threatened birds of india
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TRANSCRIPT
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Threatened Birds of Central India
by
Girish JatharScientist-In-Charge
ENVIS-Center
Bombay Natural History Society
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Why birds are threatened
• Habitat Destruction
• Expansion of Agriculture
• Rapid Industrialization
• Poaching and Trade
• Global Warming and Climate Change
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The Concept of Threatened Birds• BirdLife International and IUCN have categorized the status of various
species and given them the current status
• The term “Red Data Book” came into existence in the early 1960s when IUCN–The World Conservation Union, in conjunction with ICBP (the International Council for Bird Preservation, now BirdLife International)
• In 1963, International Red Data Book were conceived by the late Sir Peter Scott as “ a register of threatened wildlife that includes definition of degree of threat”
• In 1980 the first bird ‘Red Data Book’ was published by the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP)
• In 2000 ‘Threatened Birds of the World’ was published by BirdLife International
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Categories of threatened birds
- Extinct – not seen at least for 50 years- Critically Endangered – likely to be extinct- Endangered – high risk of extinction- Vulnerable – risk of extinction- Near threatened – close to vulnerable- Least Concern – not qualify any of the above- Data deficient – no information available
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Threatened Birds Scenario
Species World India
Critically Endangered 181 9
Endangered 351 12
Vulnerable 674 59
Near Threatened 795 58
Total 2001 138
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Indian Perspective
• In India BNHS is designated partner of BirdLife International
• With the help of BirdLIfe International and Royal Society for Protection of the Birds (RSPB), BNHS started Important Bird Area programme (IBA) in 1999
• This programme identified 465 IBA sites in India
• In central India there are 60 IBA sites
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Endemic Bird Area
• In India there are seven Endemic Bird Areas and five Secondary Areas
• Central Indian Forests (Secondary area)- dry deciduous forest- scrub forest- wetlands- grasslands
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Critically Endangered
• In Central India we have six species of the birds which come under this category
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White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis • This species is widely distributed in
India
• Till late 1990 it was in abundant but declined rapidly
• Cause – veterinary use of diclofenac for livestock
• Conservation – BNHS initiative –-Vulture Conservation Center at
Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon - Nation wide Ban on diclofenac- Vulture advocacy programme- Comes under Schedule I of Indian Wildlife ( Protection) Act. 1972
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Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus
• This species is also widely distributed in India
• Like White-backed Vultures their population declined rapidly after 1990
• Cause – veterinary use of diclofenac for cattle
• Conservation – BNHS initiative –-Vulture Conservation Center at
Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon - Nation wide Ban on diclofenac- Vulture advocacy programme- Comes under Schedule I of IndianWildlife
(Protection) Act. 1972
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Jerdon's Courser Rhinptilus bitorquatus
• This is endemic bird found in south-eastern Andhra Pradesh. Earlier known from few places in Central India from Godavari River basin.
• Habitat specialist bird found only in scrub forest
• Threats – habitat destruction because of human activities
• Conservation – BNHS is carrying out long term study in Sri Lankamalleshwar Sanctuary in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh.
- Comes under Schedule I of Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti
• This bird is endemic to Satpuda Mountains known from only from six places in Central India. Because of the Forest Owlet, the Central Indian Forests come under Endemic Bird Area
• Only found in dry deciduous forests
• Threats – habitat destruction for fuel wood, illicit wood cutting, overgrazing and direct persecution by tribal
• Conservation – BNHS carried out three year study in Satpuda. Several recommendations have been put forward for its protection and conservation. - Comes under Schedule I of Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius
• It is a migratory bird visits India during winter
• Inhabitant of Europe and west-central Asia
• The population is decreased rapidly in this decade
• Threats - increasing use of pesticide and change in land use pattern
• Conservation – declared as critically endangered and protected by law in various countries. Listed in Appendix I of CITES.
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Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaetus leucoryphus
• Very recently included in Critically Endangered category
• Inhabitant of large wetlands. It is a breeding migrant to India.
• Threats – habitat loss and destruction, pollution on large water bodies due to pesticides and industrial effluents
• Conservation - included on Appendix II of CITES. It is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act
1972
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Endangered
• We have only two bird species which come under this category
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Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps
• Historically spread all over Indian subcontinent. Now restricted to only a few places in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
• Habitat specialist birds representative of Grassland
• Threats – expansion of agriculture, habitat fragmentation, overgrazing, pesticides and hunting
• Conservation - listed in CITES Appendix I. It is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972- BNHS is carrying out conservation and awareness Campaign in many states.
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Lesser Florican Sypheotides indica
• This bird is endemic to India and Nepal. Historically spread all over peninsular India
• Habitat specialist bird-representative of Grassland
• Threats - habitat loss, hunting and failure of monsoon rains
• Conservation - this species is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Vulnerable
• We have nine species which come under this category
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Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis
• The species found all over India in large wetlands
• The population is declining very fast
• Threats – destruction of nesting habitat, drainage and pollution of wetlands and dearth of food
• Conservation - this species is protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus
• This species is resident species in central and northeastern India
• Threats - loss of nesting sites is a major threat along with pesticides poisoning and direct persecution
• Conservation - this species is protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga
• Found all over palearctic region; winter migrant to India
• Population is declining very fast
• Generally found near water bodies and open areas
• Threats - habitat loss and degradation, exploitation, human disturbance, pollution, and shortage of prey
• Conservation – comes under CITES Appendix II. Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca
• Found all over palearctic and in India. Some population is winter migrant to India
• Mainly found near water bodies
• Threats - changing land use practices, pesticides, persecution and declining prey
• Conservation - this species is listed in Appendix I of CITES, Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni
• The Lesser Kestrel is an extremely widespread falcon species. It is a rare winter visitor and passage migrant in India
• Occasionally seen in large flocks
• Threats - Intensification of agriculture and increased use of pesticides
• Conservation - this species is listed on Appendix II of CITES and Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Sarus Crane Grus antigone
• Historically widespread all over south Asia and Australia. Now declining all over its range
• Threats - primarily threatened by a combination of habitat loss and modification (owing primarily to agricultural expansion), pollution and persecution
• Conservation - this species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis
• It was once very common on all large river systems in central and northern India
• A decline in numbers has occurred, paralleled by a fragmentation of its range, and it now only breeds at scattered localities
• Threats - increased human usage of wetlands, many feeding areas have been over-exploited, polluted, flooded or drained and destruction of nesting colonies
• Conservation – protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. The National Chambal Sanctuary (5,400 sq. km ) contains one of the healthiest skimmer populations in Asia
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Stoliczka‘s Bushchat Saxicola macrorhyncha
• Found in a circumscribed area of semi-arid country in north-western India and eastern Pakistan. Known for its erratic movements in winter
• Mainly prefers open grassland habitat and scrublands
• Threats - the main threat is agricultural intensification and encroachment and overgrazing by livestock
• Conservation - good population is found in Desert National Park. Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Green Munia Amandava formosa
• It is endemic to India where it is distributed locally from southern Rajasthan, central Uttar Pradesh and southern Bihar to northern Andhra Pradesh
• Population is declining very rapidly
• Threats – most famous as cage bird and highly priced in wildlife trade. Along with this pesticides and habitat loss influencing the population
• Conservation – the species appears on CITES Appendix II and Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. Some populations are safe in protected areas of Central India
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Near Threatened
• We have seven species which fall under this category
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Darter Anhinga melanogaster
• Widespread resident in South Asia. The species is generally uncommon and declining throughout Asia.
• It’s a water bird found in large wetlands
• Threats - it is primarily threatened by habitat loss, disturbance (at feeding grounds and colonies), hunting and pollution
• Conservation – protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. Found in may protected areas of Central India
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Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala
• Widespread and locally common resident in South east Asia
• It frequents freshwater marshes, lakes and reservoirs, flooded fields, paddy fields, freshwater swamp forests, riverbanks, intertidal mudflats and saltpans
• Population is declining slowly
• Threats - habitat loss, disturbance,• pollution and hunting of adults and collection
of eggs and nestlings from colonies is cause for concern
• Conservation – protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. Many nesting colonies are in protected areas
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Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor
• Found only in Asia and African Continent
• Every year 10% population decline is observed in Africa. It breeds in Little Run of Katch in Gujarat
• After breeding, disperse over Indian Subcontinent
• Threats – water pollution, disturbance to nesting sites and habitat destruction
• Conservation – this species is protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. BNHS taken initiative to protect flamingo habitat in Mumbai
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Oriental White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
• Mainly occur in South and South East Asia
• It inhabits freshwater marshes, lakes, rivers, flooded grasslands, paddy fields, tidal creeks, mudflats, salt marshes and coastal lagoons
• Threats – mainly drainage of wetlands, disturbance, pollution, agricultural conversion, hunting and collection of eggs and nestlings from colonies
• Conservation - this species is protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Lesser Grey Headed Fish eagleIchthyophaga humilis
• Found mainly in South Asia.
• Population is declining all over its range
• It frequents large forested rivers and wetlands
• Threats - loss of forest habitat along rivers, siltation, overfishing and increasing human disturbance
• Conservation –this species is protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972
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Pallid Harrier Circus macrorus
• It breeds primarily in the steppes of Palearctic region and Winters in India
• Mainly prefers Scrub, savanna and wetlands
• Threats –destruction and degradation of steppe grasslands, intensive grazing of wet pastures and the clearance of shrubs and tall weeds and rapid expansion of agriculture and direct persecution
• Conservation - this species is protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. Some protected areas like Velavadar National Park, Gujarat holds good population. Similarly in Sailana Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthrococeros coronatus
• It is restricted to central and southern India
• Mainly found in undisturbed moist broadleaved deciduous and evergreen forests
• Threats – rapid degradation and fragmentation of habitat, shifting cultivation, forest fire, and logging
• Conservation - This species is protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972. Found in various protected areas. In Madhya Pradesh it is found in Pench and Bandhavgarh National Parks.