three worlds collide european exploration and colonization
TRANSCRIPT
THREE WORLDS COLLIDE
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
“AND CHEERFULLY AT SEA, SUCCESSES YOU STILL
ENTICE, TO GET THE PEARLE AND GOLD, AND OURS TO HOLD, VIRGINIA, EARTH’S
ONELY PARADISE.”
TO THE VIRGINIA VOYAGE
MICHAEL DRAYTON
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
20,000 B.C.•ASIAN PEOPLES BEGIN MIGRATING TO
AMERICAN ACROSS THE BERINGIA LAND BRIDGE
•5000 B.C.•CORN IS RAISED AS A DOMESTICATED CROP
IN CENTRAL MEXICO
•1200 B.C.•OLMEC SOCIETY DEVELOPS IN WHAT IS NOW
SOUTHERN MEXICO
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1020 B.C.
• ISRAEL BECOMES A KINGDOM
•753 B.C.
•ROME IS FOUNDED
•500 B.C.
•ADENA CULTURE BEGINS BUILDING LARGE EARTHEN MOUNDS IN WHAT IS NOW SOUTHERN OHIO
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•200 B.C.- 400 A.D.•HOPEWELL CULTURE FLOURISHES IN THE
MIDWEST
•622 • THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD FOUNDS ISLAM
•1000•VIKING LEIF ERICSON REACHES WHAT IS NOW
NEWFOUNDLAND
•1096• THE CRUSADES BEGIN
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1215
• MAGNA CARTA GRANTED BY KING JOHN
•1434
• PORTUGUESE BEGIN WEST AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE
•1440
• JOHANN GUTENBERG DEVELOPS THE PRINTING PRESS
•1485
• BEGINNING OF TUDOR DYNASTY IN ENGLAND
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1486
• PORTUGUESE SAIL AROUND THE AFRICA CAPE
•1492
• COLUMBUS REACHES THE NEW WORLD
•C. 1500
• IROQUOIS LEAGUE IS FORMED
•1509
• ACCESSION OF HENRY VIII IN ENGLAND
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
• 1517• MARTIN LUTHER BEGINS PROTESTANT REVOLUTION
• 1519-1521• MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
• 1521• HERNANDO CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTEC EMPIRE
• 1534• ENGLISH CHURCH SEPARATES FROM THE ROMAN
CATHOLIC CHURCH
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1535• FIRST EDITION OF JOHN CALVIN’S INSTITUTES
PUBLISHED
•1540•CORONADO EXPLORES THE AMERICAN
SOUTHWEST
•1543-1625•COPERNICUS TO GALILEO: NEW THEORY OF THE
UNIVERSE
•1558•QUEEN ELIZABETH BECOMES RULER OF
ENGLAND
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1565•SPANISH SETTLERS ESTABLISH SAINT
AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA
•1577-1580•DRAKE’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
•1585•RALEIGH’S COLONY AT ROANOKE ISLAND
•1588• ENGLISH DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1603-1625• JAMES I, FIRST OF THE STUART KINGS
•1607• SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA
•1618• THE THIRTY YEARS WAR BETWEEN
CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS BEGINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE
•1619•VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES MEETS
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1620• ENGLISH “PILGRIMS” FOUND PLYMOUTH COLONY
•1630•SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY BY
PURITANS
•1634• FIRST SETTLEMENT IN MARYLAND AND
CONNECTICUT
•1636•ROGER WILLIAMS FOUNDS RHODE ISLAND
• FOUNDING OF HARVARD COLLEGE
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
• 1640-1647• PURITAN REVOLUTION AND ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
• 1643• NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION
• 1644• ROGER WILLIAMS ATTACKS INTOLERANCE
• 1651• ENGLISH PARLIAMENT PASS FIRST OF THE NAVIGATION
ACTS
TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1653-1658•OLIVER CROMWELL LORD PROTECTOR OF
ENGLAND
•1657• PERSECUTION OF QUAKERS IN NEW ENGLAND
•1660•DUTCH SETTLES ESTABLISH CAPE TOWN IN
SOUTH AFRICA
•1660-1685•CHARLES II KING OF ENGLAND, ENGLISH
MONARCHY RESTORED
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1663•CAROLINA GRANTED TO PROPRIETORS
•1664• ENGLAND TAKES NEW AMSTERDAM FROM THE
DUTCH
•1676•BACON’S REBELLION IN VIRGINIA
•1681•WILLIAM PENN RECEIVES CHARTER FOR
PENNSYLVANIA
TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1682• PENNSYLVANIA FOUNDED
•1685• JAMES II BECOMES KING
•1686• JAMES II CREATES THE DOMINION OF NEW
ENGLAND
•1687• ISAAC NEWTON DEMONSTRATES LAWS OF
MOTION
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1688•GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND
•1689• JOHN LOCKE’S WORKS ON GOVERNMENT AND
PHILOSOPHY PUBLISHED
•1691•WITCHCRAFT MANIA AT PEAK IN SALEM,
MASSACHUSETTS
•1693•COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY ESTABLISHED
TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1704• FIRST AMERICAN NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN
BOSTON
•1707•ACT OF UNION UNITES ENGLAND AND WALES
WITH SCOTLAND TO FORM GREAT BRITAIN
•1710• JOHN WISE DEFENDS CONGREGATIONAL LIBERTY
•1714• TEA IS INTRODUCED INTO THE COLONIES
TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1732• FOUNDING OF GEORGIA
•1733• FIRST ISSUE OF FRANKLIN’S POOR
RICHARD’S ALMANACK
•1734•GREAT AWAKENING BEGINS
•1747•BENJAMIN FRANKLIN EXPERIMENTS WITH
ELECTRICITY
TIMELINE OF EVENTS
•1754
•JONATHAN EDWARDS’S MAJOR PHILOSOPHICAL WORK PUBLISHED
•1768
•AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOUNDED
EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION
•EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION RESULTED IN THE REDISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION AS MILLIONS OF PEOPLE FROM EUROPE AND AFRICA VOLUNTARILY AND INVOLUNTARILY MOVED TO THE NEW WORLD.
EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION INITIATED WORLDWIDE
COMMERCIAL EXPANSION AS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WERE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE AMERICAS AND EUROPE. THIS CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.
IN TIME, COLONIZATION LED TO IDEAS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS TOLERATION THAT OVER SEVERAL CENTURIES WOULD INSPIRE SIMILAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
THE GLOBAL TRANSFER OF LIVING
THINGS
TRIANGULAR TRADE
• THE EXCHANGE
OF GOODS, GOLD
AND PEOPLE
SETTLING THE NEW WORLD• NEW ENGLAND WAS SETTLED BY PURITANS SEEKING
FREEDOM FROM RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION IN EUROPE. THEY FORMED A “COVENANT COMMUNITY” BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND PURITAN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND WERE OFTEN INTOLERANT OF THOSE NOT SHARING THEIR RELIGION. THEY ALSO SOUGHT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND PRACTICED A FORM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY THROUGH TOWN MEETINGS.
NEW ENGLAND PURITANS
NEW ENGLAND PURITANS
MAYFLOWER COMPACT
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION
• THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION WAS SETTLED CHIEFLY BY ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND GERMAN-SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS SEEKING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY.
FOUNDERS OF COLONIES
WILLIAM PENNCECILIUS CALVERT,
LORD BALTIMORE
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
• VIRGINIA AND THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES WERE SETTLED
BY PEOPLE SEEKING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES.
• THE EARLY VIRGINIA “CAVALIERS” WERE ENGLISH
NOBILITY WHO RECEIVED LARGE LAND GRANTS IN
EASTERN VIRGINIA FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
• POOR ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS ALSO CAME SEEKING BETTER LIVES AS SMALL FARMERS OR ARTISANS AND SETTLED IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY OR WESTERN VIRGINIA, OR AS INDENTURED SERVANTS WHO AGREED TO WORK ON TOBACCO PLANTATIONS FOR A PERIOD OF TIME TO PAY FOR PASSAGE TO THE NEW WORLD.
INDENTURED SERVANTS
JAMESTOWN• JAMESTOWN, ESTABLISHED IN 1607 BY THE VIRGINIA
COMPANY OF LONDON AS A BUSINESS VENTURE, WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA.
THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES• THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES, ESTABLISHED BY 1619,
WAS THE FIRST ELECTED ASSEMBLY IN THE NEW WORLD.
• IT HAS OPERATED
CONTINUOUSLY AND
IS TODAY KNOWN
AS THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA.
THREE WORLDS COLLIDE• INTERACTIONS AMONG EUROPEANS, AFRICANS AND AMERICAN
INDIANS (FIRST AMERICANS)
NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS• THE EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE
ENGLISH IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES AND SPANISH IN THE CARIBBEAN, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND SOUTH AMERICA, OFTEN LED TO VIOLENT CONFLICTS WITH THE AMERICAN INDIANS (FIRST AMERICANS).
• THE INDIANS LOST THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORIES AND FELL VICTIM TO DISEASES CARRIED FROM EUROPE.
NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS
NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS• BY CONTRAST, FRENCH EXPLORATION OF CANADA DID
NOT LEAD TO LARGE-SCALE IMMIGRATION FROM FRANCE.
• RELATIONS WITH
NATIVE PEOPLES
WERE OFTEN MORE
COOPERATIVE.
BEGINNING OF SLAVERY
• THE GROWTH OF AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY BASED ON LARGE LANDHOLDINGS IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES AND IN THE CARIBBEAN LED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD.
• THE FIRST AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT AGAINST THEIR WILL TO JAMESTOWN IN 1619 TO WORK ON TOBACCO PLANTATIONS.
BEGINNING OF SLAVERY
BEGINNING OF SLAVERY
SLAVERY
• ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE COLONIES DEVELOPED IN WAYS THAT WERE EITHER TYPICALLY EUROPEAN OR WERE DISTINCTIVELY AMERICAN, AS CLIMATE, SOIL CONDITIONS, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES SHAPED REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
• THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SLAVE LABOR SYSTEM IN MANY OF THE COLONIES RESULTED FROM PLANTATION ECONOMIES AND LABOR SHORTAGES.
SLAVERY
NEW ENGLAND ECONOMY
• THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES DEVELOPED AN ECONOMY BASED ON SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, LUMBERING, SMALL-SCALE SUBSISTENCE FARMING, AND EVENTUALLY, MANUFACTURING.
• THE COLONIES PROSPERED, REFLECTING THE PURITANS’ STRONG BELIEF IN THE VALUES OF HARD WORK AND THRIFT.
NEW ENGLAND ECONOMY
MIDDLE COLONIES ECONOMY• THE MIDDLE COLONIES OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,
PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES BASED ON SHIPBUILDING, SMALL-SCALE FARMING, AND TRADING.
•CITIES SUCH AS NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE BEGAN TO GROW AS SEAPORTS AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS.
MIDDLE COLONIES ECONOMY
VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S ECONOMY
VIRGINIA AND THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES DEVELOPED ECONOMIES IN THE EASTERN COASTAL LOWLANDS BASED ON LARGE PLANTATIONS THAT GREW “CASH CROPS” SUCH AS TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO FOR EXPORT TO EUROPE.
FARTHER INLAND, HOWEVER, IN THE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS OF THE APPALACHIAN FOOTHILLS, THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON SMALL-SCALE SUBSISTENCE FARMING, HUNTING, AND TRADING.
A STRONG BELIEF IN PRIVATE OWNER-SHIP OF PROPERTY AND FREE ENTERPRISE CHARACTERIZED COLONIAL LIFE.
TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO
PLANTATIONS
NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY
•NEW ENGLAND’S COLONIAL SOCIETY WAS BASED ON RELIGIOUS STANDING.
• THE PURITANS GREW INCREASINGLY INTOLERANT OF DISSENTERS WHO CHALLENGED THE PURITANS’ BELIEF IN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT.
•RHODE ISLAND WAS FOUNDED BY DISSENTERS FLEEING PERSECUTION BY PURITANS IN MASSACHUSETTS.
RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE
MIDDLE COLONIES SOCIETY• THE MIDDLE COLONIES WERE HOME TO MULTIPLE
RELIGIOUS GROUPS, INCLUDING QUAKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND PRESBYTERIANS IN NEW JERSEY, WHO GENERALLY BELIEVED IN RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE.
• THESE COLONIES HAD MORE FLEXIBLE SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND BEGAN TO DEVELOP A MIDDLE CLASS OF SKILLED ARTISANS, ENTREPRENEURS (BUSINESS OWNERS), AND SMALL FARMERS.
RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONQUAKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA CATHOLICS IN MARYLAND
VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S SOCIETY•VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES HAD A
SOCIAL STRUCTURE BASED ON FAMILY STATUS AND THE OWNERSHIP OF LAND.
• LARGE LANDOWNERS IN THE EASTERN LOWLANDS DOMINATED COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY AND MAINTAINED AN ALLEGIANCE TO THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND CLOSER SOCIAL TIES TO ENGLAND THAN IN THE OTHER COLONIES.
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S SOCIETY• IN THE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS FURTHER INLAND,
HOWEVER, SOCIETY WAS CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS OF SCOTCH-IRISH AND ENGLISH DESCENT.
WESTERN VIRGINIA
THE GREAT AWAKENING
• THE “GREAT AWAKENING” WAS A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THAT SWEPT BOTH EUROPE AND THE COLONIES DURING THE MID-1700S.
• IT LED TO THE RAPID GROWTH OF EVANGELICAL RELIGIONS SUCH AS THE METHODISTS AND BAPTISTS AND CHALLENGED THE ESTABLISHED RELIGIOUS AND GOVERNMENTAL ORDER.
• IT LAID ONE OF THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
THE GREAT AWAKENING
PREACHERS OF THE GREAT AWAKENING
JONATHAN EDWARDS
INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY
• THE GROWTH OF A PLANTATION-BASED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN THE HOT, HUMID COASTAL LOWLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES REQUIRED CHEAP LABOR ON A LARGE SCALE.
INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY
INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY
• SOME OF THE LABOR NEEDS, ESPECIALLY IN VIRGINIA, WERE MET BY INDENTURED SERVANTS, WHO WERE OFTEN POOR PERSONS FROM ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, OR IRELAND WHO AGREED TO WORK ON PLANTATIONS FOR A PERIOD OF TIME IN RETURN FOR THEIR PASSAGE FROM EUROPE OR RELIEF FROM DEBTS.
INDENTURED SERVITUDE
INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY•MOST PLANTATION LABOR NEEDS EVENTUALLY
CAME TO BE FILLED BY THE FORCIBLE IMPORTATION OF AFRICANS.
• WHILE SOME AFRICANS WORKED AS INDENTURED SERVANTS, EARNED THEIR FREEDOM, AND LIVED AS FREE CITIZENS DURING THE COLONIAL ERA, OVER TIME LARGER AND LARGER NUMBERS OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS WERE FORCIBLY BROUGHT TO THE SOUTHERN COLONIES (THE “MIDDLE PASSAGE”).
MIDDLE PASSAGE
MIDDLE PASSAGE
INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY
•THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SLAVERY-BASED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES WOULD LEAD TO EVENTUAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.
SLAVERY ~ CIVIL WAR