three views of the agentic self: a developmental synthesis three views of the agentic self: a...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Three Views of the Agentic Self: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental SynthesisA Developmental Synthesis
Todd D. Little
Key Collaborators:
Patricia H. HawleySouthern Connecticut State University
Christopher C. Henrich and Katherine MarslandYale University
![Page 2: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Goals & OrganizationGoals & Organization
• Integrate Three Seemingly Disparate Theories– Self-Determination Theory (i.e., Deci & Ryan, 1980 to date)
– Action-Control Theory (e.g., Little, 1998; Brandtstaedter, 1998)
– Resource-Control Theory (Hawley, 1999)
SDT ACT RCT
Organismic Model of Human Nature
•Highlight Some Developmental Aspects of the Agentic Self
![Page 3: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Little Engine that CouldThe Little Engine that Could
Puff, Puff, Chug, Chug, went the Little Blue Engine. “I think I can-- I think I can--
I think I can…”-Watty Piper (1930)
![Page 4: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organismic MetatheoryOrganismic Metatheory
• Behavior is seen as volitional and goal-directed action– Individuals are inherently active and self-regulating
– Actions are purposive, planful, and self-initiated
• Development is predominantly self-guided– One gives form and meaning to actions along the way
– Actions result from selective choices that emanate primarily from the individual
• Research focuses on – Inter-individual differences
– Intra-individual differences
– sub-types or sub-groups of individuals
– contextual influences
(see e.g., Gariepy, 1996; Little, in press; Overton, 1984, Reese, 1991)(see e.g., Gariepy, 1996; Little, in press; Overton, 1984, Reese, 1991)
![Page 5: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mechanistic MetatheoryMechanistic MetatheoryStimulus-Response, Stimulus-Response.
Don't you ever think?
![Page 6: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Organismic MetatheoryOrganismic Metatheory
• Mechanisms of change include– Assimilation
– Accommodation
– Equilibration
– Schema formation
– Hierarchical integration
– And so on…
• Guiding Developmental principles include– Homotypic vs heterotypic expressions
– Surface-structure vs deep-structure roots of behavior
– Different paths can lead to same outcome
– Same path can lead to different outcomes
– And so on…
![Page 7: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Organismic Goal Attainment:Organismic Goal Attainment:Achieving an Intimate RelationshipAchieving an Intimate Relationship
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
Y M O
Age-Cohort
Dep
ress
ion
Males - No
Male -Yes
Female-No
Female-Yes
Young 18-39
Mid-age40-59
Older-age60 and up
![Page 8: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Control Judgments across the Life SpanControl Judgments across the Life Span
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pre
dic
ted
Mea
n R
atin
g an
d S
tan
dar
d E
rror
s
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age-Cohort
Control Expectancy
Goal Importance
Comparative Control
Control Striving
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age-Cohort
PersonalSocial
Societal
Societal
Personal
Social
Personal
PersonalSocial
Social
& Societal
Societal
From Grob, Little, & Wanner, 1999From Grob, Little, & Wanner, 1999
![Page 9: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Needs and Their OriginsNeeds and Their Origins• The Need for Competence
– Negotiating and effecting one’s environment
– Has a direct evolutionary basis
• The Need for Relatedness– Close emotional bond with another individual
– Has a direct evolutionary basis
• The Need for Autonomy– Being the origin of one’s own behavior
– Byproduct of higher cortical activity
• Resource Control Theory– Acquiring and utilizing material and social resources
– Necessary for survival and reproduction of individual
![Page 10: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is Agency?What is Agency?
• Agents act, we are agents– We have needs and goals
– We also have motives, wants, & desires
– We have intentions and are volitional in our actions
– We interpret & evaluate our actions and their consequences
• From our actions (actual & symbolic), we learn:– Contingencies (personal, general, environmental)
– Personal beliefs about own capabilities
• Agency is a sense of personal empowerment– Knowing what it takes and whether one's got it
![Page 11: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Intrinsic & Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation
ASSOCIATED PROCESSES:
PERCEIVED LOCUS OF CAUSALITY:
• Perceived non-contingency
• Low perceived competence
• Non-relevance• Non-
intentionality
• Salience of extrinsic rewards or punishments
• Compliance/ Reactance
• Ego involvement
• Focus on approval from self and others
•Conscious valuing of activity
•Self-endorsement of goals
•Hierarchical synthesis of goals
•Congruence
• Interest & Enjoyment
• Inherent satisfaction
Impersonal External SomewhatExternal
SomewhatInternal
Internal Internal
From: Ryan & Deci (in press)From: Ryan & Deci (in press)
Intrinsicmotivation
REGULATORY STYLES:
Introjection Identification Integration
Extrinsic motivation
Externalregulation
Amotivation
![Page 12: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Differentiation of Resource Control StrategiesDifferentiation of Resource Control Strategies
CoercionCoercion
ProsocialityProsociality
ProsocialityProsociality
Years 1 to 3 Years 4 to 7 Years 8 to 11
(Hawley, 1999a, 1999b)(Hawley, 1999a, 1999b)
CoercionCoercion
CoercionCoercion
Prosocial strategies emerge over time.
![Page 13: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of ChildrenTypes of Children
Prosocial Control
Coe
rciv
e C
ontr
ol
ProsocialProsocial
CoerciveCoercive BistrategiBistrategicc
TypicalTypical
SubordinateSubordinate
(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)
““Social Dominants”Social Dominants”
![Page 14: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Social Motivations by TypeSocial Motivations by Type
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Intrinsically Motivated toForm Friendships
Extrinsically Motivated toForm Friendships
BistrategicProsocialCoerciveTypicalSubordinate
(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)
![Page 15: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Social and Personal Consequences by TypeSocial and Personal Consequences by Type
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Negative Affect Positive Affect
BistrategicProsocialCoerciveTypicalSubordinate
(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)(Hawley, Little, & Pasupathi, 2000)
![Page 16: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Action-Control BeliefsAction-Control Beliefs
Me Others
Agent Agent
Goal Goal
Means Means
Means can include, for example: effort, ability, luck, teachers, parents, peers, looks, etc.
Agency Beliefs
Control Expectancy
StrategyBeliefs
General Agency Beliefs
General Control Expectancy
CausalityBeliefs
(Little, 1998)(Little, 1998)
![Page 17: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Development of AgencyThe Development of Agency
Autonomy
Competence Relatedness
Volitional / Goal-directed Activity;
Material and Social Resources
Agency
Action-Control Beliefs; Intra-agent Means
Action-Control Beliefs; Extra-agent Means
(Little, Hawley, Henrich, & Marsland, in press)(Little, Hawley, Henrich, & Marsland, in press)
![Page 18: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How They Come TogetherHow They Come Together
Action-Control
Resource-Control
Self-Determination
![Page 19: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ConclusionsConclusions
• Integrating these and other organismic perspectives on behavior suggest novel foci for research
–Personality types (e.g., Bistrats)
• Understanding the Agentic self requires a contextual approach
–Interpersonal contexts (e.g., dominance)
–Life-course contexts (e.g., retirement)
![Page 20: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Nonagentic vs. Agentic ProfilesNonagentic vs. Agentic Profiles
• Have low aspirations
• Feel helpless when challenged
• Hindered by problem solving blinders
• Perform poorly
• Accept failures
• Have greater ill-being
• Have little sense of personal empowerment
• Have high aspirations
• Persist in the face of obstacles
• See more and varied options
• Perform well
• Learn from failures
• Have greater well-being
• Have a greater sense of personal empowerment
Nonagentic Profile Agentic Profile
![Page 22: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Acquiring a sense of Personal Agency Acquiring a sense of Personal Agency
• Direct Experiences– Successes and failures
• Performance Feedback– teachers, parents, peers, & self
• Direct Instruction– teachers, parents, peers, & self
• Vicarious Observations– TV, at school, work, local Seven-Eleven, family
• Social Comparisons– veridical opportunities, upwards, downwards
• Emotional Reactions– feelings or rejection/acceptance, reprimands
• Symbolic Actions– personal thoughts, interpretations, rehearsals of actions
![Page 23: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Personality and Social Skills by Type
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Agreeableness Sensitivity to SocialCues
Conscientiousness Hostility
Bistrategic
Prosocial
Coercive
Typical
Subordinate
(Hawley, Pasupathi, & Little, 1999)(Hawley, Pasupathi, & Little, 1999)
![Page 24: Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Three Views of the Agentic Self: A Developmental Synthesis Todd D. Little Key Collaborators:](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649cf95503460f949c9d7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Low Personal AgencyLow Personal Agency