threats from introduced birds to native birds · threats from introduced birds to native birds jack...

Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014 © BirdLife Australia 2014

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Supplementary material

Threats from introduced birds to native birds

Jack BakerA,B

, Kerinne J. HarveyA and Kris French

A

AInstitute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, University of Wollongong,

NSW 2522, Australia.

BCorresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Emu 2014, 114, 1–12 © BirdLife Australia 2014

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Table S1. Interspecific interactions between introduced and native bird species showing the type of interaction, level of evidence, outcome and

whether a population-level threat was demonstrated Introduced bird Native bird as named in

reference Location Process Level of

evidence Outcome Threat

demonstrated Reference

Austral Thrush (Turdus

falcklandii)

Juan Fernandez Firecrown

Juan Fernandez Archipelago

Predation Anecdotal Introduced species known to be a nest predator of the native species

No Hahn et al. (2011)

Australian Magpie (Cracticus

tibicen)

Silvereye New Zealand Competition – interference

Causal Native species avoids artificial feeding site near introduced species

No Borowske et al. (2012)

20+ species including 12 native species

New Zealand Competition – interference

Anecdotal Introduced species seen to attack 12 native species

No McCaskill (1945)

Swamp Harrier New Zealand Competition – interference

Anecdotal Introduced species makes 100+ non-contact attacks on native species

No McIlroy (1968)

White-faced Heron, Tui, Australasian Pipit


Anecdotal Introduced species attacks nests and nestlings of native species

No Moon (1956)

45 species, including 27 native species


Correlative Introduced species attacks 27 native species – 33% of attacks on 45 species are fatal and 25% of fatalities eaten

No Morgan et al. (2005)

Predation Swamp Harrier, Sacred

Kingfisher, Masked Lapwing, Grey Fantail, Welcome Swallow, New Zealand Pigeon and several non-native species


Correlative Fewer native birds in the vicinity of introduced species – territoriality inferred

No Morgan et al. (2006a)

Purple Swamphen (Pukeko) and several non-native species

New Zealand Predation Causal 38 nests monitored – no predation by introduced species

No Morgan et al. (2006b)

Canada Goose (Branta

canadensis)

Native waterfowl Northern Ireland

Competition – interference

Theoretical Introduced species could affect nesting of some species at a very local level

No Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd (2005)

Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)

Black-necked Stilt Hawaiian Islands

Predation Anecdotal Introduced species takes chicks of native species

No Stone and Anderson (1988)


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Introduced bird Native bird as named in reference

Location Process Level of evidence

Outcome Threat demonstrated

Reference

Chukar (Alectoris

chukar)

Red-legged Partridge Italy Hybridisation Correlative Native population introgressed at genomic level with introduced species

Potentially Baratti et al. (2005)

Red-legged Partridge Italy Hybridisation Correlative High level of hybridisation in three populations

Potentially Barbanera et al. (2005)

Red-legged Partridge, Rock Partridge

Europe Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native species

Potentially Barilani et al. (2007)

Red-legged Partridge Iberian Peninsula

Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native species

Potentially Blanco-Aguiar et

al. (2008) Red-legged Partridge Spain Hybridisation Correlative Introduced species hybridised with native

species Potentially Tejedor et al.

(2007) Common Myna (Acridotheres

tristis)

Tahiti Monarch Tahiti Competition – interference

Correlative Reproductive success of native species reduced – predation inferred

Yes Blanvillain et al. (2003)

Silvereye New Zealand Competition – interference

Causal Native species does not avoid artificial feeding site near introduced species

No Borowske et al. (2012)

Various species Global Disease Theoretical Introduced species presumed to carry diseases that infect native species

No Brochier et al. (2010)

Black-backed and Red-billed Gulls

New Zealand Competition – food

Anecdotal Introduced species fights over some food items with native species

No Counsilman (1974)

Honeyeaters and other native species

Australia Competition – food

Anecdotal Introduced species presumed to have negligible competition with native species

No Crisp and Lill (2006)

Various species Global Predation Theoretical (review)

Introduced species may be a predator of native eggs and chicks, may outcompete native species for food, and may spread parasites and diseases to native species

No Dhami and Nagle (2009) Competition –

food Disease

17 native and 3 introduced species

Australia Competition – nest site

Correlative Reduced abundance of one nativespecies – competition for nesting hollows inferred

No Grarock et al. (2012)


Growth in populations of 7 native species was slowed – competition inferred

Silver Gull, Australian Magpie, Noisy Miner, Australian Raven, Crested Pigeon

Australia Competition – food

Causal Interspecific aggression measured – inferred that competition for food not significant

No Haythorpe et al. (2012)

Sooty Tern Ascension Island

Predation Causal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents of native species

No Hughes et al. (2008)


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Reference

Common Myna (cont.)

Various species Australia, Pacific islands

Disease Correlative Introduced species carries parasite (avian malaria, Plasmodium spp.) lineages to sites of introductions

No Ishtiaq et al. (2006)

Mauritius Kestrel Mauritius Competition – nesting sites

Anecdotal Introduced species excluded native species from nest-boxes

No Jones (1996)

Seychelles Magpie-Robin

Seychelles Competition – interference

Correlative All nesting attempts (n = 9) by native species abandoned when introduced species present

Yes Komdeur (1996)

Wedge-tailed Shearwater

Hawaiian Islands

Predation Anecdotal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents of native species

No Long (1981)

Various species Disease Introduced species carries diseases

Various species Australia Competition – nesting sites

Causal Introduced species had low rate of nesting in native vegetation – lack of competition with native species inferred

No Lowe et al. (2011)


Introduced species had low rate of aggression toward native species

Purple Martin USA Competition – nesting sites

Anecdotal Native species attacked at its nesting sites by introduced species

No Neville (2003)

7 small common garden birds

Australia Competition – interference

Correlative No native species was negatively associated with presence of introduced species

No Parsons et al. (2006)

Red-rumped Parrot, Crimson Rosella, Eastern Rosella

Australia Competition – nesting sites

Causal During breeding period, introduced species was dominant aggressor and user of nest-hollows

No Pell and Tidemann (1997)

Tanga’eo (Mangaia Kingfisher)

Cook Islands Competition – interference

Anecdotal Introduced species disrupted one nest of native species

No Rowe and Empson (1996)

Pomarea spp. (Monarchidae)

Tahiti Predation Causal No egg predation by introduced species No Thibault et al. (2002)

Various species New Zealand Competition – interference

Correlative Native species increased in abundance with removal of introduced species – release from competition inferred

No Tindall et al. (2007)

Common Starling (Sturnus

vulgaris)

Various species North America

Competition – food

Theoretical Introduced species does not compete with native species because it occupies a new niche

No Elton (1958)

Red-rumped Parrot; Tree Martin


Correlative Availability of nest-hollows was not a limiting factor for native species

No Gates (1996)


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Reference

Common Starling (cont.)

Rufous Hornero, Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Shiny Cowbird, Golden-breasted Woodpecker

South America

Competition – nesting sites

Anecdotal Introduced species disrupted 3 nest-hollows of one native species

No Ifran and Fiorini (2010)

Red-bellied Woodpecker, Red-headed Woodpecker

North America


Causal Nest-hollows lost to introduced species and correlated with reduced fecundity in one native species

No Ingold (1989)

Red-bellied Woodpecker, Red-headed Woodpecker, Northern Flicker

North America


Causal Nest-hollows of native species lost to introduced species

No Ingold (1994)

Northern Flicker North America


Causal Native species pairs that delayed breeding had reduced fecundity – competition for nest-hollows with introduced species inferred

No Ingold (1996)

Northern Flicker North America


Causal Supplementation with nesting boxes did not reduce competition with introduced species

No Ingold (1998)

Mountain Bluebird, Tree Swallow

North America


Correlative Introduced species had little effect on fecundity of native species – Tree Swallow may shift nesting niche in response to density of introduced species

No Koch et al. (2012)

27 hollow-nesting native species

North America


Correlative One native species possibly declining owing to competition for nest-hollows with introduced species

No Koenig (2003)

Red-rumped Parrot, Crimson Rosella, Eastern Rosella


Causal During breeding, introduced species was a dominant user of nest-hollows

No Pell and Tidemann (1997)

Acorn Woodpecker North America


Causal Introduced species increased nesting hollow usage, native excavated more nest-hollows, native fecundity not reduced

No Troetschler (1976)

Lewis’s Woodpecker North America


Causal Introduced species usurped one native-species nest-hollow, native species dominated aggressive interactions

No Vierling (1998)



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Reference

Common Starling (cont.)



Correlative Association of introduced species with native species varies with season

No Williamson and Gray (1975)


Introduced species imitates feeding behaviour of native species

Crimson Rosella (Platycercus

elegans)

Tasman Parakeet, Norfolk Island Southern Boobook

Norfolk Island


Anecdotal Introduced species competes with native species for limited number of nest-hollows

Yes Garnett et al. (2011)

Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia

decaocto)

Mourning Dove North America


Causal High degree of dietary overlap, introduced species not more aggressive or competitive

No Poling and Hayslette (2006)

Mourning Dove North America


Theoretical Introduced species a potential competitor to native species owing to similar requirements

No Romagosa and McEneaney (1999)


Great Kiskadee (Pitangus

sulphuratus)

Bermuda’s Bluebird Bermuda Competition – food

Theoretical Introduced species a potential competitor No Forbes (2012)


Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides

sephaniodes)

Juan Fernandez Firecrown

Juan Fernandez Archipelago


Correlative Introduced species has different nesting microhabitat requirements


House Crow (Corvus

splendens)

Weaver spp. and other small bird species

Kenya Predation Anecdotal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents of native species

No Sodhi (2011)

House Finch (Carpodacus

mexicanus)


Disease Theoretical Introduced species could spread conjunctivitis to native species

No Avery and Moulton (2007)


Disease Causal Native species experimentally infected with introduced species strain of conjunctivitis developed disease

No Farmer et al. (2005)



Theoretical Introduced species not a competitive threat to native species in eastern North America

No InfoNatura (2007)

Various species Hawaiian Islands

Disease Anecdotal Introduced species as a carrier of birdpox virus (Avipoxvirus spp.) – infection of native species inferred

No Warner (1968)


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Reference

House Sparrow (Passer

domesticus)

Eastern Bluebird Bermuda Competition – nesting sites

Theoretical Introduced species and native species have similar nesting requirements

No Forbes (2012)

Endemic passerines Juan Fernandez Archipelago


Correlative Introduced species has different nesting macrohabitat requirements to native species


Cliff Swallow North America


Causal Introduced species reduced reproductive success of native species at artificial structure

No Leasure et al. (2010)

Various species Western Mexico


Correlative Introduced species related to lower species richness of native species – aggression inferred

No MacGregor-Fors et al. (2010)

Noisy Miner Australia Competition – interference

Correlative Native species negatively affects introduced species – aggression inferred

No Woodall (1996)

Japanese White-eye (Zosterops

japonica)

8 species, including the endangered Hawaii Akepa

Hawaiian Islands


Causal Juvenile native species had decreased growth and survival in presence of introduced species – competition inferred

Yes Freed and Cann (2009)

Bonin Island White-eye Bonin Islands (Japan)


Causal and Correlative

Native species diet and fledgling body weight not different in allopatric and sympatric populations, preferred habitat of introduced species different to native – lack of competition inferred

No Kawakami and Higuchi (2003)

Various species Hawaiian Islands

Disease Anecdotal Introduced species as a carrier of avian malaria – infection of native species inferred

No Warner (1968)

Little Corella (Cacatua

sanguinea)

Various species Western Australia


Theoretical Potential for interactions No Blythman (2012)

Disease

Hybridisation

Long-billed Corella (Cacatua

tenuirostris)



Theoretical Potential for interactions No Blythman (2012)

Disease

Hybridisation


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Reference

Northern Mallard (Anas

platyrhynchos)

Hawaiian Duck (Koloa) Hawaiian Islands

Hybridisation Theoretical Genetic introgression considered primary threat to native species

Potentially BirdLife International (2012)


Hybridisation Causal Markers established that can distinguish native from hybrids – threat inferred

Potentially Fowler et al. (2009)

Pacific Black Duck New Zealand Hybridisation Correlative Phenotypic classification showed only 4.5% of sample was native species

Yes Gillespie (1985)

Anas spp. Global Hybridisation Theoretical List of congenerics that hybridise with introduced species

Potentially Global Invasive Species Database (2010)

Pacific Black Duck Australia, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Island

Hybridisation Theoretical (review)

Hybridisation of introduced and native species – potential threat to native species in Australia inferred

Potentially Guay and Tracey (2009)

Pacific Black Duck Macquarie Island

Hybridisation Anecdotal Hybrids identified No Norman (1990)

Pacific Black Duck Australia Competition – interference

Anecdotal Introduced species a superior aggressor No Paton et al. (1992)

Hybridisation Introduced species and hybrids said to be increasing

Pacific Black Duck New Zealand Hybridisation Causal Two-way introgression between introduced and native species

Yes Rhymer et al. (1994)

Pacific Black Duck Lord Howe Island

Hybridisation Correlative Phenotypic classification revealed no pure individuals of native species

Yes Tracey et al. (2008)


Hybridisation Anecdotal Rapid increase in incidence of hybridisation Yes US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011)

Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)

Native waterfowl North America


Correlative Introduced species aggression had negligible effect on native species

No Conover and Kania (1994)

Nutmeg Mannikin (Lonchura

punctata)

Iiwi Hawaii Disease Causal Introduced species not infected with avian malaria in captive trials – spread of disease by native species inferred

No Atkinson et al. (1995)


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Reference

Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio

porphyrio)

Native species North America


Theoretical Introduced species may aggressively out-compete native species for food and territories

No Johnson and McGarrity (2009)

Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus

haematodus)



Anecdotal Potential for introduced species to affect native species

No Chapman (2006)

Competition – food Disease

Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus

cafer)

Tahiti Monarch Tahiti Competition – interference

Correlative Reproductive success of native species reduced – competition with introduced species for nesting sites and territories inferred

Yes Blanvillain et al. (2003)

Pomarea spp. (Monarchidae)

Tahiti Predation Causal No egg predation by introduced species No Thibault et al. (2002)

Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus

jocosus)

Native passerines Mascarene Islands


Theoretical Rapid colonisation by introduced species documented – competition and predation inferred

No Clergeau and Mandon-Dalger (2001) Predation

Red Junglefowl (domestic poultry) (Gallus

gallus)

Various species Galápagos Islands

Disease Theoretical (review)

Diseases in introduced species could spread to native species

No Deem et al. (2008)

Various species Galápagos Islands

Disease Correlative No evidence of exposure to diseases – no transmission between introduced and native species inferred

No Soos et al. (2008)

Various species Hawaii Disease Anecdotal Introduced species a source of birdpox virus that may be transmitted to native species

No Warner (1968)

Rock Dove (Columba livia)

Galapagos Dove Galápagos Islands

Disease Correlative Introduced species presumed to bring parasite Trichomonas gallinae, which is also found in native species

No Harmon et al. (1987)

Galapagos Dove Galápagos Islands

Disease Anecdotal Native species rapidly declining – infection with Trichomonas gallinae inferred

Potentially Wikelski et al. (2004)

Rock Partridge Red-legged Partridge Spain Hybridisation Correlative Hybridisation demonstrated using molecular genotyping

No Arruga et al. (1996)

Red-legged Partridge Spain Hybridisation Correlative Farmed hybrids are being introduced into wild populations – introgression inferred

No Negro et al. (2001)


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Reference

Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula

krameri)

Kestrel, Stock Dove, Jackdaw, Green Woodpecker, Common Starling

United Kingdom


Anecdotal Introduced species not likely to be causing declines in native species but may become a more serious competitor for hollows

No Butler (2003)

Eurasian Nuthatch and 7 other hollow-nesting species

United Kingdom


Correlative Negative correlation with abundance of Eurasian Nuthatch – different habitat preference inferred

No Newson et al. (2011)

Eurasian Nuthatch and other hollow-nesting species

Belgium Competition – nesting sites

Correlative Negative association of introduced species with Eurasian Nuthatch but not other hollow-nesters – competition inferred

Potentially Strubbe and Matthysen (2007)

Eurasian Nuthatch Belgium Competition – nesting sites

Causal When nest-hollows of introduced species were artificially blocked they usurped hollows of native species

Potentially Strubbe and Matthysen (2009)

Eurasian Nuthatch Belgium Competition – nesting sites

Correlative Introduced species affecting one-third of native population

No Strubbe et al.(2010)

Ruddy Duck (Oxyura

jamaicensis)

White-headed Duck Europe Hybridisation Anecdotal Reports of hybridisation – threat inferred No Hughes (1996) White-headed Duck Europe Hybridisation Causal Hybridisation confirmed using molecular

genotyping Potentially Muñoz-Fuentes et

al. (2007) Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis

aethiopicus)

Sandwich Tern, Whiskered Tern, Common Tern, Black Tern, Northern Mallard, Black-winged Stilt, Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Lapwing

France Predation Anecdotal Introduced species a predator of nest-contents of native species

No Yésou and Clergeau (2005)

Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus

bonariensis)

Puerto Rican Vireo and 16 other native species

Puerto Rico Brood parasitism

Causal Native species suffered high rates of parasitism from introduced species

Potentially Woodworth (1997)

Swamp Harrier (Circus

approximans)

Tahiti Imperial-Pigeon, Blue Lorikeet

Tahiti Predation Theoretical Introduced species said to be main cause of extinction of native species

No Meyer (2003)

Tasmanian Masked Owl (Tyto

novaehollandiae

castanops)

Lord Howe Woodhen, White Tern, Black-winged Petrel, Providence Petrels

Lord Howe Island

Predation Anecdotal Introduced species noted as a predator of native species

No Hutton (1991)

Emu 2013 © BirdLife Australia 2013 © BirdLife Australia 2013

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