this presentation, an overview - csic point/tawfic.pdf · innova – med innovative processes and...

1

Life Cycle Analysis in Wastewater Treatment Facilities, A Sustainability

Perspective

Mohamed Tawfic AhmedPh.D, DIC

Suez Canal University Egypt

INNOVA – MEDInnovative Processes and Practices for

WastewaterTreatment and Reuse

Girona, Spain, October, 2009

This presentation, An Overview

The main objective of this presentation is

to introduce Life Cycle Analysis(LCA ),as a viable environmental

management tools of global importance

2

Presentation Contents

The presentation is made of two parts:

One Small Part Focuses on Water ScarcityAnd Sustainability

Another bigger Part that Focus with LCA MethodologyAnd Use in Wastewater

Water is more critical than energy. We have alternative sources of

energy. But with water, there is no

other choice.-Eugene Odum

3

Egypt Water Per CapitaMore than one sign

4

Egypt is the Gift of the NileHerodotus

Egypt is Not An Arid Country

5

Scenario Approach

2025Sustainable Water Use

2025Business as Usual

2025Water Crisis

1995Base year

People without Access to Safe Water in the Middle East and North Africa, BAU

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 2015 2025Num

ber o

f peo

ple

with

out a

cces

s to

sa

fe w

ater

(mill

ions

)

6

People without Access to Safe Water in the Middle East and North Africa, CRI

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1995 2015 2025Num

ber o

f peo

ple

with

out a

cces

s to

sa

fe w

ater

(mill

ions

)

People without Access to Safe Water in the Middle East and North Africa, SUS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 2015 2025

Num

ber o

f peo

ple

with

out a

cces

s to

sa

fe w

ater

(mill

ions

)

7

Wastewater Reuse, is a Basic Component of Sustainability

• In view of the current situation of limited water resources, the need of wastewater reuse is becoming a strategic need

• Sharp increase in WWTP is reported everywhere…

• WWTP, different technology, different construction, varied cost, different impacts

• The need for a good decision making tool

Wastewater treatment facility is a complicated structureDifferent processes, different techniques, with lot of

ingredient and raw materials involved

8

WWTP, Some Excerpts,1

WWTP Some Excerpts, 2

10

How WWTPs generate GHGs1. By consuming electricity and natural gas2. By generating CO2 from biological wastewater

treatment3. By generating excess microorganisms that:

Require trucking and disposal Rot, forming CH4, CO2, N2O

11

Wastewater Treatment Facilities and SustainabilityHow to make Ends Meet…..

13

Industrial Ecology

Environmental Supply Chain Management

Prod

uct

/tec

hnol

ogy/

subs

tanc

e

Fa

cilit

y/O

rgan

izat

ion

Industry Government/civil society

Ecologicalfootprint

Reporting

Product Stewardship Life Cycle

Management

Design for environment/eco-design Life Cycle

Assessment

PollutionPrevention

EnvironmentalManagement Systems

Eco-efficiencyAnalysis

Risk Assessment

GreenProcurement

Eco-labeling

IntegratedProduct Policy

Extended Producer Responsibility

Precautionaryprinciple

Environmental Impact Assessment

__ not widely applied as yet

__ well understood and applied

__ alternative views on responsibility

Others

Eco-effectiveness

Factor 4/10

Concept/tool positioning

Source: Pollution Probe - Environmental Sustainability Policy Framework Project

14

Wastewater Environmental Management Tools

A quick appraisal

• Risk Assessment, human and environment• Environmental Impact Assessment• Life Cycle Assessment

How to Manage Risks

Research Rationale and Objective

• Decision-making in the wastewater industry lack access to a tool that can assist in analyzing the non-financial aspects of the system. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can provide the means to fill a gap in pertinent information towards more sustainable decision-making in wastewater systems by governments or municipalities.

• Use the principles of LCA to aid the choice of wastewater treatment facilities. The LCA process would provide a complimentary input into the selection of a process, in addition to the usual cost, land and labor evaluations

15

1. Identifythe Hazards

2. Assessthe Risks

3. Analyze Risk Control

Measures

4. MakeControl

Decisions

5. Risk ControlImplementation

6. Superviseand Review

Zero Risk Does Not Practically Exist!

Risk Assessment is a tool to measure the probability of an adverse impact on

either human health, ecosystem perturbation

16

Wastewater irrigation - hazard or lifeline?What are the trade-offs

• HH income

• Urban food supply

• Nutrient recycling

• Managed waste disposal

• Chronic ill-health

• Wide-scale disease outbreaks

• Damage to soils & groundwater

CostsBenefits

Where is the greatest ‘public good’ secured?

Detailed assessment of significant impacts .Identification of mitigation needs. Impact to cost / benefit analysis.

Site, environmental screening, intialassessment, scoping of significant issues.

Project Concept

Feasibility

Design & Engineering

ImplementationMonitoring & Evaluation

Pre-Feasibility

Detailed design of mitigation measures

Implementation of mitigation measures and environmental strategy

Monitoring and post- auditing

EIA and the project cycle

17

Life Cycle Definition

Importance of LCA

• Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system

• Provides a basis for environmental improvements of system

• Identifies trade offs• Identifies information gaps and where we can

improve the system

18

LCA is a Measurement System• Based on:

– Systems analysis (holistic)– Mass balance input-output inventory– Indicators system for impact assessment

• Useful for decision-making– Environmental Management – Design for Environment– Communication

• Usually follows international rules (the ISO 14040 series standards)

19

Scope of LCA

Environmental Impacts

• Using renewable materials?

• Choice of technology for extracting raw material?

• Polluting production processes?

End of WW train of Events

Ingredients Used for Constructing

WWTP

Operation

Of WWTP

Distribution

Of WastewaterUse of

Wastewater


• How will WW get to use site of reuse ?

• How much energy will be use?


• What would happen when wastewater is already used?,

Cradle Grave

20

LCA Methodology

RawMaterial

RawMaterial

UseUse End of LifeEnd of Life

Emissions to air, water and land

Manufacturing & DistributionManufacturing & Distribution

Raw material and energy consumption

Life Cycle Assessment: The StagesFor the sake of simplicity the life cycle is divided into unit processes usually broken down as follows: pre-manufacture, manufacture, distribution and installation, use and service, and end of life management. Each unit process is then evaluated in three areas: safety, conservation, and pollution. The inputs and outputs of each life stage are the criteria for evaluation.

Pre-Manufacture

Manu-facturing

Revert

Reuse

Use &Service

RecoveryManagement

Distribution

Remanufacture

21

Life Cycle assessmentFrom cradle to grave Ultimate Impact Assessment

Impacts on

•Human health

•Ecosystems

•Resources

A LCA For a WWTP

22

Why Life Cycle Assessment in WWTPs ???Some Case Studies

Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Systems

“A Sustainable wastewater system should, over a long time perspective provide required services while protecting

human health and the environment, with a minimum use of scarce resources.”

• Most publications base the assessment/comparison on the operation of the treatment systems, not on the full life cycle.

• By wastewater treatment we may contribute to solving one problem (the receiving environment) but the technology chosen may contribute to the creation of other problems (e.g. by being very energy consuming)

• Sustainability concept challenges us to look at wastewater treatment systems from a life cycle perspective and to introduce long term thinking (changes of the wastewater concept from end of pipe treatment towards resource utilization)

23

Life Cycle Analysis and Wastewater Industry, A Growing Demand

24

LCA, The Process

25

LCA Components

26

Goal and DefinitionThe study aimed to ascertain which treatment andTreatment combinations are good enough to meet

The following end use

27

An inventory analysisAn inventory analysis

Raw

material

Product

manufacture

Product

use

Incineration

Or end of life

energy capital

equipment

waterair soil

emissions (incl. energy) to

system boundary

system under study

Raw

materials

auxiliary

materials

products

by-products

28

Boundary issues in LCA

• boundary between the processes that are relevant and irrelevant to the product system (cut-off); and

Boundary between the processes that are relevant and irrelevant to the product system

Assembly

Energy BRaw

material D

Ancillary material

A

Raw material

C

Ancillary material

F

Water

Component B

Raw material

E

Component A

Energy A

Disposal

Use

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Capital

Cut-off

Cut-off

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

CapitalCapital

Assembly

Energy BRaw

material D

Ancillary material

A

Raw material

C

Ancillary material

F

Water

Component B

Raw material

E

Component A

Energy A

Disposal

Use

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial Raw

material

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial Raw

material Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

Rawmaterial

RawmaterialRaw

material

Rawmaterial

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

CapitalCapital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Capital

Rawmaterial

RawmaterialRaw

material

Rawmaterial Capital

CapitalCapital

Capital

Capital

CapitalCapital

CapitalCapital

Capital

CapitalCapital

Assembly

Energy B

Rawmaterial DAncillary

material A

Rawmaterial C

Ancillarymaterial F

Water

Compon-entB

Rawmaterial E

Compon-ent A

Energy A

Disposal

Use

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Boundary between the processes that are relevant and irrelevant to the product system

Example of an inventory tableComparing the LCI of Two

WWTP (hypothetical)

intervention (kg) WWTP A WWTP Bresourcescrude oil 37000 22000natural gas (m3) 400000 0emissions to airCd 2.9 0Cu 0 850NOx 2000 150SO2 1000 80CO2 800000 50000CxHy 30 40NH3 230 0emissions to waterCd 3 0Cu 2 20Ni 0 15P 3500 1000NO3- 180000 260000emissions to soilCd 4.5 1Cu 0 850Zn 0 1400P 0 40000

31

Impact assessment

Selection and definition of impact categories, indicators and modelsClassification (assignment of Inventory results to impact categories)Characterisation (modelling of the Inventory data within the impact categories with the aid of indicators per category: oftencalled the Environmental Profile)Normalisation (relate the results of the Characterisation to reference values for e.g. an area and a time period such as the total emission in a country: often called the normalised environmental profile)

Typical Impact Categories:

Ozone Depletion

Air pollution

Global Warming

Waste generation

Water extraction

Mineral extraction

Water pollution

Acid rain

32

LC Impact, Are We Overusing Our ResourcesAre We Polluting Our Environment

GWP Factors (100 yr)Global Warm Up Indictor

Gas Atmospheric Lifetime GWPa

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 50-200 1

Methane (CH4)b 12±3 21

Nitrous oxide (N2O) 120 310

HFC-23 264 11,700

HFC-32 5.6 650HFC-125 32.6 2,800HFC-134a 14.6 1,300HFC-143a 48.3 3,800HFC-152a 1.5 140HFC-227ea 36.5 2,900HFC-236fa 209 6,300HFC-4310mee 17.1 1,300CF4 50,000 6,500C2F6 10,000 9,200C4F10 2,600 7,000C6F14 3,200 7,400

SF6 3,200 23,900

33

Classification and Characterisation

Carbon Dioxide

Sulphur Dioxide

Methane

Global Warming

Summer Smog

Acid Rain

1

21

Clim

ate

Clim

ate

Ozo

nela

yer

Ozo

nela

yer

Aci

dific

atio

nA

cidi

ficat

ion

Smog

Smog

Car

cino

gen

Car

cino

gen

Foss

il fu

elFo

ssil

fuel

Ecot

oxic

ityEc

otox

icity

Nut

riphi

catio

nN

utrip

hica

tion

Min

eral

sM

iner

als

Land

-use

Land

-use

Rad

iatio

nR

adia

tion

LCI resultLCI result

EndpointsEndpoints

MidpointsMidpoints

InventoryInventory

Seawaterlevel

Seawaterlevel

Dying forests

Dying forestscancercancer

Extinctionof species

Extinctionof species

Respiratorydiseases

Respiratorydiseases Reduced

resource base

Reduced resource

base

Envi

ronm

enta

l mec

hani

sm

HumanHealthHumanHealth

EcoSystemEcoSystem

Re-sourcesRe-sources

Single scoreSingle score

Panelist can concentrate on three endpoints

Endpoints, Midpoints and Relevance

34

Example of an environmental profile

indicator result (unit) WWTP A WWTP Babiotic depletion (—) 40×10-10 2×10-10

global warming (kg CO2) 80×106 5×106

human toxicity (kg b.w.) 30×102 4×102

aquatic ecotoxicity (m3 water) 60×107 4×107

terrestric ecotoxicity (kg soil) 6×107 450×107

acidification (kg SO2) 2×105 4×105

nutrification (kg PO43-) 3×105 16×105

fotoch. oxidant formation (kg C2H4) 14 15

36

Because LCA embraces upstream and downstream factorsIt should have spatial and temporal boundaries

38

Life-cycle – identify the boundaries

41

LCA in Practice, A Decision Making Tool,Some case studies

42

Common SenseWhich Product Would We Choose?

Some Applications of LCA in Wastewater Industry

44

Comparative Study of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

ADP abiotic depletion potential FAETP Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicology potential

45

PFR Plug flaw reactor

46

The Use of LCATo Compare Between

Scenarios

47

Cost Versus EnvironmentAn LCA Approach

48

Life Cycle Costing• which costs ?

– budget costs, taxes & subsidies, labour costs, capitalcosts, societal costs ?

• costs for whom ?– producer, consumer, government, society ?

• which cost model ?– steady state, comparative static equilibrium models,

dynamic models ?• which cost aggregation ?

– Average yearly costs, Annuity, Net Present Value,

Environmental costs study

• LCC LCC

Engineering & development

UseProduction and

implementation

End oflife cycle

Environmental

Costs for feasibility study

Environmental investments Environmental

taxes

Costs for education of staff

Waste management

Environmental taxes

Waste Management Recycling

49

Kosten in de tijd

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 10 20 30 40

Gld

.

septic tank actief slib submerged bed helofyten

Costs over time

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

aver

age

cost

s €

per 4

i.e.

septic tankactive sludgesubmerged bedhelofytessewer, incl. wtp

50

Eco-efficiency waste water treatment options

0

5E-12

1E-11

1.5E-11

2E-11

2.5E-11

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Yearly Costs (gld)

wei

ghte

d LC

A s

core

exc

l. m

ar. e

coto

x

no treatmentaverage IBAcentral treatmentseptic tank

Eco-efficiency local waste water treatment options

0

5E-12

1E-11

1.5E-11

2E-11

2.5E-11

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

yearly costs (gld)

wei

ghte

d LC

A s

core

exc

l. m

ar. e

coto

x

no treatmentactive sludgesubmerged bedhelofytes

51

Kosten in de tijd

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 10 20 30 40

Gld

.

septic tank actief slib submerged bed helofyten

Cost over time

53

Thank you!

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