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• Canadian Brassica napus L. (Canola) acreage in 2016 totaled 20 million acres with over half the acres grown in Saskatchewan (Statistics Canada, 2016)

• Approximately 50% of canola seed planted germinate and emerge with the other 50% remaining in the seed bank (Harker et al., 2015; Harker et al., 2003)

• Volunteer canola ranks 4th in most occurring weed in Canada and creates issues in other rotational herbicide tolerant crops (Beckie, 2015)

• Secondary dormancy is the physiological mechanism leading to the extended presence of canola seed in the weed seed bank (Gulden et al., 2004)

• Dormancy is classified as the failure of a viable seed to germinate in favourable conditions

• Secondary dormancy in B. napus exists as non-deep physiological dormancy (Baskin and Baskin 1998)

• Stratification (cycling of light and/or temperature) can

break non-deep physiological dormancy (Baskin and Baskin 1998)

• Induction potential for secondary dormancy varies greatly among B. napus lines and is largely influenced by the environment and genetics (Pekrun et al., 1997)

• Determine the secondary dormancy potential of a diverse set of B. napus L. lines grown in different seed growing conditions

• Hypothesized that among the 51 unique lines a wide range of secondary dormancy potentials will exist

• Hotter seed production sites will produce seed with lower secondary dormancy potentials

• Secondary dormancy potentials will later be used for correlation with seed vigour traits and seed storage protein profiles

Introduction

Objectives

The lines used in the following experiment are the parental lines of the spring (annual) B. napus Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population • Collection of 51 lines from around the world selected for their genotypic and phenotypic diversity • Three maternal environments examined (2015 Saskatoon, SK, 2016 Los Angeles, Chile and 2016 Temuco, Chile) • Immediately following harvest the seed lots are frozen to maintain highest level of dormancy • Four technical runs are performed to screen for secondary dormancy

Rapid Dormancy Induction Protocol (Weber et al. 2006) * step 1 and 2 done under greenlight (495-570 nm)

1) Dormancy induction

• PEG 6000 (Calbiochem®, France) solution, osmotic potential of -1.5 MPa at 200C

• 200C for 7 days in dark germination cabinet

2) Germination test • 10 mL of distilled water

• 200C for 7 days in dark germination cabinet

3) Viability test • 10 mL distilled water on top of blotter paper

• Temperature cycling 200C for 16 hours and 300C for 8 hours for 7 days in darkness

Dormancy potential = (# of non-germinated seeds/ total # of viable seeds) *100

Materials & Methods

Results

Conclusions and Future Research

• Wide range of secondary dormancy potentials observed across sites and genotypes

• Some genotypes expressed consistently ‘high’ dormancy and some expressed consistently ‘low’ dormancy across maternal environments

• Strong correlation coefficient between runs of the same environment however, some genotypes are not performing consistently between runs and environments. Two more runs are in progress

• Seed vigour traits to be examined include, germination potential, controlled deterioration and pre-chill germination. Secondary dormancy potentials will be used to examine if secondary dormancy expression is associated with seed vigour properties

• Seed storage proteins (SSP), napin and cruciferin, are to be profiled and similarly compared to secondary dormancy potentials to determine if a relationship exists with secondary dormancy potential and seed vigour traits

References

Baskin, C., J. Baskin. 1998. Types of Seed Dormancy. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Elsevier Inc. p: 27-47. Beckie, H. 2015. State of weed resistance in Western Canada and future outlook. (PDF slides). Retrieved from http://www.weedsummit.ca/images/stories/Presentations/2_Hugh%20Beckie%20-%20HRsummit16-beckie.pdf Gulden, R.H., A.G. Thomas, and S.J. Shirtliffe. 2004. Relative contribution of genotype, seed size and environment to secondary seed dormancy potential in Canadian spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Weed Research. 44(2): p. 97-106. Harker, K., J. O’Donovan, E. Smith, E. Johnson, G. Peng, C. Willenborg, R. Gulden, R. Mohr, K. Gill, L. Grenkow. 2015. Seed size and seeding rate effects on canola emergence, development, yield and seed weight. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 95(1): 1-8, 10.4141/cjps-2014-222. Harker K N, Clayton G W, Blackshaw R E, O’Donovan J T, Stevenson F C. 2003. Seeding rate, herbicide timing and competitive hybrids contribute to integrated weed management in canola (Brassica napus) Can. J. Plant Sci. 83: 433-440. Pekrun, C., Potter, T.C., and Lutman, P.J.W. 1997. Genotypic variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape and its impact on the persistence of volunteer rape. In Proceedings of the 1997 Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Weeds, Brighton, UK (British Crop Protection Council). pp. 243–248. Unknown. 2016, June 30. Field crop acreage, June 2016. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/150630/dq150630b-eng.htm Weber, E.A., K. Frick, S. Gruber, W. Claupein. 2010. Research and development towards a laboratory method for testing the genotypic predisposition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to secondary dormancy. Seed Science and Technology. 38(2): p. 298-310.

Acknowledgements

Secondary Dormancy Potentials of a Diverse Set of Brassica napus L. Lines Grown in Different Environmental Conditions

Caroline Brown1,2; Sally Vail1, Steve Shirtliffe2

1 Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK 2 Department of Plant Sciences, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK

0.97874

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SK Secondary Dormancy Screening

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r=0.86798 -indicates correlation coefficient between runs

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Temuco Secondary Dormancy Screening

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r=0.7369 -indicates correlation coefficient between runs

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Los Angeles Secondary Dormancy Screening

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r=0.97874 -indicates correlation coefficient between runs *indicates missing seed lot

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