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TRANSCRIPT
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RumsakustikErling Nilsson, AkustikerECOPHON Saint-Gobain
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Innehåll
• Något om Ecophon• Att arbeta som akustiker• Rumsakustik i praktiken• Betydelsen av god akustik• Rumsakustik och ljudabsorption• “Activity based acoustic design”• Effekt av akustikreglering• Några exempel på akustikreglering
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Benefits of a good sound environment
For people to learn, work, heal and feel better…
Better gradesin schools
Higherproductivity
for companies
Faster recoveryof patients
More worker-friendly
industries
…wherever people work and communicate
A sound effect on people Our mission and vision The Ecophon Story Company facts Part of Saint-Gobain Care for environment
Market segments Production and logistics Our way to the market Products and systems References Ending
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Community school no 15, Gdynia, Poland. Architect: Adam Drochomiercki. Photo: Szymon Polanski.System: Ecophon Master A/alpha
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Hospital Spital św. Zofii, Warsaw, Poland. System: Ecophon Hygiene A dvance
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Axel Springer AG, Hamburg, Germany. Photo: Eric Sha mbroom. System: Ecophon Light coffer with Focus E .
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Restaurang Restaurangen, Stockholm. Architect: Matt ias Ljunggren. Photo: Åke E:son Lindman. System: Focus D with Connect Shadow channel trim
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• SWIMMINGPOOL
Miejska Sala Widowiskowo-Sportowo, Community Sports Hall. Architect: Przedsibiorstwo Projektowo-Wykona wcze pro-Art KONOPKA. Photo: Szymon Polanski. System: Ec ophon Focus DG
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Sultan Ahmad State Mosque, Kuantan, Malaysia. Syste m: Ecophon Gedina.
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Production unit Distribution center
European supply chain
Forssa
A sound effect on people Our mission and vision The Ecophon Story Company facts Part of Saint-Gobain Care for environment
Our way to the market Products and systems References EndingMarket segments Production and logistics
Næstved
Hyllinge
Gliwice
Chalon
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Organisation
NæstvedDenmark
HyllingeSweden
ChalonFrance
ForssaFinland
Corporate management and finance, Central marketing, Purchasing, R&D and HR
PLANTS & LOGISTICS
BUSINESS UNITS
GliwicePoland
HEAD OFFICE: HYLLINGE, SWEDEN
South Africa
UK and Ireland
NEW MARKETS
IndiaUSA
Germany and Austria
Czech Republic
Sweden Denmark France
Russia
A sound effect on people Our mission and vision The Ecophon Story Company facts Part of Saint-Gobain Care for environment
Market segments Production and logistics Our way to the market Products and systems References Ending
Netherlands
Finland and Estonia
Poland
SpainItaly
”Export through distributors” more than 30 other countries.
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Saint-Gobain
• One of the world’s 100 leading industry groups• Focusing on habitat and construction• Established in 1665• Present in 64 countries• 190 000 employees• ~ €40 billion in sales
A sound effect on people Our mission and vision The Ecophon Story Company facts Part of Saint-Gobain Care for environment
Market segments Production and logistics Our way to the market Products and systems References Ending
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1. Tug MasterJob Description: A person who has overall responsibility for safe operations of a tug vessel. This includes looking after the crew of the vessel and ensuring that the load is in place and passage plans have been checked.
2. Acoustics ConsultantJob Description: Working on engineering projects, an acousticsconsultant has a good understanding and practical experience ofenvironment and building acoustics and is expected to beproficient with technology called “noise mapping software”. Anacoustic consultant would need to be confident with a range ofacoustics and vibration measurement and analysis systems, andbe conversant with relevant standards and guidance, especiallythose relating to environmental acoustics.
3. Air CartographerJob Description: Similar to an airport or airline manager, or even transport planning manager, an air cartographer creates flight plans for the Royal Air Force (RAF) and maintains flight safety standards.
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Technical Areas
• Acoustical Oceanography
• Animal Bioacoustics
• Architectural Acoustics
• Biomedical Acoustics
• Engineering Acoustics
• Musical Acoustics
• Noise
• Physical Acoustics
• Psychological and Physiological Acoustics
• Signal Processing in Acoustics
• Speech Communication
• Structural Acoustics and Vibration
• Underwater Acoustics
• Education in Acoustics
173rd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the 8th Forum Acusticum
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Room Acoustic design in practise
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Schools:
Positive effects of a good sound environment in educational premises include:
• Reduced vocal strain and voice disorders for teachers• Improved concentration• Reduced tiredness, fatigue and stress levels• Easier to hear and be heard with improved speech clarity• Optimised environment for multi-communicational activities such as group work• Improved student behaviour and reduced burden on school and classroom
management
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Healthcare:
Better sound environment contributes to:
• Lowering of blood pressure• Improving quality of sleep• Reducing intake of pain medication• Reducing the number of re-admissions• Improving the wellbeing of staff and increasing perceived performance
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Open-plan offices:
• In a modern flexible OPO, the creation of a functional work station is a complex process in which acoustic planning is only one part of a series of considerations having to be addressed. The open-plan office should support both communication and concentrated work. Thus, for an OPO to be an efficient and comfortable place of work there are several other requirements than acoustic treatment that have to be fulfilled.
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Public health experts agree that environmental risks
constitute 24% of the burden
of disease. Widespread exposure to environmental
noise from road, rail, airports
and industrial sites contributes to this burden. One in
three individuals is annoyed
during the daytime and one in five has disturbed
sleep at night because of traffic
noise. Epidemiological evidence indicates that those
chronically exposed to high levels
of environmental noise have an increased risk of
cardiovascular diseases such as
myocardial infarction. Thus, noise pollution is
considered not only an environmental
nuisance but also a threat to public health.
WHO report
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Wallace Clement Sabine(June 13, 1868 – January 10, 1919)
American physicist who founded the field of architectural acoustics
Architectural acoustics
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Definition: Reverberation time
Sound pressure level, dB
Time, seconds
60 dB
T60
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His formula
where
T=the reverberation time (s)V=the room volume (m3)A=the total equivalent absorption area (m2 sabin)
where
=A
VT 16.0
=TV
A 16.0or
The equivalent absorption area A for a surface with area S m2
is equal to α x S where α is the absorption coefficient for the surface
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The broadband reverberation time, which considers all frequencies simultaneously, was 75 seconds – the figure certified as a world record by Guinness.
The oil-storage complex at Inchindown, near Invergordon in Scotland, was built during the Second World War
https://soundcloud.com/tags/sonic%20wonderland
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The oil-storage complex at Inchindown
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Standards and regulations
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Absorption coefficient at normal incidence
AbsorberIncident sound energy
Reflected sound energy
Absorbed sound energy
������������ ����� � = �������������������
�������������������
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Absorption coefficient as a function of frequency
20 mm glass wool absorber directly mounted in front of a hard surface (concrete)
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Glass wool
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Open and closed structures
Closed cell Open cell Simple model of porous absorber
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Microscopic structure
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Sabine formula
where
T=the reverberation time (s)V=the room volume (m3)A=the total equivalent absorption area (m2 sabin)
where
=A
VT 16.0
=TV
A 16.0or
The equivalent absorption area A for a surface with area S m2
is equal to α x S where α is the absorption coefficient for the surface
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On the use of practical absorption coefficients
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On the use of practical absorption coefficients
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S,
VA=equivalent absorption area, m2 sabine
V= room volyme, m3
T= reverberation time, s
absorption coefficient
α = ∆A/S
Measurement of absorption coefficients according to EN ISO 354
α
withoutTV
withTVAAA
withoutwith⋅−⋅=−=∆ 16.016.0
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FHU - Acoustic specification
S
A=α
Equivalent absorption area (ISO 354)
A (m2)
Absorption factor (ISO 354)
S ?
Absorbent ceiling FHU – free hanging unit
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V
Reverberation chamber
)11(16.0withoutTwithT
VA −=
AFHU =A/6
Free hanging units “Solo”
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Typical classroom
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Effect of furniture
absorption
scattering
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No boxes
Boxes on the wall
Sabine
Scattering – why is it important?
Glass wool
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Absorption and scattering
� + 1 − � ∙ 1 − � + 1 − � ∙ � = 1
absorbed specularly reflected diffusely reflected
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Simulation of sound fields
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Activity based acoustic design – a method to approach room acoustic design
Several room
acoustic parameters
are needed for a
relevant
characterization of
room acoustic
conditions
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Assessment of sound in rooms
Sound source
Physical regionPhysiological and psychological region Room
Sensation• Sound strength• Clarity• Sharpness• …
Preference
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Assessment of sound in rooms
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Room types
Reverberant room
(Sabine room)
Open-plan spaces
Corridors
Room with absorbent
ceiling
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Room acoustic quality aspects• Reverberation• Speech clarity• Auditory strength• Spatial decay
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Efterklang
• Relaterar till hur snabbt ljudenergin försvinner i ett rum
Lång efterklang
Kort efterklang
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Taltydlighet
• Relaterar till hur tydligt tal uppfattas
Otydligt
Tydligt
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Ljudstyrka
• Upplevelsen av ljudets styrka
Hög ljudnivå
Låg ljudnivå
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Ljudets avståndsdämpning
• Ljudnivån avtar med avståndet från ljudkällan.
Tal på 1 meters avstånd
Tal på 4 meters avstånd
Tal på 8 meters avstånd
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Useful reflections
Detrimental reflections
)end)Energy(50
50ms)Energy(0log(10C50 −
−×= , dB
Definition of room acoustic measures: Speech Clarity C50 (dB)
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Room acoustic measures: Sound strength G (dB)
G = LpRoom – Lp10m =Lp – Lw + 31 dB (omni-directional sound source)
10 m
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Subjective listener aspect
Room acoustic quantity
Just noticeable difference
Subjective level of sound
Sound Strength G in dB 1 dB
Perceived reverberance
Reverberation time T20 in seconds
5%
Perceived clarity of sound
Speech Clarity C50 in dB 1 dB
Just noticeable difference of room acoustic quantities according to ISO 3382-1
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Microphone
Loudspeaker
Reverberation time, T20
Speech clarity, C50
Sound Strength, G
Impulse response
time, s
Room acoustic measurements
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Small meeting rooms
Two similar rooms with different ceiling treatment.
Room 1: Ceiling absorber αw = 1.0
Room 2: Ceiling absorber αw = 0.1
Floor area = 12 m2
Height = 2.7 m
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Semantic differential questionnaires
Extremely Very Fairly Partly Fairly Very Extremely
Distinct Indistinct
Pleasant Unpleasant
Dry Reverberant
Best possible
listening
environment
Worst possible
listening
environment
Best possible
speaking
environmen
Worst possible
speaking
environmen
X
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Semantic differential questionnaires
Extremely Very Fairly Partly Fairly Very Extremely
Distinct Indistinct
Pleasant Unpleasant
Dry Reverberant
Best possible
listening
environment
Worst possible
listening
environment
Best possible
speaking
environmen
Worst possible
speaking
environmen
X
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Listening test
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Listening test
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Listening test
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Listening test
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Listening test
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Measurement results
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Measurement results, with wall panels
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The effect of different acoustical treatment
Volume= 150 m3, Floor area=55 m2, ceiling height=2,70 m
• No ceiling treatment, no furniture
• Ceiling treatment, no furniture
• Ceiling treatment, furniture
• Wall panels• Extra low frequency
absorption
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Classroom in different configurations
Without furniture and ceiling Without furniture, with ceiling
With furniture and ceiling With furniture, ceiling and wall panels
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Without furniture and ceiling
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency (Hz)
Reverberation time T20 (s)
-9,00
-7,00
-5,00
-3,00
-1,00
1,00
3,00
5,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d s
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
Average absorption coefficient of the room surfaces is 0,05
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Practical absorption coefficient of Gedina A
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Pra
ctic
al
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oe
ffic
ien
t
Frequency Hz
Gedina A
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Without furniture with ceiling
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency (Hz)
Reverberation time T20 (s)
-9,00
-7,00
-5,00
-3,00
-1,00
1,00
3,00
5,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d s
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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Without furniture with ceiling
-9,00
-7,00
-5,00
-3,00
-1,00
1,00
3,00
5,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency (Hz)
Reverberation time T20 (s)
Calculation according Sabine formula
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d s
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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With furniture and ceiling
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency (Hz)
Reverberation time T20 (s)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d s
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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With furniture and ceiling
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d s
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency (Hz)
Reverberation time T20 (s)
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The effect of wall panels
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency Hz
Reverberation time T20 (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d S
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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Ecophon Gedina A with Extra Bass
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The effect of extra low frequency absorptionWith 50% Ecophon Extra Bass
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency Hz
Reverberation time T20 (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d S
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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Wall panels and Ecophon Extra BassWith 50% Ecophon Extra Bass
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Re
ve
rbe
rati
on
tim
e (
s)
Frequency Hz
Reverberation time T20 (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Sp
ee
ch C
lari
ty C
50
dB
Frequency Hz
Speech Clarity C50 dB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
So
un
d S
tre
ng
th G
dB
Frequency Hz
Sound Strength G dB
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Lindab ArenaAcoustic measurements
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Lindab arena: EntranceAcoustic solution: Ecophon Solo Circle (different sizes)
Before treatment*
After treatment*
T20 3.2 s2.8 s
1.5 s2.0 s
D (speech) 22%24%
40%26%
RASTI 0.38 (poor) 0.53 (fair)
∆L (dB) - 2 dB0.6 dB
*the values corresponds to an average for 500 and 1000 Hz.
125 Hz
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Kunskapsskolan, Helsingborg
Egenskap Mått Före åtgärd Efter åtgärdEfterklangstid T20 (s) 1,5 s 1,0 sTaltydlighet C50 (dB) -2,3 dB 2,4 dB
Före Efter
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Acoustics extremes
Anechoic chamber
Reverberation chamber
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Equaliser: Balanced sound for optimal room acoustics
T20 (s) (250 – 4000 Hz) G (dB)
0,200,30
0,80
0,500,600,70
1,001,101,201,30
0,90
78
13
9101112
15161718
14
D50 (%)
5056
80
61677276
86899193
83
Reverberation Sound strength Speech clarity
T20 (s) (125 Hz)
0,200,30
0,80
0,400,500,600,70
1,001,101,201,30
0,90
Example: Classroom, traditional education
1,401,501,501,40 19
20
44
94
0,40
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Ecophon recommendations, Schools
Criteria Parameter Target values
Speech clarity C 50 (dB), (D50 (%))Average 125 to 4000 Hz
Lecture (“one person speaking”): 6 – 8 dB (80 – 86 %)
Group education (hearing impaired): 7 – 9 dB (83 – 89 %)
Sound strength G (dB)Average 125 to 4000 Hz
Lecture (“one person speaking”): 15 – 17 dBGroup education (hearing impaired): 14 – 16 dB
Reverberation T 20 (s)Average 250 to 4000 HzSpecial requirements at 125 Hz
Lecture (“one person speaking”): 0,40 – 0,50 sGroup education (hearing impaired): 0,30 – 0,40 s