce demand for increased production • Manage environmental footprint
Lower food production costs • Expanded trade opportunities • Reduced hunger and poverty
• Processing• Packaging• Storage• Distribution
• Point of sale• Storage• Handling• Consumption
• Inputs• Harvesting• Post harvest
handling• Storage• Transportation
POVERTYCLIMATE CHANGE
Agricultural Production
Food Manufacturing
Consumer Contact
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
Mycotoxins• Secondary fungal metabolites that exert toxic effects
on animals and human beings.• More than 300 secondary metabolites have been
described but only thirty really exert toxic effects.
• Health impact varies based on mycotoxin type and quantity consumed
• The chemical structures of mycotoxins are very diversePolyacetates : aflatoxins, citrinine, ochratoxins
patulin, zearalenone, fumonisins,Terpenes : trichothecenes (sesqui), tremorgenes,Peptides : ergotamin (alcaloïdes), tryptoquivaline,..Piperazines : sporidesmin, gliotoxin, roquefortine,..
O O
O
OMe
OO
Aflatoxin B1
Deoxynivalenol
CH3CH3
O
CH3OH
OH OH
NH2CH3O
O
OHOOC
HOOC
HOOC
HOOC
Fumonisin B1
O
O
OOH
OH
CH3H
Zearalenone
O
O
H
Cl
O
NH
COOH OH
Ochratoxin A
OH
OOH CH3OH
OO
CH3
Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas
• EFSA’s Emerging Risks Unit identified changing patterns in mycotoxin contamination due to climate change
• especially aflatoxins, in cereals such as wheat, maize and rice
• Shift of supply regions may also introduce new risks of mycotoxin control
Impact of climate change on agriculture
+2oC climate change scenario
EFSA Prediction for risk of aflatoxin B1 contamination in
maize
+5oC climate change scenario
Mycotoxin Implications
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
People• Hepatic carcinoma• Stunting in children
Pets• Acute hepatic failure• Deaths
Planet• Economic impact through health care
costs and agricultural losses
FSS&T Grand Challenges
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
Mycotoxin Mitigation• Risk based sampling for the future• Optimising inbound acceptance sampling• Biocontrol
Post Market Surveillance• Raising the bar through global
surveillance• Building capability in the USA and Asia
Predictive Toxicology• In vitro model development• PBPK model development
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
In the field
• Good agricultural practices
• Biocontrol• Match cultivar with
geographic region & climate (humidity / temperature / rainfall)
• Strain selection (breeding & GMO)
• Treatments (insects and fungi)
During storage
• Shelling• Drying• Grading
During process &transformation • Inbound
acceptance sampling
• Temperature• Binders
At harvesting
• Timing of harvest (maturity / moisture)
Mycotoxin MitigationCrop
Survey Supplier Quality
Assurance Factory Quality
Management Process
What is biocontrol?• Use of one living organism
to control another by competitive exclusion– Field introduction of large
numbers of nontoxigenic spores of same species known to produce target mycotoxin
– Competes with naturally occurring toxigenic strains for infection sites on crop
– Due to higher numbers swamps toxigenic strains reducing mycotoxin concentration in crop
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
A A A A A
A A A A A
B B B B
B B B BBB
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x xTop of Truck
Sample Points
Manual SamplingInsert the probe to the bottom of the truck
Automatic Sampling (pneumatic)Insert the probe and take a sample at the top, middle and bottom of the truck at sample point
Two sets of samples, A and B.
• Sampling 20 samples from truck• 10 first points combined as Group A• 10 latter points combined as Group B• Sample A&B are individually ground for testing
Inbound Acceptance Sampling
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
The Food Safety Domino EffectStarts by addressing Food Safety with 1 supplier
- Establishing a relationship with a customer through clear specification and audit
Impacts a supply chain
Impacts society
Impacts an industry
© COPYRIGHT MARS INCORPORATED | CONFIDENTIAL
THANK YOU
- climate stress introduces new risks
Prevalence of mycotoxin – changes in risk areas
Water scarcity
Raw materials grown in new regions – how do you assess risk?
Extreme weather wipes out crops
Impact of climate change on agricultureVariability in supply and demand
Aflatoxins
• Four aflatoxin types (order of toxicity): – B1 >G1 > B2 > G2
• Other aflatoxin types occur as metabolic products (e.g., aflatoxin M1 in milk)
• Highly toxic– Aflatoxins are among the most toxic naturally occurring substances known.– Carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic – All animal species affected by aflatoxins.– Can be passed through food chain (e.g., milk of animals which are fed
contaminated feed).• Heat Stable
– Withstand typical food processing temperatures
Aflatoxin B1
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
Russia Forecast 2012
% c
hang
e fro
m 2
011
Variability in supply and demand2012 A Year of Drought and Floods Hits Supply
• Drought in Russia and US hits grain quantity and quality
• US• Yield down nearly 30%• Quality 23% of the crop is
rated as good to excellent down from 66%
• UK wheat harvest hit by rain impacting Quality
• only 4% of supplies from top-grade varieties reached top milling standards, compared with 40% last year
Highly confidential, Mars Inc
Overview of Biocontrol Research Plan
CSIRO
PCH
Nontoxigenic strain selection & competitive assessmentInoculum optimisation
Initial nontoxigenic strain screening Inoculum preparationAflatoxin assays
Field trials including post-harvest treatments in maize
2011 •Strain selection•Crops 1 & 2 (floods)
2012 •Crop 3 / inoculum optimisation•Crop 4
2013 •Beyond Thailand?•Other crops?
Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions
• Problem– Aspergillus flavus spore numbers in
soil in experiments in Thailand have been lower than expected
• Potential causes– Soil fungi and bacteria may
outcompete Aspergillus flavusin very wet soils, as may occurwith tropical rainfall, resulting inpoor growth of inoculum
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
Current Method of Inoculum Preparation
• CSIRO process for manufacturing inoculum for use in biocontrol in maize and peanuts is simple, relatively inexpensive and requires only a mixer– Grow Aspergillus flavus spores in the laboratory– Mix the spores with 60% molasses as a carrier– Add mixture to hulled rice at rate of 2% by weight– Broadcast the rice on fields at appropriate rates,
50 – 400 kg/ha, to assess the efficacy of the process
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions
• Goal– Encourage germination of spores on hulled rice at
time of manufacture, 1-7 days before spreading• Solution
– Increase aw of rice substrate during manufacture– aw 0.95-0.96 appeared optimal in promoting
germination of Aspergillus flavus spores– Did not result in anticipated difficulties
• Fungus did not sporulate in enclosed sacks within 7 days• Fungus did not clump the rice grains within 7 days• Other fungi did not grow
Highly confidential Mars Inc.
Inoculum Optimisation for Tropical Conditions
a. Growth of inoculum on wet soil (1.00 aw) after 3 days- growth is almost entirely of contaminant fungi
b. Growth at 0.90 aw after 3 days- most grains show growth of A. flavus and some sporulation
c. Growth at 0.98 aw after 3 days- heavy A. flavus sporulation is evident
Highly confidential Mars Inc.