three dimensional radiative gasdynamics of entering space...
TRANSCRIPT
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Three Dimensional Radiative Gasdynamics of Entering Space Vehicles
Sergey T. SurzhikovInstitute for Problems in Mechanics Russian Academy of Sciences
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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The prologue …
STARDUST, the fourth of NASA’s Discovery-class missions, was launchedon 7 February 1999.
The spacecraft performed a close flyby of the comet Wild-2, coming within149 km of the comet nucleus.
The cometary’s samples were collected by extending a collection tray on aboom into the gas/dust free stream emanating from the Comet, in which theparticles were trapped in a material called aerogel.
Atkins K.L., Brownlee D.E., Duxbury T., Yen C.W., Tsou P., and Vollinga J.M., “STARDUST: Discovery’s InterStellar Dust and Cometary Sample Return Mission,” 1997 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vol.4., Inst. Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, Feb. 1997. pp.229-245.
Desai P.N., Lyons D.T., Tooley J., Kangas J., “Entry, Descent, and Landing Operations Analysis for the Stardust Entry Capsule,” J. of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2008. Vol.45. No. 6. pp.1262-1268.
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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The prologue …
Upon Earth return on the morning of 15 January 2006, the entrycapsule containing the cometary's samples was released from themain spacecraft and descended through the Earth’s atmosphere,decelerating with the aid of a parachute for a successful landing atthe U.S. Air Force’s Utah Test and Training in northwest Utah.
STARDUST was the first mission to return samples from a comet.
NASA
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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The STARDUST Sample Return Capsule (SRC) entered
the Earth’s atmosphere at velocity of 12.6 km/s.
This is the highest energy vehicle entry ever undertaken.
The prologue …3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Challenging problem:Investigation of energy transfer mechanisms in high
temperature nonequilibrium gases
- Radiative gasdynamics of space vehicles- Species conversion in high temperature gases (problems of
chemical kinetics in nonequilibrium conditions)- Excitation/depletion of internal degree of freedoms of atoms and
molecules- Energy exchange mechanisms between separate energy states in atoms and
molecules- Energy exchange probabilities
- Electronic energy conservation- Radiation heat transfer and radiative gasdynamic interaction- Interaction of high temperature nonequilibrium gases with
surfaces of space vehicles
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Peculiarities of the thermo-physical processes at super-orbital velocities (Fire-II, Stardust, …)
• Typical velocities for super-orbital re-entry conditions: more than 11 km/s.
• Translational temperature behind shock wave reaches more than ~50 000 K.
• Ionization and atomic processes dominate at generation of plasma behind shock wave
• Radiation heating becomes compatible (and larger) than convective heating
STARDUST: Temperature distributions along forward stagnation line at t=42 s.
Shang J.S., Surzhikov S.T., “Simulating Nonequilibrium Flow for Ablative Earth Reentry,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 2010. Vol.47. No.5
RadGD interaction
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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Radiative Gas Dynamics in Non-LTE conditionsRadiative Gas
DynamicsRadiation Heat Transfer
Optical model:Absorption coefficients, emission coefficients, scattering coefficients and scattering indicatrix
Cross-sections of the elementary radiative processes
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
Gas Dynamics Chemical Physics Radiative Model
Radiation Transfer Model
Methods for solving RHT
problems
Quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry
Physical kinetics
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Radiative Gas Dynamics in Non-LTE conditionsRadiative Gas
DynamicsRadiation Heat Transfer
Optical model:Absorption coefficients, emission coefficients, scattering coefficients and scattering indicatrix
Cross-sections of the elementary radiative processes
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
Gas Dynamics Chemical Physics Radiative Model
Radiation Transfer Model
Methods for solving RHT
problems
Quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry
Physical kinetics
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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NERAT-3D – three dimensional code(Non-Equilibrium Radiative Aero Thermodynamic code)
• Structured multi-block grids• Laminar and turbulent regimes• Physical-Chemical kinetics• Radiation heat transfer + Spectral optical properties
(ASTEROID code)
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Chemical Kinetics
Thermodynamic and transport properties
Radiation Heat Transfer (RHT)
Spectral Optical Properties Physical Kinetics
Radiative Gas Dynamics
ASTEROID
Databases
DatabasesDatabases
Schematic representation of general elements of RadGD codes
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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CFD/RadGD modelImpulse conservation stage. The Navier-Stokes equations
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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CFD/RadGD modelEnergy conservation stage
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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CFD/RadGD modelThermodynamics & Mass conservation of species
is the effective diffusion coefficient
is the reaction rate for species s (mass source due to chemical reactions)
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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CFD/RadGD modelThe chemical kinetic model
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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CFD/RadGD model.Vibration energy conservation equations
Vibrational modes: Air: N2 (m=1), O2, (m=2), NO (m=3)
Air+CO2: N2 (m=1), O2(m=2), CO2 (m=3,4,5), CO (m=6)
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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CFD/RadGD modelRadiation heat transfer equation
is the spectral intensity
is the spectral absorption coefficient
Spectral and group model of CO2(97%)- N2(2.3%)-Ar(0.7%): T=7333 K, p=1 атм Line-by-line calculation: 3 106 spectral points
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Numerical simulation methods
• Time relaxation method• Flux-corrected methods for the Navier-Stokes equations • Implicit method with using SOR on lines for mass conservation
equations (for chemical species) • Implicit method with using SOR on lines for energy
conservation equation• P1-approximation of the spherical harmonics method (SHM) for
radiation heat transfer equation• Discreet Ordination Methods for radiation heat transfer equation• Ray-tracing method was used for prediction of radiation heating
of spacecraft surface
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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NERAT-3D prediction
Hollis B.R., Collier A.S. Turbulent Aeroheating Testing of Mars Science Laboratory Entry Vehicle in Perfect-Gas Nitrogen. AIAA Paper 2007-1208. 2007. 20 p.
Code verification3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Numerical simulation results for some entering space vehicles
Exomars
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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Exomars: Velocity Vx, T, Tv (CO2-1)Alpha=150
Catalytic surface
Case SC1
NERAT-3D prediction
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Exomars: Mass fractions CO2 and COAlpha=150
Catalytic surface
Case SC1
NERAT-3D prediction
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Exomars: Convective and radiative heatingAlpha=150Case SC1
Catalytic surface
Radiation heat flux
Convective heat flux
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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STARDUST
Olynick D., Chen Y.-K., Tauber M.E. “Aerothermodynamics of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule,” J. Spacecraft and Rockets. 1999. Vol. 36. No. 3. P.442-462.
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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t = 42 s
t = 54 s
t = 60 s
Radiative gas dynamics of STARDUST at angle of attack 80. The Earth’s atmosphere: V=12.4 km/s
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
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National Space Agencies separately and in cooperation are in the process of designing and building the next generation of Crew Exploration Vehicles, which are currently being developed to transport humans to the International Space Station, the Moon, and eventually Mars.
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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ISS CEV (International Space Station Crew Exploration Vehicle)
NASA’s Exploration Systems Architecture. Final Report. NASA-TM-2005-214062.November 2005. 758 p.
NERAT-3D prediction
H=75 km, V=7.7 km/s
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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New Russian Space Vehicle
NERAT-3D prediction
H=75 km, V=7.7 km/s
Convective and radiative heating
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Radiative gas dynamics of large scale space vehicles has the following peculiarities:
• Large stand-off (~30-40 cm)• Large zone of nonequilibrium flow (~5 cm)• Radiative heating compatible with convective
heating even for orbital re-entry• High degree of inhomogeneity of convective
heating of space vehicle surface at angle of attack
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Creation of gasdynamic, physical, chemical,radiative models of high temperature gases andplasmas is one of the challenging problems ofmodern physical mechanics and heat transfer
theory for wide fields of applications.
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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The author thanks:
• Prof. Mario Capitelli
• Russian Academy of Sciences• Bari University (Italy)• S.P.Korolyov Rocket Space Corporation “Energia”• CNES (France)• AFRL (summer scholar programs)• Write State University, OH, Dayton• Ecole Centrale, EM2C (France)
3D RadGD of Entering Space Vehicles
02/07/2011 CPLTP Symposium in Honor of Prof. Mario Capitelli
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Dear Mario,I Wish you a many more good and prosperous years, and many more
to come …Sergey