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This presentation will cover:
Purposes for teaching morphology
How morphology fits into the curriculum
Origins of language
Prefixes and how to teach them
Suffixes and how to teach them
Morphology in content area classrooms
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Reasons for teaching morphology
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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How does morphemic awareness help our students?
Decoding
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Spelling
• Readers who recognize morphemes read more quickly and accurately
• Meaningful word parts expand readers’ fund of known words
• Grammatical information from morphemes help make meaning from text
• Known morphemes are units that can be predictably spelled
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For Example: Spelling Champions Study Morphology
English spelling is regular 85% of the time if you know the units that make up most words.
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SAT Prep Programs Teach Morphology
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How morphology fits into the curriculum
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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What do we teach and when? Morphology by grade level:
1st & 2nd Grade
3rd to 6th Grades
Middle School and High School
K-12
• As you teach suffixes, teach their meanings
• Teach that longer words are made of parts
• Teach the most common prefixes, roots, and suffixes
• Teach those morphemes essential for reading in your content area
• Teach about the language of your subject when teaching meanings of key terms
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Who should teach morphology? Anyone who uses words in their instruction.
• thorough, shoulder, listen, iron, yolk
Many of the most commonly misread and
misspelled words are from Anglo-Saxon
• geothermal, autonomic, polygon, diagonal
Math and Science words are often made
from Ancient Greek combining forms
• century, militia, propulsion, corruption
Historical terms and higher level words used in academic
writing have Latin origins
• forte, adagio, ski, lacrosse, fresco, batik
Art, music, and PE use terms from other
languages
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What understandings are we teaching?
Teaching morphology is teaching the
history of the English language:
• Most English words are from Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Ancient Greek, or French
• English speakers are making up new words using old words all the time: input, Linsanity
• English also takes in words from other languages and makes them our own: canoe, tortilla, tsunami
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What understandings are we teaching?
Teaching morphology is teaching the
structure of the English language:
• Words are made up of syllables
• Many of our more common multi-syllable words are made of prefixes, roots, and suffixes
• Morphemes are meaningful word parts that are used as units to add to or change the meaning of words
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Origins of English words
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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Origins of English
9% French and other
languages
11 % Ancient Greek
55 % Latin
25% Anglo-Saxon
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Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin Anglo-Saxon is the ancient language that later split into English and German
Words from this language have one or more syllables and are common everyday words and conjunctions, prepositions, and articles
These words often have silent letters, consonant digraphs, and silent e and double vowel spellings
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Examples of Anglo-Saxon Words
Knife silent e spelling, silent k
Cough
Bread double vowel spelling
Give silent e spelling
consonant digraph, double vowel spelling
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Multisyllable words from Anglo-Saxon are made by compounding
two words are added together
back
to mean something
new
bone
the two words keep
their meanings
backbone
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Words of Latin Origin
Rome occupied Europe for about 400 years
French, Spanish, and Italian are called Romance languages because they are influenced by Latin, the language of the Romans
Multisyllable words are made by affixing (adding prefixes and suffixes to word roots)
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Word Parts of Latin Origin Examples of Latin suffixes are:
-tion, -sion, -cian, -cious, -ture
Latin word roots often end in ct or pt. Examples are: ject, rupt, script, spect, lect, struct
Words made by affixing: construct, distraction, elect, injection, erupt, respect
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Using Affixing to Build Latin Words
is a prefix meaning ’before’
pre
is a word root
meaning ’attach’
fix means
add to the beginning
prefix
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Using Word Parts to Build Latin Words
is a prefix meaning ’ under or after’
sub
is a root meaning
’to attach’
fix means add to
the end suffix
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Using Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes to Build Latin Words
is a prefix meaning ‘back or again’
re
is a root meaning
’to throw’
ject means throw back
reject
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Another Example of Latin Words
dis
is a prefix meaning
‘opposite or away from’
tract
is a root meaning ‘to
pull’
tion
means ‘a noun’
distraction
means ‘a thing that
pulls away’
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Words of Greek Origin
Greek was spoken by noble Romans and was used to write many scholarly texts
In the Middle Ages, these texts were transliterated (translated in text) into other languages
Greek morphemes are combining forms that can appear anywhere in a word
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During transliteration of Greek to English, unique spellings were used that serve as origin clues
graph •ph is used for /f/
panic •suffix -ic
chaos •ch is used for /k/
gym •y within a word stands for i
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Using Combining Forms to Build Greek Words
means ‘distance’
tele means ‘sound’
phon means ‘sound from a great
distance’
telephone
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More Building Greek Words
means ‘self’
auto means ‘written
or drawn’
graph means
‘written by himself’
autograph
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Another Example of Greek Words
means ‘ancient’
archa means ‘ of or like’
ic means ‘of an older time’
archaic
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Words of French Origin
Starting with the Battle of Hastings in 1066, England was ruled by French-speaking kings for centuries
French words were adopted into English and retained the French spellings and pronunciation
Words from French routinely have unique characteristics
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French Influence on English Words
ch is pronounced /sh/ as in Champagne, touché, and gauche
qu and que are pronounced /k/ as in bouquet, antique, and unique
ou is pronounced /ōō/ as in cougar, troupe, and youth
i is pronounced /ē/ as in marine, cuisine, vive le vin
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Let’s Practice Identifying the Word Origin
tough
intention
Chicago
chemistry
disrespect
Anglo-Saxon-one syllable, consonant digraph gh, double vowel spelling
Latin- multisyllable word with tion
French-has ch saying /sh/
Ancient Greek- ch says /k/, science word
Latin- multisyllable word with a –ct word root
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More Practice Identifying the Word Origin
pistachio
laugh
mystic
erupting
French- ch says /sh/
Anglo-Saxon –one syllable base word with vowel and consonant digraphs
Ancient Greek- y within a word making an i sound, suffix -ic
Latin- multisyllable word with a –pt word root
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Suffixes and how to teach them
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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Suffixes are used with base words of all origins to indicate number, tense, or part of speech
In English, the most powerful morphemes are the suffixes which have a very important role:
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Teach suffixes along with their meanings
-s and -es are the same suffix meaning plural or third person singular
For Example:
The cats play. The cat plays.
-es is used when the base word ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh
For Example:
lasses, suffixes, buzzes, matches, tresses
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Teach suffixes along with their meanings
-er means more than or one who does
For Example:
She is taller than the other singer.
-est means ‘the most’
For Example:
Little Fido has the biggest treat.
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Teach suffixes along with their meanings
-tion is a noun maker
For Example: protect + tion = protection
disrupt + tion = disruption
- less means ‘without’
For Example:
The hairless cat is fearless.
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These are suffixes that also indicate part of speech
These suffixes make nouns:
er, or, cian, ist
These are persons
sion , tion,
ment , ity, ile
These are things
These make verbs:
ize, ify
This one makes
adverbs:
ly
These make
adjectives:
ar, ous, ive, al, ful
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When you are teaching vocabulary, have students use suffixes to make more words
project
exclaim
create
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Ask students how many words they can make using the suffixes they know
project
•projecting, projected, projection, projector, projectile, projectionist
exclaim
•exclaims, exclaimed, exclamation, exclaiming, exclaimer
create
•creates, creator, creating, creation, creative, creatively
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Use these words and the suffixes you know to make as many words as you can
erupt
convert
abstract
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When you are teaching vocabulary, have students use suffixes to make more words
erupt •erupting, erupted, eruption
convert
•converts, converting, convertible, conversion
abstract
•abstracts, abstracted, abstractly, abstraction
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prefixes and how to teach them
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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Anglo-Saxon prefixes are used with base words of all origins, for example: undetected, misinterpreted Prefixes often have a literal and a figurative meaning, for example: forecast means literally ‘to throw to the front’, figuratively it means ‘to look forward in time’
In English, prefixes are added to base words and word roots to influence meaning:
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Teach prefixes along with their origin and meanings
com, con – with or together (Latin)
compel – with force
construct – put together
ex – out (Latin)
export – carry out
expel – drive out
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Teach prefixes along with their origin and meanings
fore- front (Anglo-Saxon)
forecast – throw (one’s view) to the front
forehead- front part of head
for- away, against (Anglo-Saxon)
forbid – call against
forswear – vow away from
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Teach word forms along with their origin and meanings
poly– many (Ancient Greek)
polygon – many sides
polytheistic – having many gods
sym, syn, syl – together (Ancient Greek)
symphony – sounding together
synonym - named together
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Identify the origin of the word form, and generate words with it
psych
• From Ancient Greek because there is a y for i within the syllable and ch is saying /k/
meaning • psych means ‘mind’
words
• psychology- study of the mind
• psychedelic – distorting the mind
• psychometric – measuring the mind
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Identify the origin of the prefix, and generate words with it
re
• From Latin because it is often used in common multisyllable words
meaning • re means ‘back or again’
words
• replicate – make again
• reject – throw back
• repel – drive back
• repossess – have again
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Identify the origin of the word form, and generate words with it
trans
• From Ancient Greek because there is a y for i within the syllable and ch is saying /k/
meaning • trans means ‘across’
words
• transport – carry over
• transcontinental – across a continent
• transmission – thing sent across
• transcribe – write it across from ________
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Morphology in Content Area Classrooms
A critical piece of language instruction for future academic success
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How do I teach morphemes?
Introduce them using mini lessons
To practice: use HW, Do
Nows, or exit tickets
Instructional Goals
SWBAT identify
morphemes in words
SWBAT use morphemes to find word
meanings
What to teach? Select the most common and useful morphemes from your content area
readings
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Good General Categories of Morphemes for Content Areas
uni, mono = one di, bi, duo = two
tri = three quadr = four
meter = measure ology = study of
chrono = time neo = new
archy = ruled by ship = office or job
ism = belief or practice muni = of the city
Number
Inquiry words
Specific to area
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Practice Activity Ideas forTeaching Morphemes
Have students highlight
morphemes in text
Have students do word analysis
with morphemes
Have students research
meanings of word parts used in class
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Mini Lesson on Morphology for 5th Grade Plant Biology Lesson
Prerequisites:
Students can explain that words are made up of
meaningful parts
Students can identify and explain the purpose of
prefixes, suffixes, and word roots
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Mini Lesson on Morphology for 5th Grade Plant Biology Lesson
Objectives:
The student will pronounce and define the six key vocabulary
words for the lesson
The student will be able to use the morphemes presented in the
lesson to aid in defining the words
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We will review Greek and Latin layers of English that are used in science
Ancient Greek words have
ph = /f/
ch = /k/
y within a word for i
and are academic words
Latin words have prefixes, word roots, and suffixes
-ose, tion, -elle, -tract-, -rupt-, -sept-, ab-, re-
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Introduction Today we are studying the process that plants use to make food from the sun. We know that science words often come from Ancient Greek. Look at these words:
photosynthesis Latin Origin → glucose
chlorophyll Ancient Greek chloroplast
organelle ←Latin origin
Which of these words is from Latin, and which are from Greek?
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These are the parts of the word for our topic today:
photosynthesis
•photo = light
•syn = together
•the = put
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These are the parts of the word for the food that plants make:
glucose
• glucos (glukos)
= sweet
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These are the parts of the word:
organelle
•organ= part of a living thing
•elle = small
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These are the words for the cell parts where photosynthesis takes place:
chlorophyll
•chloro (kloros) = green
•phyll = leaf
chloroplast
•chloro (kloros) = green
•plast = forming or growing
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Now, here are the meanings of our key vocabulary words:
the process by which green plants manufacture food. Sunlight is used by the plant to create glucose
a structure in the cell with specialized functions
an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
sugar, stored in roots and fruits
photosynthesis
organelle
chloroplast
chlorophyll
glucose
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Let’s do a quick review of the meanings of the morphemes we’ve studied:
green
part of the body
leaf sugar
together
small light
forming and growing
put
chloro
organ
phyll
elle
plast
glucos
photo
syn
the
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Let’s put the vocabulary words together using the morphemes:
• Putting it together or making
• Making with light photosynthesis
• The green part of a leaf chlorophyll
• An organ small enough to be part of a living cell organelle
synthesis
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Exit quiz: what is the word for…?
• Sugar made by plants using photosynthesis glucose
• The place in the cell where chlorophyll is made chloroplast
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Resources for Teaching Morphemes
Megawords
is a word study workbook series for 4th grade and above
eps.schoolspecialty.com
Spelling and Reading books by Louisa
Moats and Marcia Henry inform teachers about
morphology
The American Heritage
Dictionary
Includes morphological
information with each definition
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Thank you for you interest in Morphology
Mary Beth Calhoon, Ph.D. Associate Professor
Lehigh University