three groupings in united states cities. exodus from the rural south to urban ghettos ◦ after...
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Three Groupings in United States Cities
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Exodus from the rural south to urban ghettos ◦ After World War I: a trickle ◦ After World War II: mass migration
Informal covenants kept African Americans in ghettos
Even more extensive in southern cities
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Booker T. Washington as spokesman for individualistic integration
NAACP – first national African American advocacy group
Civil Rights Movement & African American Establishment ◦ Returning veterans from World War II◦ SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. ◦ African Urban Churches
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Martin Luther King: “I have a dream”
Huey P. Newton & Bobby Seale
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Elijah Muhammad Established Muslim
Temple in Detroit (1934) Complete separation
from white society
Louis Farrakan: current leader
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Began as a collaborator of Elijah Muhammad
Mission to the urban poor
Radical anti-white perspective that modified toward the end
Assassinated – 1965
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Trajectory of Riots/Urban Violence◦ Cleveland 1966◦ Newark 1967 ◦ Detroit 1967◦ Washington, D.C. 1968 ◦ Los Angeles again 1992 ◦ Cincinnati 2001
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Triggered by arrest for drunk driving by California patrol
People gathered and resentment toward police boiled over
Anger over repeal of fair housing act
$35 million in property damage – mostly in African-American areas
34 people killed 1032 injured
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1965 Voting Rights Act ◦ Federal government could appoint voting
examiners who could register people◦ Suspended literacy tests◦ Justice Department must approve changes
voting laws and voter qualifications ◦ Attorney General has authority to enforce
provisions of the act
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Controversy Surrounding “at large” elections
Courts and at large elections◦ Rejected attempts to move from ward to at
large elections◦ Hasn’t struck down existing at large systems◦ When changes requested federal government
has forced cities to guarantee representation to minorities
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Nature of redistricting How much minority population should a
minority district have? 65% majority rule of thumb
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Levels of political incorporation◦ Weak mobilization and exclusion◦ Protest and exclusion (Oakland before 1977)◦ Weak mobilization and incorporation (San
Francisco during 1970’s)◦ Biracial electoral alliance and strong incorporation
(Berkeley)
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Mayor Tom Bradley of Los Angeles, 1973-1993
050
100
1st
Qtr
3rd
Qtr
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Expands public sector opportunities for minorities
African American Mayors (strategies of responsiveness) ◦ Private sector investment in areas where there
are large numbers of African-Americans◦ Aggressive affirmative action in competition
for public sector jobs in the cities
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Hispanics constitute the largest minority group in the United States
Hispanics account for 41.3 million people in the US
14.3 % of the US population is of Hispanic origin
Growth rate for Hispanics is 3.6 % compared to 1.0 % overall population growth
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Hispanic population in each region:◦ Northeast – 9.8 %◦ Midwest – 4.9 %◦ South – 11.6 %◦ West – 24.3 %
Top Three States:◦ New Mexico – 42.1 %◦ California – 32.4 %◦ Texas – 32 %
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2006: ◦ 73 % voted Democrat◦ 26% voted Republican
2004:◦ 55 % voted Democrat◦ 42% voted Republican
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Cubans and Colombians tend to favor conservative political ideologies and support the Republicans
Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans lean more towards the Democrats
Mexicans make up approximately 63% of all Hispanics in the US while Cubans only constitute 4%. Dominicans and Puerto Ricans make up another 13%.
Note that the location of the Hispanic population also influences party affiliation.
California Latinos voted 63-32 for John Kerry in 2004 Arizona and New Mexico Latinos by a smaller 56-43 margin Texas Latinos were split nearly evenly Florida Latinos (mostly being Cuban American) backed
President Bush by a 54-45 margin.
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◦ Hispanics voted overwhelmingly Democrat, with a lopsided 69-30 margin. For the first time Florida Latinos were split evenly.
◦ The key element leading to this voting behavior was the heated immigration debate and H.R. 4437 (The Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration
Control Act of 2005).
- H.R. 4437 passed the House by a vote of 239 to 182, with 92% of Republicans supporting, 82% of Democrats opposing.
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70% are Roman Catholic
23% are Protestant, 85% of which are Evangelical or Pentecostal.
Less than 1% are Jewish.
◦ Most are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated fromEurope particularly to Argentina.
Less than 1% are Muslims.
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MEXICANS
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Pre-Colonization: Southwest inhabited by Native Americans and Spanish
1810: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla – Mexican Independence
1821: Mexico opens borders to United States◦ Trade regions◦ Hunting ◦ Settlement
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Highly unstable government U.S.-Mexico War: 1846 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: 1848
◦ $15 million for the northern third of Mexico◦ Recognized prior land grants in the
Southwest◦ Offered citizenship to any Mexicans residing
in the area 1845-1854: the United States acquires half of Mexico
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1848: <15,000 Mexican Americans (outside of New Mexico)
1890: 75,000+ Mexicans had migrated to the United States.
1900: Mexicans (immigrants and native-born) totaled between 381,000 and 562,000
Cycles of mass immigration from Mexico followed by efforts at deportation and voluntary departure
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Correlation between the need for labor and the increase/decrease of Mexican immigrants
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Make up 64% of the Hispanic population in the United States.
Cities with high Mexican population: ◦ Chicago (IL) ◦ Houston (TX)◦ Los Angeles (CA)
Median Income of Mexican-American families (2000): $27,600
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The Catholic Church Unions
◦ Industrial Workers of the World◦ United Mine Workers of America◦ United Farm Workers
Democratic Party Republican Party
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Making undocumented immigrants legal Defense of immigrant workers’ rights.
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Growing numbers of Mexican Americans in 1960s/1970s
Annexation in 1975 Diluted Mexican American voting strength Council seat districts created to insure representation
to African Americans and Mexican Americans Broad coalition elects Henry Cisneros
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CUBANS
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Former Spanish Colony Independence movement – Ten Years’ War (1868) Short truce, then Spanish American War (1898) U.S. granted Cuba independence with certain
guidelines (1902) Fall of the Cuban Republic government and U.S.
relations – Depression, Batista, Mafia (1902-1959) Rise of Fidel Castro and the fall of U.S.
investments. (1959)
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1st Wave (1960-1980):◦ Followed Castro’s Cuban Revolution◦ Hundreds of thousands, upper/middle classes
2nd Wave (1980s):◦ Followed economic downturn◦ Est. 120,000 – some from jails/mental asylums◦ Mariel Boatlift Crisis – disliked by Cuban Americans
3rd Wave (1994):◦ Followed political turmoil◦ Est. 35,000 during summer months◦ Aug. 23: 3,253 intercepted by Coast Guard◦ Balsero Rafter Crisis
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Largest populations of Cuban Americans◦ Miami, FL◦ Hialeah, FL◦ Union City, NJ◦ New York, NY◦ Key West, FL◦ Tampa, FL
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Transformed Miami into a distinct modern city
Outside of Miami, have assimilated into American Culture
States with high Cuban population growth:◦ California◦ Georgia◦ Illinois◦ North Carolina◦ Virginia
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1.5 million Cuban Americans 4 % of US Hispanic population Compared to overall Hispanic population
◦ Older◦ More educated◦ More wealthy
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Felt most markedly in city of Miami◦ Cubans a slight majority of population
Anti-communism and conservatism more important than in other Hispanic-American communities
Tensions in African-American - Cuban relations in Miami
Corruption & electoral fraud led voters to approve (1997) a strong mayor system
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Puerto Ricans
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Pop. of 3.95 million living on the island Puerto Ricans have US citizenship,
currency, and defense Can’t vote in presidential elections Spanish and English are the official
languages Racial breakdown
◦ Spanish (European)◦ Taino (Amerindian)◦ Africans
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Peak period of migration came after World War II. ◦During the 1940s, the population grew
from 70,000 to 226,000. By 1970
◦ 810,000 Puerto Rican migrants and another 581,000 mainland-born Puerto Ricans lived in the United States.
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Currently there are 3.4 million Puerto Ricans living on the U.S. mainland
Puerto Ricans are the second largest Latino group in the United States
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Employment◦ In 2003, 20.7% were in professional-managerial
occupations, 33.7 percent were in service-sales jobs.
Poverty◦ 22.8 % for families
Education◦ Of those 25 years and older, 63.2 % have
graduated from high school ◦ 9.9% have 4 yr. college degree
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BRAZIL
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Largest and most populous country in South America
Only Portuguese speaking country in the Americas
Multiracial Largest Roman Catholic population in the
world Largest protestant population in Latin
America
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87 % of Brazilians in US born in Brazil 70% of Brazilians in US are illegal Why Immigrate?
◦More than ½ have friends or relatives already in US
◦¼ Permanently Immigrate
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Largest Brazilian Settlements on East Coast
By Population◦Boston: 150,000◦New York: 80,000-150,000◦Florida: 65000◦California: 20,000◦Houston: 10,000◦Washington D.C.: 10,000
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Central Pacific working from Sacramento toward Nebraska
9,000 – 12,000 Chinese worked for Central Pacific
Paid only 60% of wages received by European immigrants
3,336,966(1.2% of the US population)
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First wave of Japanese immigrants to provide agricultural labor
Hawaii sugarcane and pineapple plantations, California fruit and produce farms
1924 United States Immigration Act banned immigration from Japan (Yellow Peril)
Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during Second World War
President Regan and Congress apologize for internment
Current number of Japanese-Americans 1.2million (0.4% population)
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Battle of Manila Bay U.S. colonialism
(1898 – 1946) Second largest
source of immigrants in some years of 1990’s
2.2 million in the USA
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1943 Republican Clara Booth Luce and Democrat Emanuel Celler introduce a bill to open naturalization to Indian immigrants to the US.
Immigrants from India are generally well educated and high achieving
2,479,4240.9% of US population
SubrahmanyanChandrasekhar (shown above) and Har Gobind Khorana are the 2 Indian Americans to have won the Nobel Prize
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1,418,3340.5% of the US population
Concentrated in: California, Texas, Washington, Virginia
Disproportionately large number of Vietnamese-Americans are Christians
South Vietnamese civilians scramble to board aUS helicopter during the American evacuation of
Saigon.
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◦ Immigration
◦ Bilingualism
◦ Jobs