three-pion correlations for studying partial coherence in nuclear collisions
DESCRIPTION
Three-pion correlations for studying partial coherence in nuclear collisions. E. Ikonen Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University and Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES) Espoo, Finland. Contents. I. SOURCE MODELS FOR PARTICLES AND PHOTONS - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Three-pion correlations for studying partial coherence in
nuclear collisions
E. Ikonen
Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University and
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES)
Espoo, Finland
Contents
I. SOURCE MODELS FOR PARTICLES AND PHOTONS Partial coherence in nuclear collisions?
II. PARTICLE CORRELATIONSThree-particle correlationsMultiple coherent components
III. PHOTON CORRELATIONS IN OPTICSCoherent (free-electron laser) Incoherent (chaotic)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Source current models for particles and photons
Particles:
M. Gyulassy, S. K. Kauffmann, and L. W. Wilson, Phys. Rev. C 20, 2267 (1979)=> two-pion correlations of partially coherent source
U. Heinz and Q. H. Zhang, Phys. Rev. C 56, 426 (1997)=> three-pion correlations of partially coherent source (heavy ion collisions)
coherent chaotic
Source current models for particles and photons
Particles:
M. Gyulassy, S. K. Kauffmann, and L. W. Wilson, Phys. Rev. C 20, 2267 (1979)=> two-pion correlations of partially coherent source
U. Heinz and Q. H. Zhang, Phys. Rev. C 56, 426 (1997)=> three-pion correlations of partially coherent source (heavy ion collisions)
coherent chaotic
Photons:
R. Bonifacio, L. De Salvo, P. Pierini, N. Piovella, and C. Pellegrini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 70 (1994)=> analysis of free-electron laser (FEL)
multiple coherent components
chaotic
Source current models for particles and photons
Particles:
M. Gyulassy, S. K. Kauffmann, and L. W. Wilson, Phys. Rev. C 20, 2267 (1979)=> two-pion correlations of partially coherent source
U. Heinz and Q. H. Zhang, Phys. Rev. C 56, 426 (1997)=> three-pion correlations of partially coherent source (heavy ion collisions)
coherent chaotic
Photons:
R. Bonifacio, L. De Salvo, P. Pierini, N. Piovella, and C. Pellegrini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 70 (1994)=> analysis of free-electron laser (FEL)
E. Ikonen, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1403 (2004)=> analysis of x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL)
multiple coherent components
chaotic
number of co-operating electrons in XFEL insertion device(collision of bunch of electrons with magneticfield of an undulator)
J. Adams et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 262301 (2003).Partial coherence in Au+Au collisions?
central collisions
non-central collisions
central collisions
non-central collisions
r3/2 < 1 indicates partially coherent source (especially for non-central collisions)
J. Adams et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 262301 (2003).Partial coherence in Au+Au collisions?
central collisions
non-central collisions
central collisions
non-central collisions
Challenges in extrapolation to zero momentum
U. Heinz and A. Sugarbaker, Phys. Rev. C 70, 054908 (2004)
Conventional analysis method
Challenges in extrapolation to zero momentum
U. Heinz and A. Sugarbaker, Phys. Rev. C 70, 054908 (2004)
Conventional analysis method
Proposed analysis method
(more realistic source model could produce larger deviationat low momentum difference)
Contents
I. SOURCE MODELS FOR PARTICLES AND PHOTONS Partial coherence in nuclear collisions?
II. PARTICLE CORRELATIONSThree-particle correlationsMultiple coherent components
III. PHOTON CORRELATIONS IN OPTICSCoherent (free-electron laser) Incoherent (chaotic)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Three-particle correlations
Zero-momentum-differenceintercept R2(p, p) is affected by - long-lived resonances- particle misidentification- experimental binning effect
these effects are cancelled in the normalized three-particle correlation function
r3 = R3(p, p, p) / [R2(p, p)]3/2
where R3(p, p, p) is the zero-momentum-difference interceptof genuine three-particle correlations
Three-particle correlations
H. Bøggild et al., Phys. Lett. B455, 77 (1999).
Zero-momentum-differenceintercept R2(p, p) is affected by - long-lived resonances- particle misidentification- experimental binning effect
these effects are cancelled in the normalized three-particle correlation function
r3 = R3(p, p, p) / [R2(p, p)]3/2
where R3(p, p, p) is the zero-momentum-difference interceptof genuine three-particle correlations
R3(p, p, p)
fully coherent
fully incoherent
Normalized three-particle correlator r3/2 eliminates experimental difficulties in source coherence studies
r3 = R3(p, p, p)/[R2(p, p)]3/2
r3/2 < 1 indicates partially coherent source (especially for non-central collisions)
J. Adams et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 262301 (2003).
central collisions
non-central collisions
Au+Au collisions
central collisions
non-central collisions
Contents
I. SOURCE MODELS FOR PARTICLES AND PHOTONS Partial coherence in nuclear collisions?
II. PARTICLE CORRELATIONSThree-particle correlationsMultiple coherent components
III. PHOTON CORRELATIONS IN OPTICSCoherent (free-electron laser) Incoherent (chaotic)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Examples of ”macroscopic coherence”
backward splash
bullet through apple
forward splash
milk drop
From the HCP2009 talk by Axel Drees (Stony Brook University)
Theory: E. Ikonen, PRC 78, 051901 (2008)
multiple coherent components + chaotic component
Theory: E. Ikonen, PRC 78, 051901 (2008)
multiple coherent components + chaotic component
Theory: E. Ikonen, PRC 78, 051901 (2008)
multiple coherent components + chaotic component
Relation between r3/2 and R2(p, p) for different numbers N of coherent source components and related experimental data from S+Pb (Boggild et al) and Au+Au (Adams et al) collisions.
Data and models for S+Pb and Au+Au collisions
central
non-central
Relation between r3/2 and R2(p, p) for different numbers N of coherent source components and related experimental data from S+Pb (Boggild et al) and Au+Au (Adams et al) collisions.
The result with a single coherent component, used in the analysis by Adams et al, is shown by the curve labeled N = 1.
Tentatively, experimental data from S+Pb and Au+Au collisions seem to be in agreement with the curve N = 2 (or N = 3).
Data and models for S+Pb and Au+Au collisions
central
non-central
Contents
I. SOURCE MODELS FOR PARTICLES AND PHOTONS Partial coherence in nuclear collisions?
II. PARTICLE CORRELATIONSThree-particle correlationsMultiple coherent components
III. PHOTON CORRELATIONS IN OPTICSCoherent (free-electron laser) Incoherent (chaotic)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Pulsed photon correlations in XFEL
distance in undulator
multiple coherent components
Simulation of free-electron laser operation
R. Bonifacio, L. De Salvo, P. Pierini, N. Piovella, and C. Pellegrini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 70 (1994).
Simulation of free-electron laser operation
R. Bonifacio, L. De Salvo, P. Pierini, N. Piovella, and C. Pellegrini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 70 (1994).
electron bunch length
electron co-operationlength
Experimental FEL results
T. Shintake et al., Nature Photon. 2, 555 (2008)
Collision of bunch of electrons with thesinusoidal magnetic field of undulator
Experimental FEL results
A single-shot spectrum (blue solid curve)
and averaged spectrum over 100 shots
(red solid curve)
T. Shintake et al., Nature Photon. 2, 555 (2008)
Collision of bunch of electrons with thesinusoidal magnetic field of undulator
Incoherent (chaotic) photon spectra
Collision of bunch of electrons with the magnetic field of wiggler
P. Catravas et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5261 (1999)
Si 1 1 1 beam splitter
APD1
APD2moving slit
from mono-chromator
dy
Incoherent photon correlations (x rays)
Si beam splitter
Si 1 1 1 beam splitter
APD1
APD2moving slit
from mono-chromator
dy
Incoherent photon correlations (x rays)
Si beam splitter
SPring-8, Japan
Si 1 1 1 beam splitter
APD1
APD2moving slit
from mono-chromator
dy
Incoherent photon correlations (x rays)
Si beam splitter
Excess coincidences C2/CB - 1
C2/CB -
1
SPring-8, Japan
E. Ikonen et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 013816 (2006)
Photon and particle correlations
Zero-momentum-differenceintercept R2(p, p)
C2/CB -
1
E. Ikonen et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 013816 (2006)
Photon and particle correlations
H. Boggild et al., Phys. Lett B 349, 386 (1995)
Zero-momentum-differenceintercept R2(p, p)
C2/CB -
1
E. Ikonen et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 013816 (2006)
Photon and particle correlations
H. Boggild et al., Phys. Lett B 349, 386 (1995)
HBT 1956(light from Hg lamp and star Sirius)
Zero-momentum-differenceintercept R2(p, p)
C2/CB -
1
E. Ikonen et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 013816 (2006)
Conclusions
• A model of a fully incoherent contribution, combined with a single coherent component (N = 1), is used in conventional heavy-ion collision analyses
Conclusions
• A model of a fully incoherent contribution, combined with a single coherent component (N = 1), is used in conventional heavy-ion collision analyses
• Another possibility is to have multiple coherent components (N > 1), combined with fully incoherent contribution (as used with free-electron lasers)
Conclusions
• A model of a fully incoherent contribution, combined with a single coherent component (N = 1), is used in conventional heavy-ion collision analyses
• Another possibility is to have multiple coherent components (N > 1), combined with fully incoherent contribution (as used with free-electron lasers)
• Tentatively, experimental data from S+Pb and Au+Au collisions support the concept of multiple coherent components
Conclusions
• A model of a fully incoherent contribution, combined with a single coherent component (N = 1), is used in conventional heavy-ion collision analyses
• Another possibility is to have multiple coherent components (N > 1), combined with fully incoherent contribution (as used with free-electron lasers)
• Tentatively, experimental data from S+Pb and Au+Au collisions support the concept of multiple coherent components
• Three-pion correlation data from new experiments could give more information on the collision process