three views of the industrial revolution technological change social change
DESCRIPTION
Industrial Revolution. Three Views of the Industrial Revolution Technological Change Social Change Prime Actors/Industrialists. The Industrial Age Cometh!!!. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8. Industrial Revolution -- Definition. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Three Views of the Industrial Revolution
• Technological Change
• Social Change
• Prime Actors/Industrialists
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Age Cometh!!!
Industrial Revolution 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8
Good 2 minute overviews http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos/the-industrial-revolition?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Industrial Revolution -- Definition
Prime foci were:
– technology and organization transforming the way in which goods production was accomplished and organized --Unprecedented expansion of output and productivity
Resulted in and from new organizational, social, economic, and political inventions and developments – not just industrial ones
Industrial Revolution 4
Impacts of Industrial Revolution
QOL -- Substantial increase in Quality of Life including standard of living
Demographic Transition (especially in the Western World)
GLOBALIZATION -- Set the stage for modern phase of Globalization and all of its impacts
Industrial Revolution 5
Industrial Revolution 6
Three Approaches
Technological (Machines) Approach emphasizes the mechanics of the production
Social (Organizational) Approach emphasized changing societal structures, institutions, and relationships
Inventor/Entrepreneur/Industrialist (Great Man) Approach emphasizes the Great Individual
Industrial Revolution 7
Current Distribution of Major Industrial Regions Worldwide
Note how few and concentrated these are and no major concentration in Africa as yet
Industrial Revolution 8
Estimated PM10 Concentrations in World Cities Having More than 100,000 People
Consequences in Pollution
http://www.gore.com/en_xx/products/filtration/cooling/cooling_pollution_map.html
Industrial Revolution 9
Part 1: The Technical (Machine) Hypothesis
Source:
Dr Raymond L Sanders Jr
Geography
University of Texas at Austin
Web source www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt
Industrial Revolution 10
Sander’s Learning Objective
1. Tracing the development of the Industrial Revolution to Technological Innovations
2. Discussing its spread across the landscape
Industrial Revolution 11
Two great economic “revolutions” occurred in human development
Agricultural Revolution -- Domestication of plants and animals occurred in our dim prehistory (8,000bc approx.)– Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human
population– Greatly accelerated modification of the physical
environment– Resulted in major cultural readjustments
Industrial Revolution 12
Two great economic “revolutions” occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today– Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of
machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
– Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and services
– Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed– Gigantic population increases
Industrial Revolution 13
Two great economic “revolutions” occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth century, is still taking place today– Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment
(human and physical)
– Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its machines, factories, transportation devices, and communication techniques
– On an individual level, no facet of North American life remains unaffected
– Just about every object and every event in your life is affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial Revolution
What’s this???
Industrial Revolution 14
IntroductionLife before the Industrial Revolution– People were concerned with the most basic of
primary economic activities– Acquired the necessities of survival from the
land– Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural
and agricultural– Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was
carried on in two systems, cottage and guild industries, both depended on hand labor and human power
Industrial Revolution 15
IntroductionCottage industry– Most common, was practiced in farm homes and
rural villages– Usually a sideline to agriculture– Objects for family use were made in each household– Most villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and
smith who worked part-time at home– Skills passed from parents to children with little
formality
Industrial Revolution 16
Introduction
Guild industry– Consisted of professional organizations of
highly skilled, specialized artisans engaged full time in their trades and based in towns and cities
– Membership came after a long apprenticeship– Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled
in a particular craft
Industrial Revolution 17
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Arose among back-country English cottage craftspeople in the early 1700s
First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products– Rendered old manufacturing definition (“made by
hand”) obsolete – new definition emerges– Manufacturing transformation of raw materials into
finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. .wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing
Industrial Revolution 18
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
First: human hands were replaced by machines in fashioning finished products– Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom, instead
large mechanical looms were invented to do the job faster and more economically
Industrial Revolution 19
The Water Frame (Richard Arckwright)
Second: Human power gave way to various forms of inanimate power
Industrial Revolution 20
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Second: Human power gave way …
• Machines were driven by water power, burning of fossil fuels, and later hydroelectricity and the energy of the atom• Men and women became tenders of machines instead of producers of fine hand made goods
http://www.sheepoverboard.com/ovine/shearing-2.html
Industrial Revolution 21
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Within 150 years, the Industrial Revolution greatly altered the first three sectors of industrial activity
• Textiles• Metallurgy• Mining
Industrial Revolution 22
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Textiles– Initial breakthrough occurred in the
British cotton textile cottage industry, centered in the Lancashire district of western England
– First changes were modest and on a small scale• Mechanical looms, powered by flowing
water were invented• Industries remained largely rural• Diffused hierarchically to sites of rushing
streams
Industrial Revolution 23
Water Power to Finished Cloth
http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/millshistory/architecture and engineering/looms.htm
Industrial Revolution 24
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Textiles– Later in the eighteenth century invention of the steam
engine provided a better source of power
– In the United states, textile plants were also the first factories
Industrial Revolution 25
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Metallurgy– Traditionally, metal industries had been
small-scale, rural enterprises
Industrial Revolution 26
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Metallurgy– Situated near ore sources– Forests provided charcoal for smelting process– Chemical changes that occurred in steel making
remained mysterious even to craftspeople who used them
– Techniques had changed little since the beginning of the Iron Age, 2500 years before
Industrial Revolution 27
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Metallurgy– In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in the
Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a new scientific, large-scale industry• Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived from nearly
pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting process• Large blast furnaces replaced the forge• Efficient rolling mills took the place of hammer and
anvil• Mass production of steel resulted
Industrial Revolution 28
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Mining– First to feel effects of new technology was coal
mining• Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts
of coal to fire boilers
• Conversion to coke further increased demand for coal
• Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits
• New mining techniques and tools were invented
• Coal mining became a large-scale mechanized industry
Industrial Revolution 29
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Mining– Because coal is heavy and bulky, manufacturing
industries began flocking to the coal fields, to be near supplies
– Similar modernization occurred in mining of iron ore, copper, and other metals needed by growing industries
Industrial Revolution 30
Coalfields in UK
Became centers for 19th Century Industrialization
Consider the relationship of coalfields in the US and our Industrial Belt (now the Rust Belt)
Industrial Revolution 31
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads– Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels
driven by steam engines– Canals were built– British-invented railroad came on the scene– Need to move raw materials and finished
products from place to place, cheaply and quickly, was main stimulus leading to transportation breakthroughs
Industrial Revolution 32
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads– Impact of the Industrial Revolution would have been
minimized if distribution of goods and services had not been improved
– British revolutionized shipbuilding industry and dominated it from their Scottish shipyards even into the twentieth century
– New modes of transport fostered additional cultural diffusion
– New industrial-age popular culture could easily penetrate previously untouched areas
Industrial Revolution 33
Diffusion from Britain
For a century, Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations– Government actively tried to prevent diffusion– Gave Britain enormous economic advantage– Contributed greatly to growth and strength of
British Empire
Industrial Revolution 34
Diffusion from Britain
The technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles – Continental Europe first received its impact in
last half of the nineteenth century• Took firm root hierarchically in coal fields of
Germany, Belgium, and other nations of northwestern and Central Europe
• Diffusion of railroads provides a good index
Industrial Revolution 35
Introduction of Railroads in Europe Over the 19th Century
Industrial Revolution 36
Diffusion from BritainThe technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles – United States began rapid adoption of new
technology about 1850– About 1900, Japan was the first major non-
Western country to undergo full industrialization
– In the first third of the 1900s, diffusion spilled into Russia and Ukraine
– Recently, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the manufacturing age
Industrial Revolution 37
Diffusion of Industrial Revolution in 19th and 20th Centuries
Industrial Revolution 38
End of technological diffusion hypothesis
Industrial Revolution 39
Part 2: The Social Organizational Hypothesis
Source:Mike Reibel - Associate
ProfessorDepartment of Geography and
Anthropology California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona, CA 91768
Web Source www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32
Industrial Revolution 40
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AY09DJkQMY&feature=related
Industrial Revolution 41
Reibel’s Learning Objectives
1. Understand how changing social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution – 3 parts –
• organization,
• de-skilling,
• and scale
2. Outline several stages of development in the Industrial Revolution based on Kondratiev’s Cycles
Industrial Revolution 42
Industrial Revolution
First and foremost, a revolution in the organization and control of labor
Second Capitalist entrepreneurs and managers break down production into bite-sized tasks, hire less skilled workers
Third only possible at larger scales due to need to break down tasks, efficiency gains
Industrial Revolution 43
Remember!
Industrial division of labor, NOT technical innovation, defines industrialization
Strategic investment, not machines, makes industrial production possible
All productivity gains in early industrial age were from labor re-organization
http://ww
w.inkcinct.com
.au/W
eb/CA
RT
OO
NS/2005/2005-
539P-car-assembly-line.gif
Ford Assembly Line: Grinding Monotony
Industrial Revolution 44
Henry had to pay well or no one would stay
Industrial Revolution 45
Capitalist Competition and Technical Innovation
Capitalist industry and faster technical innovation happened separately in 1700s
Slowly, technical innovation became a strategy for industrial competition
Material progress from this combination - “spirit of innovation”, confidence in humans’ ability to control nature
Industrial Revolution 46
Product Innovation vs. Process Innovation
Product Innovation: Development of new products or new capabilities and features for existing products
Process Innovation: New production processes that reduce unit cost:
– new machines or equipment
– innovations in operations management (organization of labor & production tasks)
Nike Innovation – at headquarters
Portland
Industrial Revolution 47
Industrial Revolution 48
Evolution of Industrial RegionsContinual expansion of long-distance trade due to transport cost declines, leads to:
Greater specialization of production for export from region, less local self-sufficiency
5. Opium and the expansion of tradeBy 1690, the Company had trading centres (known as 'factories') all along the West and East coasts of India. The main centres were at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The Company started to protect its trade with its own armies and navies - very different from most companies today
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/story/trade/4tradingplaces.html
Nike Shoe Assembly
Dongguan, China
Industrial Revolution 49
Industrial Revolution 50
Evolution of Industrial RegionsExpansion of specialized business services to match local production specialties: transport, wholesale, finance, legal, advertising, etc.
The Managing Committee House of the Insurance Company "Russia" in St.Petersburg http://all-photo.ru/empire/index.en.html?img=14983&big=on
Industrial Revolution 51
Technology and Corporate Strategy
Product chains grow longer, leads to:
– Competitive advantage thru vertical integration
Horizontal integration also a growth strategy
– Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share,
Industrial Revolution 52
Technology and Corporate Strategy
Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of firms consolidates market share,
Eventually leads to monopolies
Modern Version of Reibel’s approach – Nike Shoes
First organization of design, inputs, workforce, and sales stretches around the world
Second tasks and inputs specialized by region of the world (ex. Leather for Nikes from Brazil http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/07/22/nikes-new-leather-policy-no-sourcing-amazon-rainforest shoe assembly in China)Third massive scale (Ex. “65% of the world’s high-end shoes or popular shoes” made in Dongguan, China http://www.chinaperformancegroup.com/2012/12/main-areas-of-shoe-production-in-china/
)
Industrial Revolution 53
Nike Supply Chain
Industrial Revolution 54
Monopoly Defined
Industrial Revolution 55
http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/60116/march-08-2006/the-word---monopoly
Industrial Revolution 56
Fordist Industrial Age Includes most of Kondratiev’s Third and Fourth Wave
1910s to mid 1970s
Assembly line mass production, scientific mgmt.
Internal combustion replaces steam -> change in transport & econ. geography
New technologies - electronics, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Rise of corporate R&D capabilities
Close, two-way relationship between industrial corporations and the state
Industrial Revolution 57
The Great Depression: First Crisis of Fordism
The great depression: a downward spiraling feedback loop as follows:
Overproduction -> failure of demand -> collapse of prices ->falling profits -> layoffs -> further collapse of demand, etc.
Federal Reserve made things worse, cut back money supply because shrinking economy "didn't need more money in circulation”
Industrial Revolution 58
End of social organizational hypothesis
Industrial Revolution 59
Reibel’s Summary
1. Social organization lead to the Industrial Revolution
1. Greater and greater subdivision of labor
2. More and more low skilled (payed) workers
2. Industrial Revolution progressed through a series of stages similar to Kondratiev’s technological cycles
1. Booms and Busts part of the story
2. Geography expands with each boom
Industrial Revolution 60
Part 3: Some Examples of American Innovation
SourceObe Hostetter, Rockingham
School District, Mountain View Elementary School Harrisonburg, VA 22801
Web Source jfhmsfc.rockingham.k12.va.us/~ohostetter/IndustrialRevolution.ppt
Industrial Revolution 61
Hostetter’s Learning Objective
1. Provide Familiarity with major figures in America’s technological advances during the early 19th century
Industrial Revolution (1780-1850)
-This part of history got its name because Great Britain began inventing new machines and
technology.-Great Britain developed new machines for
spinning cotton into yarn. As a result, Great Britain sold the cheapest cloth.
-It was illegal for cotton spinning machines to leave the country or even skilled machine
technicians.
Industrial Revolution 63
Modern Day Industrial Espionage
Industrial Revolution 64
Samuel SlaterIndustrial Pirate
In 1789, Samuel Slater memorized the British spinning machines
He came to the USA and began building cotton spinning machines to sell to Americans.
Industrial Revolution 65
Eli WhitneyInventor
In 1793, He invented the cotton gin. This machine removed the seeds from the cotton.Cotton was then sold more cheaplyThe USA did better in selling cloth to other countries.
Industrial Revolution 66
Eli WhitneyBorn on December 8,
1765 in Westborough, Massachusettes.
Industrial Revolution 67
How it all started...
Upon graduating from college in 1792, Whitney traveled south, ending up at Greene Plantation near Savannah, Georgia.
During his stay on Greene Plantation, Whitney heard of a need for a machine that would separate cotton from its seed.
Industrial Revolution 68
Whitney quickly sketched out a model to explain his idea and within ten days he completed a functioning cotton gin.
Although he applied for a patent on June 20, 1793, he did not receive one until March 14, 1794.
Industrial Revolution 69
The Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allowed cotton to be easily separated from its seed in a short amount of time.
Industrial Revolution 70
The Importance of the Cotton Gin
Because cotton could be cleaned in a shorter period of time, the South prospered in this industry.
By using the cotton gin, one man could clean ten times as much cotton as he could have on his own.
Industrial Revolution 71
Francis Cabot LowellIndustrial Pirate
He built the USA’s first power loom in Waltham, Massachusetts. Girls worked in the power loom factory. They would work 12 to 14 hours a day 6 days a week.They had to go to bed by 10 and wake up at 5:00 to work. They got $3 a week for working 70 hours.
Industrial Revolution 72
Cyrus McCormickInventor
He improved the reaper. By hand, farmers only did 2 or 3 acres. However, with the reaper, farmers did 12 acres a day.He also used interchangeable parts so the reapers could be fixed easily.
Industrial Revolution 73
Other Great Innovators
Industrial Revolution 74
Thomas Alva Edison
He loved inventing new machines.When he was 11, he built his own telegraph set.
His dad wanted Edison to read books and stop doing science experiments so Edison’s dad gave Edison a penny every time he read. Edison used the
pennies to buy chemicals.
Industrial Revolution 75
Alexander Graham Bell
He asked Boston University for a sabbatical to invent the telephone. He offered to share the profitsBU absolutely refused, so he quitBy 1900, 1.5 million telephones were being used.He started the Telephone Bell Company.
Industrial Revolution 76
John D. RockefellerEntrepreneurs
He came from a poor family. However, he started an oil-refinery business
Industrial Revolution 77
John D. Rockefeller
Through buying other companies and labeling them different names, he got a monopoly.
Industrial Revolution 78
Bill GatesEntrepreneurs
Bill being pied.
Where’s Bill???
Industrial Revolution 79
Conclusions
Industrial Revolution 80
Conclusions
The Industrial Revolution is an ongoing process of innovation and change
It incorporates both technological and social parts to these processes and has globalized
It is led by visionary individuals