three views on the new testament use of the old testament: walter c. kaiser jr., darrell l. bock,...

8/2/2019 Three Views on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament: Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Darrell L. Bock, Peter Enns by K

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2/62

ZH@MGTQL@

]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

Ohpyrknbt 4662 dy Eg``gtb Dgrmk`n l`m Jh`ltbl` Cu`mg

Tgqugsts ahr kàhriltkh` sbhucm dg lmmrgssgm th:

Zh`mgrvl`, Nrl`m Tlpkms, Ikobknl` =;7?6

Ckdrlry ha Oh`nrgss Oltlchnk`n-k`-Vudckoltkh` Mltl

Dgrmk`n, Eg``gtb.

]brgg vkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t usg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t : ng`grlc gmkthrs,Eg``gtb Dgrmk`n l`m Jh`ltbl` Cu`mg.

p. oi. (Ohu`tgrphk`ts : dkdcg l`m tbghchny)

Kòcumgs dkdckhnrlpbkolc rgagrgògs l`m k`mgx.

K_D@: ;>2-6-????-4 (shatohvgr)


3/62

OH@]G@]_

L` K`trhmuotkh` th Og`trlc \ugstkh`s k` tbg >@gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

JH@L]BL@ CW@MG


4/62

Gmkthrs

_tl`cgy @. Nu`mry ks gxgoutkvg vkog prgskmg`t ha tbg pudcksbk`nnrhup lt Zh`mgrvl`. ^ktb ihrg tbl` tbkrty-akvg yglrs ha tglobk`n,plsthrk`n, l`m pudcksbk`n gxpgrkgòg, bg ks tbg lutbhr hr ohlutbhrha ùigrhus dhhes l`m l oh`trkduthr th ùigrhus pgrkhmkolcs.

Eg``gtb Dgrmk`n (VbM, ^gstik`stgr ]bghchnkolc _gik`lry) kslsshokltg prhagsshr ha @gw ]gstlig`t lt ]lcdht _obhhc ha ]bghchny haDkhcl W`kvgrskty. Bg ks tbg lutbhr ha ^blt Lrg _pkrktulc Nkats8: Tgtbkèk`ntbg Oh`vg`tkh`lc Qkgw (Ergngc) l`m _k`n l`m Cglr` @gw ]gstlig`t Nrgge(Zh`mgrvl`). Eg` l`m bks alikcy rgskmg k` Cl Ikrlml, Olckahr`kl.

Jh`ltbl` Cu`mg(VbM, ]rk`kty Gvl`ngckolc Mkvk`kty _obhhc) ks lsshokltgprhagsshr ha dkdckolc stumkgs l`m tbghchny lt tbg ]lcdht _obhhc ha ]bghchny haDkhcl W`kvgrskty. Bg bls oh`trkdutgm lrtkocgs th tbg Mkotkh`lry ha Jgsus l`m tbg

Nhspgcsl`m tbg @gw Mkotkh`lry ha Dkdckolc ]bghchny. Jh` l`m bks wkag, Vligcl,blvg tbrgg obkcmrg` l`m rgskmg k` Drgl, Olckahr`kl.

Oh`trkduthrs

^lctgr O. Elksgr Jr. (VbM, Drl`mgks W`kvgrskty) ks tbg OhcilÌ. Ihoecgr mkstk`nuksbgm prhagsshr ha Hcm ]gstlig`t l`m prgskmg`tgigrktus ha Nhrmh`-Oh`wgcc ]bghchnkolc _gik`lry k` _hutb Blikcth`,

Ilsslobusgtts. Bg bls tlunbt lt ^bglth` Ohccgng l`m lt ]rk`ktyGvl`ngckolc Mkvk`kty _obhhc. Mr. Elksgr bls wrkttg` ùigrhus dhhes,kòcumk`n ]hwlrm l` Gxgngtkolc ]bghchny: Dkdckolc Gxgngsks ahr Vrglobk`nl`m ]globk`n5 Gxhmus k` tbg Gxphskthrs Dkdcg Ohiig`tlry5 ]bg

Igssklb k` tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t5 l`m ]bg Vrhiksg-Vcl` ha Nhm. Mr. Elksgrl`m bks wkag, Ilrng, ourrg`tcy rgskmg k` Ogmlr Nrhvg, ^ksoh`sk`.

Mlrrgcc C. Dhoe (VbM, W`kvgrskty ha Ldgrmgg`) ks prhagsshr ha@gw ]gstlig`t lt Mlccls ]bghchnkolc _gik`lry. Bg ks tbg lutbhr hr

ohlutbhr ha ùigrhus dhhes kòcumk`n Cueg k` tbg @KQ LppckoltkhÒhiig`tlry sgrkgs (Zh`mgrvl`) l`m Cueg (4 vhcuigs) l`m Lots k`tbg Dlegr Gxgngtkolc Ohiig`tlry h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t sgrkgs.

Mr. Vgtgr G. G``s (VbM, Blrvlrm W`kvgrskty) bls tlunbt Hcm]gstlig`t lt ^gstik`stgr ]bghchnkolc _gik`lry k` Vbkclmgcpbklahr ahurtgg` yglrs. Bg ks l argqug`t oh`trkduthr th jhur`lcs l`mgòyochpgmkls, l`m ks tbg lutbhr ha sgvgrlc dhhes, kòcumk`n Gxhmus k`tbg @KQ Lppckoltkh` Ohiig`tlry sgrkgs (Zh`mgrvl`) l`m K`spkrltkh` l`mKòlr`ltkh`: Gvl`ngckolcs l`m tbg Vrhdcgi ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t(Dlegr).


5/62

Oblptgr H`g

_K@NCG IGL@K@N, W@KAKGM TGAGTG@]_

Loourltg l`m Lutbhrktltkvg Oktltkh`s ha tbg

Hcm ]gstlig`t dy tbg @gw ]gstlig`t


6/62

=7

Oblptgr H`g

_K@NCG IGL@K@N, W@KAKGM TGAGTG@]_

Loourltg l`m Lutbhrktltkvg Oktltkh`s ha tbg

Hcm ]gstlig`t dy tbg @gw ]gstlig`t

^lctgr O. Elksgr, Jr.

H`g ha tbg egy mgdltgs ha tbg plst ahur mgolmgs bls dgg` tbgprhdcgi ha kmg`tkayk`n tbg igl`k`n ha _orkpturg ahr hur mly l`mtkigs. _bhucm tblt igl`k`n dg ckiktgm th wblt tbg buil` wrktgrha _orkpturg hdtlk`gm ls l rgsuct ha stl`mk`n k` tbg rgvgclthryohu`sgc ha Nhm, hr wgrg tbgrg lmmktkh`lc, hr gvg` lctgr`ltkvg,igl`k`ns th dg ahu`m tblt Nhm shigbhw qukgtcy kòhrphrltgmk`th tbg tgxt k` shig iystgrkhus wly, tbus bkmk`n tbgi arhitbg lutbhr, hr pgrblps gvg` `gw igl`k`ns tblt tbg lumkgòg

drhunbt th tbg tgxt h` tbgkr hw`8

Lcc ha tbks cglms us th tbg rgohn`ktkh` ha wblt bls dggòlccgm tbg sg`sus pcg`khr, hr auccgr sg`sg, ha tbg Hcm ]gs-tlig`t _orkpturg. ]h dg lwlrg ha sg`sus pcg`khrks th rglc-

kzg tblt tbgrg ks tbg phsskdkckty ha ihrg skn`kakològ th l`Hcm ]gstlig`t plsslng tbl` wls oh`sokhuscy lpplrg`tth tbg hrknk`lc lutbhr, l`m ihrg tbl` ol` dg nlk`gm dystrkot nrliiltkoh-bksthrkolc gxgngsks. _uob ks tbg `lturgha mkvk`g k`spkrltkh` tblt tbg lutbhrs ha _orkpturg wgrgtbgisgcvgs hatg` ht oh`sokhus ha tbg auccgst skn`kakològl`m ak`lc lppckoltkh` ha wblt tbgy wrhtg. ]bks auccgr sg`sgha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t ol` dg sgg` h`cy k` rgtrhspgot l`m

k` tbg cknbt ha tbg @gw ]gstlig`t aucakccig`t.

7

Kt ks tbks wkmg loogptlòg ha vlrkhus vgrskh`s ha sg`sus pcg`khrlih`n oh`tgiphrlry gvl`ngckolcs tblt rg`mgrs tbks mksousskh`sh oruoklc ahr hur mly.

Dut tbgrg lrg sgvgrlc htbgr kiphrtl`t kssugs tblt rgcltg k` shigwly th tbks og`trlc qugstkh` kssugs suob ls (


9/62

=2 ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

]bg sg`sus pcg`khrks tblt lmmktkh`lc, mggpgr igl`k`n,k`tg`mgm dy Nhm, dut ht ocglrcy k`tg`mgm dy tbg buil`lutbhr, wbkob ks sgg` th gxkst k` tbg whrms ha l dkdckolc

tgxt (hr nrhup ha tgxts, hr gvg` l wbhcg dhhe) wbg` tbgylrg stumkgm k` tbg cknbt ha aurtbgr rgvgcltkh` hr mgvgchp-ig`t k` tbg u`mgrstl`mk`n ha rgvgcltkh`>

Cltgr bg oclrkgm ilttgrs aurtbgr dy ol`mkmcy k`struotk`nk`tgrprgtgrs:

Cgt us lppcy tbg tgri sg`sus pcg`khrUauccgr sg`sgY thtblt igl`k`n ha bks Utbg lutbhrsY tgxt wbkob dy tbg `hr-

ilc rucgs ha gxgngsks whucm `ht blvg dgg` wktbk` bksocglr lwlrg`gss ha k`tg`tkh`, dut wbkob dy htbgr orktgrklwg ol` mgtgrik`g ls blvk`n dgg` k`tg`mgm dy Nhm.2

_k`og Drhw` tlegs kt hut ha tbg bl`ms ha tbg buil` lutbhrswbh sthhm k` tbg ohu`sgc ha Nhm, tbg qugstkh` ks: K` wbhsg bl`ms`hw mhgs tbg `lc ohurt ha lppglc rgst ahr mksohvgrk`n tbg lu-tbhrktltkvg igl`k`n ha l dkdckolc tgxt8 Thil` Oltbhcko sobhclrs,ha ohursg, ol` alcc dloe h` tbg ilnkstgrkui ha tbg oburob, th

tbg goocgsklc trlmktkh`. Dut th wblt ol` Vrhtgstl`ts lppglc tbltiltobgs suob lmmktkh`lc nrhu`ms ha lppglc8

@hrdgrt Chb`e,;l Jgsukt sobhclr, trkgm th `m l wly th ngtlt tbks lmmktkh`lc mkvk`g igl`k`n tblt wls argg ha tbg wrktgrsu`mgrstl`mk`n, wbkob hrmk`lrkcy wls th dg ahu`m k` tbg nrli-ilr l`m sy`tlx ha tbg lutbhrs whrms. Lt rst bg wg`t th tbg`lc rgmlothr ha _orkpturg, tbg h`g wbh blm lccgngmcy pclogmtbg dhhes ha tbg Dkdcg k` tbgkr prgsg`t ol`h`kolc sblpg, dut tbg`

bg sbkatgm bks nrhu`m th lppglc th tblt wbkob tbg wbhcg Dkdcgtlunbt. ]bus, ldhvg, dgbk`m, l`m dgyh`m tblt wbkob nrli-iltkoh-bksthrkolc gxgngsks gstldcksbgm ls tbg lutbhrs hrknk`lcigl`k`n ha tbg tgxt, tbgrg wls l`htbgr igl`k`n: tbg h`g tblttbg wbhcg Dkdcg tlunbt.

>. Tlyih`m G. Drhw`, ]bg _g`sus Vcg`khrha _lorgm _orkpturg(Dlctkihrg, IM:

_t. Ilrys W`kv. Vrgss,


10/62

_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts =;

Dut wblt wls tbgrg k` tbg wbhcg Dkdcg tblt ohucm `ht dgahu`m k` kts k`mkvkmulc dhhes hr k` tbg gxgngsks ha k`mkvkmulcplsslngs usk`n tbg stl`mlrm thhcs suob ls nrliilr, sy`tlx, l`mtbg ckeg8 ]rlppgm dy bks hw` chnko, Chbè tur`gm, ls sh il`ygvl`ngckolcs hw tg`m th mh, th tbg tbghry ha sg`sus pcg`khrk` l`lttgipt th ngt dgyh`mtbg wrktgr ha _orkpturg. ^bgrgls tbg hcmgrahri ha cktgrlry orktkoksi blm trkgm th shrt hut tbg shurogs tbltlccgngmcy wgrg usgm dy tbg wrktgrs ha _orkpturg k` l` lttgipt thngt dgbk`mtbg dkdckolc tgxt, `hw tbg nhlc wls th nh dgyh`mtbgtgxt ls kt wls wrkttg`. Nhm, wbh ks vkgwgm k` tbks l`lcysks ls tbgprkòkplc lutbhr, ks mgpkotgm ls suppcyk`n th cltgr k`tgrprgtgrs ha

tbg tgxt lmmktkh`lc l`m sudsgqug`t igl`k`ns, tbgrgdy rgcgnltk`ntbg buil` lutbhrs ha _orkpturg th, lt dgst, l sgoh`mlry cgvgc, ka`ht l ùkslòg ahr ngttk`n lt tbg rglccy mggp tbk`ns ha Nhm.

Dut k` l rltbgr drkcckl`t rgvkgw ha tbks tbghry, ohik`n arhitbg slig Oltbhcko skmg ha tbg lkscg, Druog Qlwtgr rgohn`kzgmsg`sus pcg`khrls ldl`mh`k`n tbg hcm sobhclstko l`lchnyhak`stru-ig`tlcoluslckty. Bg gxpclk`gm:

. . . ka tbks auccgr hr mggpgr igl`k`n wls rgsgrvgm dy Nhmth bkisgca l`m mkm `ht g`tgr k`th tbg wrktgrs purvkgw ltlcc, mh wg `ht phstucltg l Dkdckolc whrm gaagotgm hutskmgtbg oh`trhc ha tbg buil` lutbhrs wkcc l`m jumnig`t . . .l`m tbgrgahrg `ht prhmuogm tbrhunb l trucy buil`k`stru-ig`tlckty8 Ka, ls k` sobhclstko mgak`ktkh`s, _orkpturg ks tbgoh`sorkptkhUwrktk`n thngtbgrY ha Nhm l`m il`, mhgs `httbg loogptlòg ha l sg`sus pcg`khrmgprkvg tbks lccgngmsorkpturlc sg`sg ha h`g ha kts gssg`tklc gcgig`ts, th tbg

gxtg`t tblt chnkolccy kt ol``ht dg olccgm sorkpturlc lt lcc8


11/62

76 ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

auccgr sg`sg hpg`gm up `gw vkstls ahr tbg k`tgrprgtgr, bhwmkm kt lcsh gsolpg tbg slorgm wrktgrs ha _orkpturg8 Ohucm `ht tbgslig prhogss tblt, loohrmk`n th tbks tbghry, lkmgm tbg k`tgrprgtgrckegwksg blvg lkmgm tbhsg wbh wgrg wrktk`n tbg whrms mgoclrgmth dg arhi Nhm8 Ls Qgr` _. Vhytbrgss lcsh htgm (gvg` tbhunb bglmikttgm bks vkgw blm ogrtlk` la`ktkgs wktb tbg kmgl ha sg`suspcg`khr), tbks tbghry cgat l` hpg`k`n ahr tbg g`trl`og ha cltgrOburob trlmktkh`,


12/62

_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 7

Mkm tbg Lutbhrs ha _orkpturg Mg`y ]bgy W`mgrsthhm tbgVrhpbgts hr ]bgkr Hw` ^hrms8 (4 Vgtgr


19/62


Ihrghvgr, kt ol``ht igl` k`tgrprgtltkh`, ls tbg ]@KQrg`mgrs kt ldhvg, ahr bhw tbg` ohucm Vgtgr urng bks pghpcg thnkvg bggm th tbhsg slig H] prhpbgokgs, wbkob lrg ls l cknbtsbk`k`n k` l mlre pclog8 ]bgrg whucm dg `h cknbt h` tbks dlsks.Kt whucm dg ls ka Vgtgr slkm k` l oh`trlmkothry il``gr, nkvgbggm th tbg cknbt sbk`k`n k` l mlre pclog, dgolusg `h prhpbgtu`mgrsthhm hr ohucm gxpclk` wblt bg slkm hr wrhtg, mgspktg tbgalot tblt tbgy wgrg dgk`n dhr`g lch`n dy tbg Bhcy _pkrkt! ]bltcknbt whucm blvg dgg` mlre`gss l`m tbg whrm whucm blvgdgg` g`kniltko.

Mkm Olklpbls W`wkttk`ncy Vrhpbgsy8 (Jhb`


20/62

_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 7;

whrm iust blvg quhtgs lrhu`m kt, ahr blm `ht Jhb` pkoegm uptbg whrms l`m tur`gm tbgi lrhu`m lnlk`st Olklpbls, wg whucm`gvgr sh iuob ls bglrm ha tbgsg whrms. Loohrmk`ncy, tbgsg oy`k-olc l`m krh`ko whrms lrg `ht th dg oclsskgm lch`n wktb lccgngmgxlipcgs ha mkvk`gcy lutbhrkzgm, u`k`tg`tkh`lc prhpbgokgs, ls_trloe l`m Dkccgrdgoe blvg lrnugm k` tbgkr ohiig`ts h` tbksplsslng. @hr ks tbks tgxt l prhha tblt tbg prhpbgts ha hcm dg-ch`ngm th l oltgnhry prhphsgm dy Tlddk Gcglzlr (ol L.M. 4>6),wbh lrnugm: @h prhpbgts blvg e`hw` wblt tbgy prhpbgskgm.H`cy Ihsgs l`m Gckjlb e`gw. Hr, _liugc, tbg ilstgr ha tbgprhpbgts, mkm `ht e`hw wblt bg prhpbgskgm.4?

Dut Olklpbls kccustrltgs l`htbgr prhogss: h`g wbgrg bg slysk` bks hw` ohhc, olcoucltgm wly wblt wls phcktkolccy slvvy ahrbks mly, dut lcsh h`g k` wbkob bks whrms wgrg tur`gm lnlk`stbki dy tbg Bhcy _pkrkt th l``hu`og gxlotcy wblt bg l`m ihstha bks `ltkh` blm shrgcy iksu`mgrsthhm l`m mg`hu`ogm. Jgsusk`mggm wls tblt slorkoklc Clid ha Nhm wbhsg dchhm blm thdg sbgm ahr tbg sk`s ha tbg Jgwksb `ltkh` l`m ahr tbg sk`s ha tbgwhrcm (Jhb` ?:


21/62


sg`sg ha tbg whrm, tbgrg whucm blvg dgg` `h `ggm ahr Jhb` thohrrgot kt l`m th gxpl`m kt k` bks gmkthrklc ohiig`ts. Olklpblswkcc `ht supphrt tbg mhudcg-lutbhr tbghry ha prhpbgoy.

]BG @G^ ]G_]LIG@] LW]BHT_ TG_VGO] AHT ]BGHCM ]G_]LIG@] OH@]GR]

Lnlk` tbg qugstkh` lrksgs ls th bhw alr tbg H] wrktgrs pgr-ogkvgm hr u`mgrsthhm tbg tbk`ns tbgy wgrg wrktk`n. Ks kt cgnktk-iltg th `m l igl`k`n tblt nhgs dgyh`m tbg lutbhrklc wkccha tbg H] buil` wrktgr, gspgoklccy ka tblt igl`k`n gxoggms tbgnrliiltkoh-bksthrkolc prhogss ha choltk`n tblt sg`sg l`m ka tbgh`g wbh gxbkdkts tblt igl`k`n ks h h`g cgss tbl` tbg Chrm Jgsusbkisgca8 L`m ka Jgsus (l`m cltgr h`: tbg lphstcgs) mkm nh dgyh`mtbg lutbhrklc igl`k`ns, lrg wg ls k`tgrprgtgrs lcchwgm th ahcchwbks gxlipcg8 K` htbgr whrms, ol` wg rgprhmuog tbg gxgngsks hatbg lphstcgs l`m Jgsus, wbh lrg lccgngm th blvg suppckgm igl`-k`ns `ht ahu`m k` tbg tgxts tbgy quhtg8

]bgsg lmmktkh`lc igl`k`ns, kt ks usulccy lrnugm, ohig arhi

l Obrkstkl` prgsupphsktkh` l`m lrg ahu`m dy nkvk`n prkhrkty thtbg @] tgxt hvgr tbg H] tgxt. _tgpbg` Ihtygr hdsgrvgm:

Il`y @gw ]gstlig`t sobhclrs ilk`tlk` tblt tbg @gw]gstlig`t usg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t whres wktbk` lochsgm chnkolc okrocg: kt mgpg`ms h` Obrkstkl` prgsupphsk-tkh`s l`m rglms tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t k` l mkstkòtcy Obrks-tkl` wly (gvg` ka gipchyk`n Jgwksb igtbhms ha gxgngsks),hatg` mhk`n vkhcgòg th tbg trug igl`k`n ha tbg Hcm ]gs-

tlig`t tgxts gipchygm. ]bus, @gw ]gstlig`t lrnuig`tsdlsgm h` tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t, kt ks bgcm, whucm ng`grlccydg oh`vkòk`n th Obrkstkl`s dut blrmcy th Jgws. Ka tbksks trug, kt wkcc dg blrm th vk`mkoltg tbg @gw ]gstlig`tlutbhrs arhi tbg oblrng ha iksusk`n tbg _orkpturgs.4=

Vrgoksgcy sh! ]bg lrnuig`t tblt bls dgg` ihst pgrsulskvg ahrig,47ls wgcc, ks tbg h`g tblt slys l prgmkotkh` iust dg sgg`

4=. _tgpbg` Ihtygr, Hcm ]gstlig`t k` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t, k` Gvl`ngckolc Mko-tkh`lry ha Dkdckolc ]bghchny, gm. ^lctgr L. Gcwgcc (Nrl`m Tlpkms: Dlegr,


22/62


Ks tbks lssgssig`t ha tbg au`otkh` ha typhchny ohrrgot8 _urgcykt ks prhpgr th spgle ha typhchny k` _orkpturg, dut ol` tbks dgtbg wly th mgsorkdg kt8 Vrgvkhus ng`grltkh`s ha sobhclrs lcwlysk`skstgm tblt tbg egy lspgot ha typhchny wls tbg ilttgr ha mk-vk`g mgskn`ltkh`5 ligcy, whucm tbg alot tblt Nhm prhvkmg`tklccynukmgm tbg sthry ha tbg Igssklb l`m bks pghpcg dg lmgqultg lcsh

th k`mkoltg tbg ggmgm mkvk`g k`mkoltkh` tblt kt wls l typg ahu`mk` tbg tgxt ha tbg H] mgskn`ltkh`842Cgt us gxlik`g tbks qugstkh`dy chhek`n lt twh rgprgsg`tltkvg usgs ha tbg H] dy @] lutbhrs.

Mhgs Jhb`


23/62


lots ha puttk`n htbgrs lbglm ha tbgisgcvgs. ]bg lrrltkvg ks tbg`k`tgrruptgm dy Jgsus l``hu`ogig`t tblt h`g ha tbg mksokpcgswkcc dgtrly bki: K li `ht rgagrrk`n th lcc ha yhu5 K e`hw tbhsgK blvg obhsg`. Dut tbks ks th auccc tbks plsslng ha _orkpturg: Bgwbh sblrgm iy drglm bls ckatgm up bks bggc lnlk`st ig (Jhb`


24/62

_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 1?

e`hwcgmng k` 4 _liugc >, wbgrg tbg prhiksg-pcl` ha Nhm tbltblm dgg` ohiiu`koltgm th Ldrlbli, Ksllo, l`m Jlohd wls`hw dgk`n rgpgltgm l`m haagrgm th bki l`m bks sggm lch`nwktb l` gvgrclstk`n my`lstko bhusg, l tbrh`g, l`m l ek`n-mhi. Ihrghvgr, just ls Ng`gsks :


25/62

1= ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

l`m Lots


26/62


Tgtur`k`n th tbg usg ha Vslci =


27/62


wgcc ls shig ha tbg ihrg mkstl`t, ockilotko aucccig`t ha tbhsgslig glr aucccig`ts. Kt ks tbks ng`grko?>qulckty ha tbg prhi-ksg tblt g`ldcgs h`g th u`mgrstl`m tblt tbg whrms oh`tlk`gm duth`g igl`k`ntblt wls ng`grkolccy rgcltgm th tbg ohccgotkvg wbhcg-`gss ha tbg aucccig`t.?2

Ahr gxlipcg, l sblrp mksputg l`m mgdltg (Lots


28/62

_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 1>

trggs th ahri tgiphrlry sbgctgrs k` hrmgr th ogcgdrltg tbg Aglstha ]ldgr`locgs (Cgv 4?:=6, =45 Mgut


29/62


]bks surgcy ks h`g ha tbg egys th tbg plsslng, ahr kt phk`ts dloeth tbg prhiksg ilmg k` 4 _liugc >:


30/62


tblt tbg @] l`m \uirl` rglmk`ns ily prgsgrvg tbg dgttgr tgxtarhi Lihs, wbkob whucm ileg gvg` strh`ngr hur lrnuig`t ahrtbg suktldkckty ha Jligss lppglc th tbks tgxt th sbhw tblt Ng`tkcgsblm dgg` k` tbg prhiksg-pcl` ha Nhm lcc lch`n. Dut gvg` ka tgxtulcorktkoksi ks u`ldcg th vgrkay Jligss rglmk`n ls tbg prgagrrgm h`g,tbg k`tgrprgtltkh` ha tbg prgsg`t Ilshrgtko tgxt ha Lihs lihu`tsth tbg slig oh`ocuskh`. Gmhi ks usgm bgrg l`m gcsgwbgrg k` tbgH] ls rgprgsg`tk`n tbg `ltkh`s ha tbg whrcm. Gvg` tbg Gmhiktgs,tbg`, wkcc h`g mly dg olccgm dy tbg `lig ha tbg Chrm.

]bg h`cy qugstkh` cgat tbg` ks tbks: Ks tbg rgi`l`t ha ihr-tlcs nhk`n th sgge tbg Chrm ls l rgsuct ha Nhms rlksk`n up tbg

my`lsty ha Mlvkm h`g ihrg tkig, hr ks Nhm nhk`n th auccc bksprhiksg th Mlvkm k` tblt mly sh tblt `ht h`cy tbg rgi`l`t haGmhi ily dg Urg-Yphssgssgm ls plrt ha tbg rgvktlckzltkh` hatbg Mlvkmko Ohvg`l`t, dut gvg` lcc tbg Ng`tkcgs/`ltkh`s hvgrwbhi Nhm wkcc olcc bks `lig ily dg ckegwksg trgltgm k` tbgslig il``gr8 ]blt ks, lrg tbg ltkh`s olccgm dy Nhm hr mh tbgytbgisgcvgs olcc uph` Nhm8

Ngrblrm Blsgc phk`tgm hut tblt Lihs gipchygm tbg rgi-

`l`t tbgig k` tbrgg wlys: (


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>6 ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

dut ha tbgkr spkrktulc k`ohrphrltkh` k`th tbg ek`nmhi ha Nhm.Blm ht Nhm prhiksgm Ldrlbli tblt whucm dg tbg olsg k` Ng`-gsks


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts >4 ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

Nhm blm l``hu`ogm th Mlvkm tblt tbg iuctktumg ha `ltkh`swbh whucm dgckgvg k` tbg _ggm tblt olig arhi bks ck`g whucm dgplrt ha tbg oblrtgr ahr lcc buil`kty (thrlt bllmli, 4 _li >::


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts >?

k`ns ahr mgvhtkh`lc hr igmktltkvg purphsgs, dut h`g whucm dg blrm-prgssgm th `m l`y oh`vk`ok`n lphchngtkolc vlcug ahr vlckmltk`ntbg igsskl`ko hr mhotrk`lc oclkis dlsgm h` tbg usg ha suob k`tgrprg-tkvg prhogmurgs ls ikmrlsb,pgsbgr, lccgnhry, hr gvg` psyobhchnkolckiphsktkh`s h` tbg H] tgxt. [gt tbg tg`mg`oy k` ihmgr` sobhclrsbkpbls dgg` th lari tbg @] lutbhrs usg ha suob rlddk`kolc gxgngtkolcigtbhms ls tbgy utkckzgm tbg H], cglmk`n th vlrkhus ek`ms ha rld-dk kolc ihmkoltkh`s ha tbg igl`k`n ha tbg tgxts.=>Argmgrko Nlr-mk`gr (


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>= ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

e`hw tbg auturg lbglm ha tkig, kt wls h`cy tbg Nhm ha tbg Dkdcgwbh gxkstgm ls tbg Nhm wbh e`gw tbg auturg l`m spheg ldhut ktdgahrgtbg gvg`ts olig th plss. ]bg oblccg`ngs wg`t ckeg tbks:

^bh tbg` ks ckeg ig8 Cgt tbgi prhoclki kt. Cgt tbgi mgoclrg l`m cly hut dgahrg igwblt bls blppg`gm . . . l`m wblt ks ygt th ohig

ygs, cgt tbgi ahrgtgcc wblt wkcc ohig. . . . Mkm K `ht prhoclki tbks l`m ahrgtgcc kt ch`n lnh8 (Ksl

==:> 2)

Mgoclrg wblt ks th dg, prgsg`t kt cgt tbgi tleg ohu`sgc thngtbgr.^bh ahrgthcm tbks ch`n lnh, wbh mgoclrgm kt arhi tbg mkstl`t plst8^ls kt `ht K, tbg CHTM8 (Ksl =7:4


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts >7

trkdutg th Vslci


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Il`y rgjgot tbg igsskl`ko rgagrg`og ha Vslci


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts >>

Nhm-drgltbgm (4 ]ki ?:wg oh`our wktb tbg @]lttrkdutkh` ha tbks pslci th Mlvkm (Lots 4:?=). Kt ks kiphrtl`t th`htg tblt tbg pslci ahousgs rst ha lcc h` Mlvkm ha tbg rhylc ck`gha tbg Igssklb.

Mlvkm dgnk`s k` Vslci


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tgri ls wgrg tbg tgris _ggm, _grvl`t ha tbg Chrm, l`m Igs-sklb k` tbg H].Blskmks dgst rg`mgrgm ls l plsskvg ahri, h`gth wbhi Nhm ks chylc, nrlokhus, hr igrokauc, hr h`g k` wbhiNhm il`kagsts bks nrlog hr alvhr.16L egy plsslng tblt oh``gotsblskmwktb Mlvkm ks Vslci 2;:


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts >;

Igssklb) l`m tbg il`y (tbg Mlvkmko ck`g l`m tbhsg wbh dgckgvgk` tbg Igssklb) lrg gidrlogm k` l sk`ncg igl`k`n usulccy k`mk-oltgm dy l ohccgotkvg sk`nuclr, k`stglm ha kt dgk`n gktbgr l skipcgsk`nuclr hr pcurlc `hu`.

Mlvkm, tbg`, k` Vslci


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Hòg wg blvg ohrrgotcy u`mgrsthhm tbg kmg`tkty, haog, l`mauòtkh` ha tbg Bhcy H`g/Alvhrgm H`g (blskm), kt ks phsskdcgahr us th sgg tblt Mlvkm pgrogkvgm Nhms pcl` th rlksg up tbg clstEk`n k` bks ck`g, sh tblt tbg Igssklb whucm ht dg ldl`mh`gm thtbg nrlvg/_bghc, `hr whucm bg gxpgrkgòg mgoly k` tbgthid. K`stglm, bg whucm sgg tbg pltb ha ckag, l pbrlsg IktobgccMlbhhm gqultgm arhi tbg Wnlrktko tgxts ls igl`k`n gtgr`lcckag.17

]bks k`tgrprgtltkh` ks tbg` oh`rigm dy tbg wly tbg lphs-tcgs Vgtgr l`m Vluc usgm Vslci

Dut Mrkvgr l`m hur oh`tgiphrlrkgs alkc th htg tblt Vgtgrs oclkiks tblt Mlvkm wls l prhpbgt wbh spheg ha tbg rgsurrgotkh` hatbg Igssklb, dgolusg bg wls sggk`n wblt wls th ohig (Lots4:?6 ?


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 2), clws h` cgprhsy (4=:2 ;), clws h` chl`s(4=:


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 2?

ùidgr ha sobhclrs, suob ls ^. Lr`mt,>4Ls L. ]. Bl`sh` hdsgrvgm, k`tgrprgtk`n l tgxt k` l sg`sg wbkobohipcgtgcy kn`hrgs kts hrknk`lc igl`k`n, hr k` l sg`sg wbhsgoh``gotkh` wktb kts hrknk`lc igl`k`n Uks obl`ngmY ks purgcylrdktrlry.>?

Tkoblrm Ch`ng`goegr skikclrcy mgag`ms l` lccgnhrkolc k`tgr-prgtltkh`: Vluc, bg tbkès, sggis th cglvg tbg prkilry igl`k`nha tbg k`juòtkh` k` Mgut 47:= . . . l`m k`tgrprgts tbg Hcm ]gstl-

ig`t lccgnhrkolccy.>=Ahr Ch`ng`goegr tbg egy kssug ks tbg igl`-k`n ha tbg whrm pl`ths(kt ks wrkttg` pl`thsahr hur slegs). Kapl`ths ks th dg trl`scltgm lcthngtbgr, hr g`tkrgcy, tbg` Vlucwhucm dg oclkik`n tblt bg tbkès Ihsgs ks h`cy ohògr`gm ldhuttbg eggpgrs ha tbg hxg` l`m `ht tbg hxg` tbgisgcvgs.

Dut kt ks phsskdcg th lrnug tbltpl`thsks th dg rg`mgrgm ogr-tlk`cy hr u`mhudtgmcy. Ka sh, Vluc ks oclkik`n tblt tbg cktgrlcprkòkpcg ol` dg lppckgm th l `gw sktultkh`. [gs, hxg` sbhucm

dg lcchwgm th tleg l swkpg ha nrlk` ls tbgy wlcegm rhu`m l`mrhu`m, bhur latgr bhur, trglmk`n hut tbg nrlk` wbkcg dgk`n lt-tlobgm th l og`trlc phst. Dut tbks ruck`n `ht h`cy dg`gtgm tbgl`kilcs5 kt lcsh prhmuogm l iuob ng`tcgr l`m ek`mgr hxg` hw`grskiuctl`ghuscy!

Lmhca Mgkssil`` ks ihst olustko k` bks lmvholoy ha tbg lc-cgnhrkolc k`tgrprgtltkh`:

ktb Vbkch, ls lcsh wktb Vluc, lccgnhrkolc gxgngsks . . . wlsihrg l skn` ha arggmhi tbl` ha dh`mlng, tbhunb kt cgm

dhtb ha tbgi th nrglt vkhcgòg ha k`tgrprgtltkh`.ULih`n tbgY k`stlògs ha suob vkhcgòg UksY . . . tbg

lppckoltkh` ha tbg whrms ldhut tbg hx, wbkob wls `ht

>


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2= ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

th dg iuzzcgm wbkcg tbrgsbk`n. . . . Vluc spgles k` tbgsgstrl`ngcy u`prlotkolc l`m aggdcg whrms ls l il` arhi tbgokty, wbh mhgs `ht rgnlrm l`kilcs.>7

Htbgrs lrnug tblt tbks tgxt gxbkdkts l rlddk`ko typg ha lr-nuig`t olccgm qlc wlbhigr,>1k.g., l` lrnuig`t arhi tbg cgssgrhr cknbtgr th tbg nrgltgr hr bglvkgr. ^. Hrr l`m J. L. ^lctbgrobhsg tbks ahri ha k`tgrprgtltkh` k` tbgkr ohiig`tlry h`< Ohrk`tbkl`s.>>

L tbkrm vkgw gxpclk`s tblt Vluc gxphu`mgm tbg plsslngarhi tbg Ihslko clw loohrmk`n th tbg Bgccg`kstko Jgwksb prk`-

okpcg tblt Nhms oh`ogr` ks wktb bknbgr tbk`ns, tbgrgdy lcchwk`ntbg cktgrlc sg`sg th dg ldl`mh`gm, dgolusg kt spheg ha shigtbk`nu`whrtby ha Nhm.>2

Mgspktg tbgsg tbrgg ldgrrl`t vkgws, hur oh`tg`tkh` ks tbltVluc bls gktbgr ldl`mh`gm tbg cktgrlc igl`k`n hr bls bg tleg`ckdgrtkgs wktb tbg Ihslko cgnkscltkh` k` hrmgr th nlk` mkvk`g lu-tbhrkzltkh` ahr ik`kstgrklc bh`hrlrkl hr slclrkgs. Agw blvg bl`-mcgm tbks oktltkh` arhi tbg H] dgttgr tbl` A. Nhmgt. Bg sbhwstblt tbg wbhcg oh`tgxt k` Mgutgrh`hiy wls h`g ha gxpclk`k`nwblt lrg tbg ihrlc mutkgs ha ihrtlcs th h`g l`htbgr l`m th Nhmsorgltgm hrmgr. Bg gxpclk`s:

Vluc mhgs `ht, tbgrgahrg, k` tbg cglst supprgss tbg bksthrk-olc l`m `lturlc igl`k`n ha tbg prgogpt. . . . Bg rgohn kzgskt auccy, l`m kt ks prgoksgcy dy stlrtk`n arhi tbks sg`sg tbltbg rksgs th l bknbgr lppckoltkh`. . . . Alr arhi lrdktrlry lccg-nhrkzk`n, bg lppckgs, dy l wgcc-ahu`mgm l ahrtkhrkUlrnu-ig`tY, th l bknbgr rgcltkh` wblt Nhm blm prgsorkdgm wktbrgagrg`og th l chwgr rgcltkh`. . . . ]bg prgogpt bls `ht ktsaucc sg`sg gxogpt wbg` lppckgm th l rglsh`ldcg dgk`n.

Kt ks mkaakouct th supprgss l sikcg wbg` ckstg`k`n thtbg mgocliltkh`s ha hur ihmgr`s lnlk`st tbg lccgnhrkz-k`n il`kl ha tbg Lphstcg Vluc. . . . Vluc mhgs `ht k` tbg

>7. Lmhca Mgkssil``, Vluc: L _tumy k` _hoklc l`m Tgcknkhus Bksthry, trl`s. ^. G.

^kcsh` (@gw [hre: Blrpgr, ), 1. Lcsh e`hw` k` Cltk` ls l ik`hrk lm iljustypg ha lrnuig`t.>>. ^. Hrr l`m J. ^lctbgr, < Ohrk`tbkl`s (LD5 Nlrmg` Okty, @.J.: Mhudcgmly,

1), 4?2.>2. Bl`s Oh`zgcil``,L Ohiig`tlry h` tbg Akrst Gpkstcg th tbg Ohrk`tbkl`s, trl`s.

J. . Cgktob (Bgrig`gkl5 Vbkclmgcpbkl: Ahrtrgss, 7),


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cglst lccgnhrkzg. . . . Arhi tbg cktgrlc l`m `lturlc igl`k`nha tbg prgogpt bg mksg`tl`ncgs l prhahu`m trutb, l clw habuil`kty l`m gqukty.>;

Olcvk` wls ls k`skstg`t tblt Vluc nht kt rknbt:

^g iust `ht ileg tbg ikstleg ha tbkèk`n tblt Vlucigl`s th gxpclk` tblt ohiil`mig`t lccgnhrkolccy5 ahrshig gipty-bglmgm orglturgs ileg tbks l` gxousg ahrtur`k`n gvgrytbk`n k`th lccgnhry, sh tblt tbgy obl`ngmhns k`th ig`, trggs k`th l`ngcs, l`m oh`vgrt tbg wbhcgha _orkpturg k`th l` liusk`n nlig.

Dut wblt Vluc lotulccy igl`s ks quktg skipcg:tbhunb tbg Chrm ohiil`ms oh`skmgrltkh` ahr tbg hxg`,Bg mhgs sh, `ht ahr tbg sleg ha tbg hxg`, dut rltbgr hutha rgnlrm ahr ig`, ahr wbhsg dg`gakt gvg` tbg hxg` wgrgorgltgm. ]bgrgahrg tblt buil`g trgltig`t ha hxg` hunbtth dg l` kòg`tkvg, ihvk`n us th trglt glob htbgr wktboh`skmgrltkh` l`m alkr`gss.26

Dut wblt ldhut Vlucs qugstkh`: Ks kt ldhut hxg` tblt Nhm

ks ohògr`gm8 (< Ohr ;:;o)8 Vluc l`swgrs k` ;:


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ahr pghpcg.24[gs, (nlr) Vluc wg`t h` th sly, tbks wls wrkttgàhr us.

Vluc tbg` k`trhmuogs tbg rgst ha v. 2, ahcchw Nrhtkus k` trl`scltk`n pl`ths lsilk`cy hr gspgoklccy, l igl`k`n tblt ks pgriksskdcg ahr tbks whrm l`m wbkobogrtlk`cy oh`vgys tbg sg`sg k` tbks plsslng.

2?. K` bks lrtkocg h` K`spkrltkh` k` tbg hrknk`lc sgt ha ]bg K`tgr`ltkh`lc _tl`-

mlrm Dkdcg Gòyochpgmkl, D. D. lrgcm alihuscy lrnugm tblt wbg` Kt ks wrkttg` lp-pglrs k` tbg Dkdcg, kt igl`s tbg slig tbk`n ls Nhm slkm (]bg K`tgr`ltkh`lc _tl`mlrmDkdcg GòyochpgmklUNrl`m Tlpkms: Ggrmil`s,


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts 2>

^blt tbg` wls Vlucs rglsh`k`n8 Kt wls `ht th sbhw tbltpchwk`n l`m tbrgsbk`n wgrg twh plrlccgc whres glob whrtbyha rgwlrm. Tltbgr, kt wls tblt tbg h`g wbh blm dgg` h` tbg jhdwhrek`n (hr k` Vlucs oh`tkùk`n lnrkoucturlc igtlpbhr, pchw-k`n tbg gcm k` bhpg) hunbt th dg tbg h`g wbh ks tbgrg wbg` tbgrgohipg`sg ahr tbg cldhr ks plssgm hut (k.g., lt tbg tbrgsbk`n fflhhrwbg` tbg blrvgst ohigs k`). Vluc bls ht nkvg` us l mkaagrg`t hrl sgoh`mlry bkmmg` sg`sg arhi tbg lssgrtkh` Ihsgs whucm blvgilmg. K`stglm, bg bls gxpgrtcy tleg` haa tbg tgiphrlry wrlp-pk`n l`m oucturlc sgttk`n k` wbkob tbg tglobk`n wls rst nkvg`th sbhw us tbg pgril`g`t prkòkpcg tblt Ihsgs l`m tbg Bhcy

_pkrkt k`tg`mgm lcc lch`n.Bgrgk` ckgs l nrlpbko kccustrltkh` ls th bhw wg iknbt dgnk`

th drkmng tbg nlp dgtwgg` tbg tbg` ha tbg tgxt arhi ygstgr-mly th tbg `hw ha thmly.2=Vlucs lrnuig`t wls nrhu`mgm k`tbg lutbhrkty ha _orkpturg ahu`m k` Mgutgrh`hiy. Bhwgvgr, bgwls ht sh tleg` wktb l`kilc busdl`mry l`m tbg mgutgrh`hikodloenrhu`m tblt bg blm h igsslng ahr cltgr ng`grltkh`s. Kt wls`ht tblt _orkpturg bls l bkmmg` igl`k`n tblt wls h`cy e`hw`

dy Nhm u`tkc Vluc blppg`gm th ngt l bhcm ha tbks tgxt.]h lcchw tbks plsthrlc lppckoltkh` ha Mgutgrh`hiy 47:=

mhgs `ht igl` tbgrg ks shigtbk`n gcsg th dg ahu`m k`, u`mgr, hrdgyh`m tbg tgxt tbl` tbg nrliiltkolc-sy`tlotkolc-bksthrkolc igl`-k`n. Ilrsblcc nhgs thh alr k` l mksousskh` ldhut l mkaagrg`t plsslngwbg` bg lssgrts, K whucm dg prgplrgm th loogpt l plsthrlc k`tgr-prgtltkh` ha Jhb` =, gvg` ka kt wgrg `ht k` tbg lutbhrs ik`m. . . . Ktohucm dg tblt k` _orkpturg thh tbgrg ks l igl`k`n mkaagrg`t arhi tblt

k`tg`mgm dy tbg lutbhr.27H`g `ggm h`cy th mkstk`nuksb igl`-k`n arhi skn`kològ, ls G. M. Bkrsob bls lrnugm lcc lch`n.

Kt ks rgilreldcg tblt Vluc mhgs `ht lppglc th Mgutgrh`hiy4=:


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glob mly dgahrg su`sgt, dgolusg tbgy lrg phhr l`m lrg ohu`t-k`n h` kt. Htbgrwksg tbgy ily ory th tbg CHTMlnlk`st yhu, l`myhu wkcc dg nukcty ha sk`. Vgrblps k` tbg wksmhi ha Nhm, tbghxg` tgxt ilmg l dgttgr tglobk`n thhc, ahr kt ily blvg gidlr-rlssgm Nhms rgcuotl`t pghpcg th nkvg th tbg tglobgrs/plsthrswbh sgrvgm tbgi wgcc wblt tbgy hrmk`lrkcy whucm blvg nkvg`th muid l`kilcs. Ihrghvgr, tbks tgxt ts `kogcy tbg kccustrltkhàrhi tbg spbgrg ha lnrkoucturg just nkvg` k` vgrsg >.

]bg lphstcg rknbtcy u`mgrstl`ms tblt Nhm spheg th ig` (`hthxg`) prkilrkcy ahr tbgkr ihrlc nrhwtb k` ng`grhskty, alkr`gss,l`m gqukty. Ka tbg prkòkpcg ks tblt wblt wls wrkttg` k` _orkpturg

wls tblt lcc whregrs blvg l rknbt th dg plkm ahr tbgkr sgrvkogs (dgtbgy l`kilc hr buil`), tbg` tblt ks wblt Ihsgs igl`t l`m tbltks wblt Nhm igl`t. ]blt sgttcgs tbg prkòkpcg.

Dut tbg hrknk`lc tglobk`n ol` dg oh`tgxtulckzgm k` gw sktu-ltkh`s, wktb gw rgcltkh`sbkps, wbgrg tbg kmg`tkolc prkòkpcg ol`dg gstldcksbgm ahr tbg slig rglsh`s. ^g lrg tlunbt, tbg`, bhwth ihvg arhi tbg DO tgxt th tbg twg`ty-rst og`tury LM, usk`ntbg slig igtbhmhchny tblt Vluc kccustrltgs k` bks lppckoltkh` ha

Ihsgs tglobk`n th tbg rst-og`tury LM sktultkh`. ]bg prlotk-olc lppckoltkh` ha tbg Dkdcg ks `ht ls iystgrkhus ls shig whucmileg kt th dg. g `ggm h`cy hdsgrvg tbg igtbhms Vluc usgm l`mtbg` ahcchw tbgi k` glob `gw sktultkh` wg alog k` hur mly.

_BHWCM IHMGT@ K@]GTVTG]GT_TGVCKOL]G ]BG @G^ ]G_]LIG@]

LW]BHT_ W_G HA ]BG HCM ]G_]LIG@]8

Ihmgr` rglmgrs l`m k`tgrprgtgrs ha tbg Dkdcg ogrtlk`cy ilyahcchw k` tbg stgps ha tbg @] wrktgrs wbg` tbgy usg tbg H], ahrtbhsg @] wrktgrs lrnugm ihst olrgauccy wbg` tbgy oktgm tbg H]ls l` lutbhrkty ahr lphchngtkolc hr mhotrk`lc rglsh`s. Kt ks h`cywbg` wg dgnk` th mhudt tblt tbg @] wrktgrs wgrg alktbauc thwblt blm dgg` wrkttg` k` tbg H] tblt wg dgnk` th alog prhdcgistblt lrg kssugs ihrg ahr hur mly tbl` tbgy wgrg ahr tblt mly hr

ahr ihst ha tbg og`turkgs prgogmk`n hur twg`tkgtb l`m twg`ty-rst og`turkgs.

Just dgolusg wg blvg ahu`m ikmrlsbko, pgsbgr, lccgnhrkolc,l`m lccgngm sg`sus pcg`khrigl`k`ns k` tbg wrktk`ns ha `h`dkdck-olc tgxts surrhu`mk`n tbg mlys ha hur Chrms glrtbcy ik`kstry


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l`m ha tbg @] wrktgrs ks `ht l surg skn` tblt l`y hr lcc ha tbgsgigtbhms iust tbgrgdy dg ahu`m hr oh`skstg`tcy gipchygm k`tbg @]s usg ha tbg H]. Ahr tbg plst mgolmgs, @] sobhclrs ng`gr-lccy blvg `ht pursugm H] stumkgs ls strg`uhuscy ls tbgy blvgstumkgm gxtrldkdckolc cktgrlturg, suob ls tbg rlddk`ko cktgrlturg,tbg Mglm _gl _orhccs, tbg @ln Bliilmk (N`hstko) tgxts, l`m tbgckeg. Hur pcgl, tbgrgahrg, whucm dg th cgt tbg hcmgr ]gstlig`t dgsglrobgm rst l`m tbg` tbg cltgr ]gstlig`t l`lcyzgm dgahrg lp-pglc ks ilmg th gxtrldkdckolc tgxts ahr l`swgrs th tbg prhdcgistblt dgsgt us k` k`tgrprgtltkh`. K` sbhrt, spgoklckzltkh` k` h`g]gstlig`t lch`n wktb ohn`ltg stumkgs blvg ahrogm plttgr`s h`

dkdckolc stumkgs tblt mh `ht lcwlys rgprgsg`t tbg alkrgst wly thsgt tbg prhdcgis up k` tbg rst pclog.

Kt ks tbg qugstkh` ha tbg mkvk`g lutbhrkty ha tbg H] tblt mrkvgsus th sgge tbg lutbhrklc lssgrtkh`s ha tbg igl`k`ns ha tbgkr tgxts.Kt ks tblt slig qugst tblt whucm ileg us bgsktl`t th sgg tbg @]hvgrrkmg wblt Nhm blm hrknk`lccy slkm u`cgss bg skn`lcgm k` tbgH] tgxt tblt wblt blm dgg` slkm blm l dukct-k` hdshcgsog`og l`mwls gaagotkvg ls l ihmgc hr plttgr` (tld`kt)h`cy u`tkc suob

l tkig ls tbg rglc olig (Gx 47:;, =6). Htbgrwksg, lcc _orkpturg ksk`spkrgm dy Nhm l`m rgilk`s usgauc ht lcwlys ahr tbg sligtbk`n, dut k` `h sg`sg ks kt mgoclrgm th dg l`tkqultgm l`m sudjgotth `gw igl`k`ns arhi sudsgqug`t dkdckolc wrktgrs hr rglmgrs.


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;6

TG_VH@_G ]H ELK_GT

Mlrrgcc C. Dhoe

Dgahrg clu`obk`n k`th l rgsph`sg th _k`ncg Igl`k`n l`m W`k-gm Tgagrg`ts, kt ks kiphrtl`t th rgolcc wbgrg lnrggig`t ckgs. Lcctbg gsslys lnrgg tblt tbg _orkpturg ohigs th rglckzltkh` k` JgsusObrkst l`m tblt tbg pcl` ha Nhm og`tgrs k` bki. ]bg mkslnrgg-

ig`t ks h` bhw tbks whres. _h tbg mksousskh` ks ckeg l mksousskh`h` wbkob rhutg ks tbg dgst h`g th tleg h` l trkp.

_HIG VTGCKIK@LT[ TGILTE_

]bg egy alothrs k` tbks mksousskh` k`ocumg (


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts: Tgsph`sgs ;5 Ksl ?=:7


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts: Tgsph`sgs ;7

tbhr mkm `ht ohipcgtgcy u`mgrstl`m tbg mgtlkcs ha tbg mkrgotkh`bks whrms sgt. ]bks ek`m ha l` hutck`g ha g`m-tkig gxpgotltkh` ksshigtbk`n Jligss ckstg`grs l`m gvg` il`y Jgws ha tbg pgrkhmwhucm blvg gidrlogm, gspgoklccy nkvg` bks lppglc th tbg prhpb-gts k` ng`grlc.

^g tur` ihrg drkgffly th Vslci


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;1

TG_VH@_G ]H ELK_GT

Vgtgr G``s

Elksgrs lrtkoucltkh` ha tbg @]s usg ha tbg H] ks h`g tblt kswgcc e`hw` th l`yh`g alikcklr wktb bks wrktk`ns. ]bg vkgws bggxprgssgs k` bks gssly mh `ht, k` iy hpk`kh`, rgprgsg`t l`y rglcobl`ng arhi bks prgvkhuscy pudcksbgm lrtkocgs l`m dhhes. K rg-spgot tbg whre Elksgr bls put k`th tbks kssug l`m tbg k`fflugòg

bg bls blm. @gvgrtbgcgss, K li `ht oh`vkògm tblt bks lpprhlobth tbks bgrig`gutkolc kssug ks bgcpauc hr loourltg.

Elksgrs gssly dgnk`s dy lmmrgssk`n tbg ng`grlc kssug halctgr`ltg hr iuctkpcg igl`k`ns k` _orkpturg, dut K aggc tblt,gvg` lt tbg hutsgt, wg lrg dgk`n cgm mhw` l wrh`n pltb. K` alot,K mkslnrgg wktb tbg g`tkrg wly k` wbkob Elksgr sgts up bks lrnu-ig`t5 bg dgnk`s lt tbg wrh`n g`m. Bg spg`ms iuob gaahrt lt tbgdgnk``k`n ha bks gssly dukcmk`n l olsg k` tbg ldstrlot ahr wby

igl`k`n sbhucm dg choltgm k` l` lutbhrs k`tg`tkh` l`m wbyiuctkpcg cgvgcs ha igl`k`n sbhucm dg lvhkmgm lt lcc ohsts. ]bksks rbgthrkolccy gaagotkvg, pgrblps (wbh whucm wl`t th mkslnrgg8),dut Elksgr u`mgrtlegs tbks lrnuig`t wktbhut lmmrgssk`n tbg rglcl`m mkaouct prhdcgis ahr suob l` lpprhlob tblt lrgng`grltgm dytbg @] mltl tbgisgcvgs.

Ihrghvgr, bg sgts up bks hw` olsg dy prgsg`tk`n hpphsk`nvkgws k` l gnltkvg cknbt. @htg tbg rst sgrkgs ha qugstkh`s lt tbg

hutsgt ha Elksgrs gssly tblt rgagr th iuctkpcg igl`k`ns shig-bhw qukgtcykòhrphrltgm k`th tbg tgxt k` shig iystgrkhuswly,tbus bkmk`narhi tbg lutbhr, hr pgrblps gvg` `gw igl`k`ns tblttbg lumkgòg drhunbt th tbg tgxt h` tbgkr hw` (gipblsks lmmgm).]bks ks ht l bgcpauc wly ha sgttk`n up tbg prhdcgi ha tbg @] usg


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts: Tgsph`sgs ;>

ha tbg H], wbkob ks, ahr ihst sobhclrs, l vgry rglc bgrig`gutkolcohù`mrui. Elksgrs dkls ks sgg` tbrhunbhut tbg gssly k` tbgwly bg sgts up lrnuig`ts l`m gipchys cl`nulng tblt cglvgsckttcg rhhi ahr l mksplsskh`ltg vkgw ha tbg dkdckolc l`m _goh`m]gipcg gvkmgòg.

Elksgrs mksousskh` ha sg`sus pcg`khrks ckegwksg prhdcgiltko.Dy oktk`n tbg Thil` Oltbhcko sobhclr Tlyih`m Drhw`, Elksgrsggis th dg usk`n nukct dy lsshokltkh` th u`mgrik`gsg`sus pcg`khr.Drhw` ks ldcg th tleg igl`k`n hut ha tbg bl`ms ha tbg buil`lutbhrs wbh sthhm k` tbg ohu`sgc ha Nhm dgolusg Drhw`s Ol-tbhckoksi bls l` goocgsklstkolc trlmktkh` tblt lcchws bki th trglt

_orkpturg sh sblddkcy. K li `ht Oltbhcko, dut K wls l dkt haag`mgmdy suob l olrkolturg, skòg Vrhtgstl`t sobhclrsbkp hwgs sh iuobth tbg olrgauc l`m ùlògm whre ha Thil` Oltbhcko sobhclrs.Ihrghvgr, kt ks shigwblt dgskmg tbg phk`t th phrtrly ThilÒltbhckos ls il`kpucltk`n tbg igl`k`n ha _orkpturg sh olsulccy.]bg rglc bgrig`gutkolc kssugs dgahrg us,ng`grltgm ls tbgy lrg dytbg @] gvkmgòg ktsgca, wkcc `ht dg sgttcgm dy suob rbgthrko.

Ihrghvgr, Elksgrs trgltig`t ha sg`suspcg`khrks ktsgca l olrk-

olturg. Kt ks ht ls ka sobhclrs lrg tryk`n th `m shig wly th wrgst_orkpturgs igl`k`n arhi tbg whrms h` tbg plng l`m pclog kt k`shig iystkolc rglci, l`m sh ileg up tbg ohògpt ha sg`sus pcg-`khr. ]bg kssug, rltbgr, ks bhw tbg rglc mkaouctkgs ha tbg @] usgha tbg H] cglmsth tbghrkgs suob ls sg`sus pcg`khr. ]blt, K whucmsunngst, ks tbg phk`t ha tbg tbrgg gsslys k` tbks vhcuig. Dut, k`-stglm ha mglck`n bglm-h` wktb tbg thpko lt bl`m, Elksgr ihu`tsl pgjhrltkvg olsg ahr wby iuctkpcg igl`k`ns `ht lòbhrgm k`

tbg buil` lutbhrs k`tg`tkh` lrg suspgot, l`m tbg`tur`s th tbg@] gvkmgòg wktb tbks ohòcuskh` ricy k` bl`m. Elksgr sbhucmdgnk` wktb tbg ihmgcs ha gxpcl`ltkh` tbg @] gvkmgòg lcchwsl`m tbg` haagr gxpcl`ltkh`s dlsgm h` tblt l`lcysks.

_kikclrcy, wblt augcs iuob ha Elksgrs lrnuig`t ks bksuòrktkolc lmhptkh` ha igtbhmhchnkgs tblt l stumy ha ihmgr`bgrig`gutkos, l`m gspgoklccy tbg @] usg ha tbg H], olccs k`thqugstkh`. Kt sggis, k` alot, tblt bg ks egg` th olcc k`th qugstkh`

ihmgr` bgrig`gutkolc mgvgchpig`ts k` ng`grlc, ls ol` dg sgg`dy bks rgourrk`n oktltkh` ha sobhclrs (g.n., Dksbhp Tycg, BgrdgrtIlrsb, Argmgrko Nlrmk`gr, A. Nhmgt) wbh wrhtg dgahrg tbg mks-ohvgrkgs lt \uirl`. Hcm ks ogrtlk`cy`ht dlm, dut l cht bls blp-pg`gm k` hur u`mgrstl`mk`n ha dkdckolc bgrig`gutkos k` tbg clst


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;2 ]brgg Qkgws h` tbg @gw ]gstlig`t Wsg ha tbg Hcm ]gstlig`t

h`g bu`mrgm yglrs5 kt sggis tblt plrtkouclr ek`ms ha prhnrgss k`dkdckolc stumkgs lrg trhudck`n th Elksgr, l`m bg wksbgs th nulrmlnlk`st tbgi. ]h mh sh, bhwgvgr, Elksgr lssuigs l` lpprhlobth k`tgrprgtltkh` wbgrgdy stl`mlrm thhcs suob ls nrliilr,sy`tlx, l`m tbg ckeg hr rucgs ha cl`nulng l`m gxgngsks lrggipchygm.

K ogrtlk`cy syipltbkzg, ls iy hw` gssly mgih`strltgs, dutsurgcy Elksgr iust sgg tblt suob l` lppglc ol``ht lch`g shcvgtbg bgrig`gutkolc prhdcgi dgahrg us. Ahr h`g tbk`n, kt ks prg-oksgcy l nrliiltkoh-bksthrkolc gxgngsks ha tbg @] tblt rg`mgrsElksgrs bgrig`gutkolc ihmgc u`whreldcg (ls K mksouss k` iy

gssly). _goh`mcy, Elksgrs hw` bl`mck`n ha tbg @]s usg ha tbgH] mgplrts qukoecy arhi tbg stl`mlrm ha nrliilr, sy`tlx, l`mtbg ckeg l`m pcu`ngs bki k`th bgrig`gutkolc il`guvgrs tbltlrg alkrcy ikmrlsbko.

Elksgr tbg` tur`s th tbg qugstkh` ha ol`h`kolc rglmk`ns l`mwbgtbgr l mgag`sg ha sg`sus pcg`khrol` dg ahu`m tbgrg. Vrgmkot-ldcy, tbg l`swgr ks `h. K auccy lnrgg wktb Elksgrs oh`tg`tkh` tbltwg mh hur H] gxgngsks dgahrg wg sgg bhw tbk`ns mgvgchp k` tbg

sudsgqug`t prhnrgss ha rgvgcltkh`. ]bg rst rglmk`n, ls Kl`m htbgrs ckeg th olcc kt, ks kiphrtl`t. K lcsh lnrgg tblt tbg tbkoe-g`k`n ha tbghchny ks l twh-wly strggt: tblt hur u`mgrstl`mk`nha tbg H] ks lunig`tgm dy sggk`n sudsgqug`t rgvgcltkh`, duttblt lcsh hur u`mgrstl`mk`n ha tbg @] ks g`rkobgm dy plyk`nlttg`tkh` th tbg tbghchnkolc oh`thurs ha tbg H]. (K` tbks rgspgot,Elksgr ks gobhk`n shigwblt tbg ohògr` ha Drgvlrm Obkcms l`mbks stumg`ts.)

K plrt ohipl`y wktb Elksgr, bhwgvgr, k` u`mgrstl`mk`n tbksiutulc tbghchnkolc tbkoeg`k`n th dg l auòtkh` ha tbg tbghchnk-olc tg`skh`sng`grltgm dy tbg rst l`m sgoh`m rglmk`ns5 tblt ks,dy rglmk`n tbg H] h` kts hw` tgris l`m tbg`rglmk`n bhw tbg@] lutbhrs usg tbg H] k` wlys kàhrigm dy _goh`m ]gipcgk`tgrprgtkvg prlotkogs l`m l Obrksthtgcko gsoblthchny. Ihrghvgr,kt ks ocglr tblt ahr Elksgr tbg tbghchnkolc trljgothrkgs k`lunurltgmk` tbg H] lrg mgtgrik`ltkvgahr bhw sudsgqug`t lutbhrs (dg tbgy

cltgr H] lutbhrs hr @] lutbhrs) bl`mcg tbg prkhr rgvgcltkh`.K` htbgr whrms, sudsgqug`t lutbhrs mh `ht stlipgmg hvgr tbgH] sg`sg k` hrmgr th rglm Obrkst wkccy-`kccy, dut lrg dhu`m thtbg lutbhrklc wkcc ha prkhr dkdckolc wrktgrs. Elksgrs lrnuig`tbgrg ks `ht dlsgm sh iuob h` tbg dgblvkhr ha dkdckolc lutbhrs,


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts: Tgsph`sgs ;;

dut h` Elksgrs prgohiiktig`t th wblt ek`ms ha bgrig`gutkolclotkvktkgs k`spkrgm dkdckolc lutbhrs `ht th ig`tkh` Nhm bki-sgca ily g`nlng k`.

Oh`tk`uk`n bks lrnuig`t lnlk`st sg`suspcg`khr, Elksgr dg-nk`s th g`nlng dkdckolc mltl dy lmmrgssk`n lccgngm @] supphrt ahrsg`sus pcg`khr. ]bks ks nrhu`m Elksgr bls ohvgrgm gcsgwbgrg, l`mbg lmmrgssgs tbrgg plsslngs: < Vgtgr


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_k`ncg Igl`k`n, W`kakgm Tgagrg`ts: Tgsph`sgs

three views on the new testament use of the old testament: walter c. kaiser jr., darrell l. bock,...

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