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Keeve Nachman, PhD Johns Hopkins University
Public Health Considerations Associated with the Industrial Food Animal Production Model
Copyright © 2012 Johns Hopkins University and Keeve Nachman. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License 3.0.
Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.
Lecture Overview
n Industrial food animal production overview
n Antibiotics in animal agriculture case study
n Arsenical drugs case study
n Food animal production abroad
3
An Introduction to Industrial Food Animal Production
Section A
Section Overview
n What is industrial food animal production?
n Changes in farm structure and process
n Animal waste
n Threats to human health and the environment
n Challenges in IFAP research
5
IFAP
6
IFAP
7
Source: USGS
IFAP
8
Source: EPA
IFAP
9
Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.
AFOs, CAFOs, and IFAP
n EPA definition for animal feeding operation (AFO) - Animals stabled/confined and fed/maintained for 45 days per
year - Crops, vegetation, forage not sustained in normal growing
season over any portion of the lot or facility
n Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) - >1,000 animal units = >1,000,000 pounds of live weight
n Industrial food animal production—characterized by … - High throughput production methods - One site - Controlled conditions - Uniform consumer product - Small profit margins
10
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years
11 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years
12 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the last 50 years
13 Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
Localization of Production
n 1949 - Poultry processing plants - Each dot represents a plant
processing 50,000 or more chickens each year
n 2007 - Chicken production - Each dot represents annual
production of 1 million or more chickens
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(Aho, 2003)
(USDA, 2009)
Vertical Integration/Contract Production
n Structure extremely common (more than 90 percent) in poultry and swine industries (Martinez/USDA, 2002)
n Integrators - Own animals - Control inputs - Own processing plants
n Growers - Operate under contract - Own animal waste
n “Farmers”?
15
2009–2010 Slaughter and Inventory Statistics for US Livestock
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Animal Slaughtered per year Inventory
Chickens 8,658,860,000 Not given
Hogs 113,733,800 64,400,000
Cattle & calves 33,300,000 93,700,000
Sheep & lambs 2,611,200 6,900,000
Turkeys 245,768,000 Not given
Total 9,054,273,000 ---
Source: USDA 2010