this module describes the history and evolution of wireless technology

8/3/2019 This Module Describes the History and Evolution of Wireless Technology

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This module describes the history and evolution of wireless technology, itsoverall impact on society, and where wireless technology is taking consumers.

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

Describe the history and evolution of wireless technology and the keyforces driving wireless adoption today

List and describe the various classes of wireless technology

Describe the impact of wireless systems on society Describe the future of wireless

Describe the business models enabled by wireless systems

History and Evolution

Introduction The amount of commerce done over the web continues to grow asnew wireless choices, including web-enabled cell phones,handheld devices, and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)becomewidespread. According to the EMC World Cellular Database, thenumber of cellular subscribers in the world in September 2003

was nearly 1.3 billion.

Of those 1.3 billion subscribers, 12 percent were located in NorthAmerica, 27 percent were located in Europe, and 39 percent werelocated in Japan.

Many businesses find those figures a compelling reason toprovide mobile access to their services. As applications and thetechnology become more reliable, more consumers will use them.

Many new technological developments occur in parallel, then
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Mobile Telephones Mobile telephony began in the 1950s, whenportable sets weretested with U.S. pipeline construction crews. At roughly the sametime, the Ericsson company was conducting pilot studies inSweden with an on-call doctor and a portable bank. It was notuntil the 1980s, though, that mobile phones could be consideredtruly portable, when advances in miniaturization and batterytechnology brought their weight down to under four pounds.Current models can weigh less than four ounces, with smaller sizeconstrained only by the practicalities of the input device andscreen.

Mobile phones have the ability to:

Make phone calls

Transmit and receivedata

Use instantmessaging, which ispopular among

younger users Provide electronic

organizerfunctionality, such asaddress books,calculators, andsimple games

Browse speciallyenabled Internet sitesallowing access toservices, such as

electronic bankingand stock trading

Take pictures

Play games

Display video clips

Today, the main limitations of mobile phones are the restrictedwirelessbandwidth and the restrictive user interface. Future
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Other HandheldDevices

The current success of the PDA was preceded by several falsestarts. After an expensive development effort, Apple Computerlaunched the first PDA, the Newton, in 1994. While a trulyvisionary product for its time, the Newton was not a commercialsuccess and nearly bankrupted the company. Other companies,such as Casio and Clove Technology, attempted to evolve the

pocket calculator into a pocket computer without much success.

In 1996, following theirless-than-successfulZoomer product, Palm,Inc. designed andlaunched the Palm Pilot.Why the Palm Pilotsucceeded where itspredecessors failed isunclear, but its success is

indisputable. More thanone million units weresold in the 18 months afterits launch. Even in 2000,Palm continued to hold an80 percent market share.

The capabilities of mobilephones and handhelddevices are merging.Already, PDAs such asthe Palm VII Pilot supportwireless communications,and Nokia's 9290 wirelessphone demonstrates how adevice can act as both aphone and a handheldcomputer.


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The Internet The global data communications network called the Internetwasfirst connected at UCLA in 1969. Based on Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking protocols, theInternet standardized the transmission of data. A number ofprotocols have been constructed on top of TCP/IP for specifickinds of information services, such as Hypertext TransferProtocol (HTTP), which forms the basis of the World Wide Web.

The Internet continues to expand to incorporate other forms ofdata transmission and other networks. Voice Over IP (VOIP) is

used for voice (telephone) communications. With the WirelessAccess Protocol (WAP) now established for mobile devices, thereach of the Internet now extends even further.

Convergence between wireless and wired Internet connections isunderway, to the extent that the two communication types willeventually be indistinguishable to the user. Ultimatelyinformation will be accessible through whatever medium isavailable and rendered on the client device in the best waypossible using available bandwidth and local resources.


Wire Replacement This section describes the use of wireless technologies to replacecommunication links traditionally supported by wiredinfrastructure and reviews their benefits and drawbacks.

Wireless local area networks (LAN)

Fixed wireless

Satellite

Wireless Local Area Networks (LAN)
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Anyone who has ever triedto link two or morecomputers knows that thecabling between themachines can quickly get

out of hand. CorporateLANs are no different and,because they evolve overtime, they can easily degradeinto a complex morass ofcables. Corporate LANs aresupported by a billion-dollarnetwork managementindustry and require full-time network managers tokeep them running.

Substituting wireless devicesfor all those wires is atempting alternative.Wireless devices can bemore flexible and arepotentially cheaper, withtypical wireless LANarchitectures requiring onlyequipment on each clientcomputer and a base station.Wireless LANs not onlyeliminate cables, but also

many network hubs andswitches. You can alsoupgrade a wireless LANwithout the expensive andtime-consuming replacementof infrastructure required bya wired LAN.

Wireless networkingenables:

Hot-deskingworkers,who can access localresources withoutplugging into anetwork port.

Easy access tofacilities, whetherplanned orimpromptu. For


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example, you cantransmit documentsto a wall screen fromany device.

Fixed Wireless

Used primarily as a local loop orlast mile replacement for wired connectivity, fixedwireless offers a competitive price and performance alternative for connection to a fixedlocation. In this context, fixed means not mobile and by eliminating that requirement, fixedwireless can offer far more network bandwidth than mobile wireless can provide.

Fixed wireless comes in two broad categories point-to-point and multipoint withmultipoint being by far the most popular. In its multipoint form, users have fixed antennaethat all point to a shared base station. The available bandwidth is shared among users, withdownlink speeds being much higher than uplink speeds. Point-to-point is an unsharedconnection and requires a separate transceiver for each user. With point-to-point, youeffectively get your own unshared, private link and bandwidth is the same for both uplinkand downlink.

Satellite
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NTT DoCoMo Perhaps the first proof that the Internet and wireless phones couldbe successfully and profitably married was the phenomenal

success of DoCoMo's (a unit of NTT) i-mode cell phone service,launched in February, 1999. Through a combination of thoughtfulnavigation design that hides the Internet's complexities from usersand clever marketing, DoCoMo changed the way people use theirphones and achieved the long sought integration of mobility withhigh value services. DoCoMo's i-Mode service has become amodel for the rest of the mobile industry.

The Impact of Wireless Technologies

DemographicTrends

As early as 1970, writer Alvin Toffler correctly predicted in thebookFuture Shockthat employment would move progressivelyback into the home as a result of the shift from manufacturingtowards information-based services.

More recent trends in the labor market include:

The transition from full-time work to part-time,subcontracted employment

The transition from office-based to home-based working

Increased personal mobility. Travel is on the increase.

In the future, successful organizations will be those that leveragenew technology to maximize the potential of the workforce. The2000 Futurework report from the U.S. Department of Labor notesthat "Increased global competition, due in part to advances incommunications, has increased the demand for new technologiesand for the people who can imagine new ways to use them."

Wireless technology might not be the only technology drivingthese changes, but it has an important part to play. Thetransformation is already visible in the consumer use of wirelessweb access, and it is predicted that business will follow.
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Wireless in theHome

Because many homes do not have a wired network, the wirelesshome environment is also part of the wireless revolution. Thewireless home network is based around a wirelesscommunications hub that manages the interface between thewireless home and the outside world. It includes facilities such ashigh-speed Internet access (either wireless or land-based), voicechannels with coordinated telephony, video conferencing, andaccess to email, the web, and online applications.

This wireless communications hub has the following potential

impacts:


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Use of MobileDevices

The mobile phone market has experienced phenomenal growtharound the world. Consider these predictions and facts:


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The use of mobile phones has grown more quickly in Europe than in the United States,largely because digital phone services arrived at the same time as the trans-Europeanderegulation of communications.

The handheld device market is also an area experiencing significant growth. In May, 1999,International Data Corporation (IDC) predicted that over 8.9 million devices would beshipped worldwide that year, an increase of 34 percent over the previous year. As newdevices continue to evolve, the feature set will expand to include standard mobile phonefunctionality within the handheld device. Voice and data transmission using the samewireless device will become the expected norm.

In 2001, the Bluetooth short-range wireless protocol was released and now provideswireless connectivity for a wide range of devices, including keyboards, printers, PDAs andgames. Wireless networking protocols in the home and office are now mainstream. Thecombined impact of all these technologies, along with the extending reach of the Internetand the diversifying range of devices, have set the scene for the wireless revolution.
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The Future of Wireless Technology

Introduction This section describes where wireless technologies are going andreviews the following areas:

Core wireless values

Wireless system structure

Bandwidth and user interface

Wireless services evolution

Wireless usage worldwide

Wireless business models

Use of wireless in the enterprise


CoreWirelessValues

The Internet has become a huge marketplace for information and services, it isgrowing larger and faster as mobile Internet access becomes more prevalent.Mobile service users will be greater in number, and they will want to haveaccess at any time, not just when a computer is available.

Because wireless devices are portable, personal, and always connected to thewired infrastructure, wireless technology enables dynamic access topersonalized services. As wireless adoption progresses, successful wirelessservices will address the following core values:

Immediacy Services are delivered in a manner and at a time that fitsthe user's immediate need.

Contextsensitivity

The service that is provided takes into account theenvironment from which it was requested, such aslocation or time of day.


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Personalization Services provided are specific to a user's profile,removing complexity and enabling users to find whatthey need with a minimum of navigation.

Initially, these tailored services will target the wireless environment. Ultimately,the benefits of getting the right service, at the right place, at the right time willincrease demands for dynamic personal services whether the user is mobile ornot.

The Future of WirelessTechnology

Wireless SystemStructure

This section describes both current and futurewireless architectures.

Today's architectures

Wireless architectures going forward

Today's Architectures

Before learning about wireless architectures of the future, you shouldunderstand how systems are installed today. This provides a baseline for a moreaccurate prediction wireless systems of the future.

The following animation demonstrates a simplified view of a basic wirelesssystem today. Click Play to start.
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The access device is the cell phone, which communicates to a transmissiontower orBase Transceiver Station (BTS). Up to 30 BTSs can converge on aBase Station Controller (BSC). From the BSC, the voice signal is delivered tothe (MSC). The MSC interacts with modules that manage mobility,authentication of users and devices, and authorization of network resourceusage.

Calls then proceed to the Gateway Media Switching Center (GMSC) to interactwith the various outside networks such asPublic Service Telephone Network(PSTN), which services standard wired telephones.

Wireless Architectures Going Forward

As the technology changes, wireless architectures continue to evolve, makingdevelopment and deployment decisions more complicated. Corporationsconsidering wireless solutions must work with what is possible now, while atthe same time building a flexible strategy that can leverage future advances.

The combination of wireless handheld devices and Internet technologies presentthe opportunity for the development of a new paradigm for user interaction andhas the potential to radically alter the manner in which content and services aredelivered and used by information consumers.

What might happen is that each part of the system, shown in the followingdemonstration, supports the same functionality, but in a much more generalizedway. Click Play to start.
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1. The mobile telephone becomes a generalized access device.

2. The BTSs and BTCs become the radio access network (RAN), thesystem that the access devicestalks to. The RAN represents the cachingand integration point for all access devices.

3. The MSC is replaced by the core network, which switches betweenother wireless networks, the public switched telephone network (PSDN)and the internet.

4. The service network stack provides the focal point from which keywireless digital services are accessed and delivered.

5. Finally, the content stackprovides content and services.

The Future of WirelessTechnology

Bandwidth andUser Interface
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The WirelessWorld

The technologies described here are beginning tochange the way people conduct business and leadtheir lives. Work and leisure activities can be

conducted whenever and wherever is mostappropriate, as shown in the followingdemonstration:

Some of the impacts of wireless technologies will be negative, either in perception or inreality. There is ongoing concern, for example, about the potential health risks caused byradiation in mobile phones. In addition, not everybody likes the concept of being accessibleat any time, anywhere, by anybody. Some will even see it as a civil liberties issue, but the


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fact remains that the choice of whether to stay connected is always controlled by the user atthe device level.


Wireless BusinessModels

Wireless is a very large area and prudence dictates that it beapproached incrementally. From a business perspective, it makesmore sense to pick an easily justifiable problem and address itwell with a wireless solution than to commit to a major wirelessinitiative all at once. By taking an incremental approach, you can

learn along the way, achieving benefits as you analyze eachproblem area and the appropriate wireless solution. In this way,you can evolve your wireless efforts at a steady pace and not beoverwhelmed making all the major decisions at one time.

The addition of wireless capabilities and the Internet to corporateinfrastructures will have far-reaching effects inside and outsidethe business environment. Users will be able to access IT facilitiesany time and any place, allowing business to be conducted in anumber of new ways. Many of these capabilities are already beingimplemented or piloted, with the promise of new improvementsfrom technology vendors and service providers.

Some of these new developments are presented here, to provide asense of what is coming. More detail about available technologiesand how they can be applied is provided later in the course.

To understand the potential of wireless technology and its effects,consider some of the different models that are possible in awireless world.

Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Environments

Mobile, wireless devices have already debuted in the field of e-commerce, using WirelessAccess Protocol (WAP) or i-mode (in Japan) as a mechanism. WAP-based mobilecommerce, orm-commerce, has been moderately successful, although nowhere near thelevels predicted. This is probably due to the limitations of current devices and existingbandwidth. With the arrival of higher bandwidth and more capable devices, mobilecommerce will reach higher levels.
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Mobile Customer Relationship Management (M-CRM)

m-CRM has evolved from sales force automation applications to supporting the

communications flow between a company and its customers, improving the service tocustomers, and increasing the potential for repeat business.

Wireless technologies have tworoles in M-CRM:

Supporting the salesforce in managinginteractions withcustomers. For example,a salesperson can haveproduct and customer

information readilyavailable when at acustomer site.

Giving customers directaccess to customerservice and supportfacilities from anylocation. For example,you request a roadsiderecovery service andverify when a repair

person will be available,or check the status of apackage delivery fromthe road so you knowwhen it will arrive atyour home.

Location Sensitivity
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Location sensitivity is fastbecoming a reality as a numberof mobile phonemanufacturers, including Sonyand Motorola, are integrating

Global Positioning System(GPS) facilities into theirhandsets. Location sensitivitygenerates a whole range ofnew applications:

As mentioned earlierwith M-CRM, a phonecall for breakdownservice can beaccompanied byinformation that

pinpoints the locationof the car.

Handset users canretrieve a local map,find the nearest ATM,or receive discountcoupons for the storethey are visiting.

Users can notify othersof their location on areal-time basis. For

example, parents canverify that theirchildren are where theysaid they would be, orservice engineers canlog their arrival anddeparture from acustomer site.

The Future ofWireless

Technology

IntegratingWireless intoEnterprise Access

Review Questions - What Is WirelessTechnology?

Congratulations! You have completedthis module.

The following review has multiple-choicequestions that are designed to both checkyour understanding and enhance whatyou learned, by reinforcing importantmodule concepts.

If you need to review the question topic,click the Review icon available at the topcorner of some question pages. Withevery response, you should receivefeedback in the area at the bottom of thereview question screen.

Click the forward arrow button tobegin the review.
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this module describes the history and evolution of wireless technology

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