history.aip.orghistory.aip.org/history/climate/pdf/bibliog.pdf · this is the text of a...

THIS IS THE TEXT OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY IN THE WEB SITE “THE DISCOVERY OF GLOBAL WARMING” BY SPENCER

WEART, HTTP://WWW.AIP.ORG/HISTORY/CLIMATE. FEBRUARY 2014. COPYRIGHT © 2003-2014 SPENCER

WEART & AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

Bibliography by Author (for Bibliography by Year, see the Website)

This bibliography may seem long (more than 2500 items), but it has a great many omissions.Please see the discussion of sources in the “Method” essay. Note in particular that the IPCCreports have by far the most complete bibliography for recent scientific work.

Abbreviations used in the notes: AIP: Niels Bohr Library at the American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD LDEO: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY SIO: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, La Jolla, CA

Abarbenel, Albert, and Thomas McCluskey (1950). “Is the World Getting Warmer?” SaturdayEvening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63.

Abbot, Charles G., and F.E. Fowle, Jr. (1908). “Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, andthe Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon.” Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory(Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC) 2: 159-176.

Abbot, Charles G., and F.E. Fowle, Jr. (1913). “Volcanoes and Climate.” SmithsonianMiscellaneous Collections 60(29): 1-24.

Abbot, Charles G. (1967). “Precipitation in Five Continents.” Smithsonian MiscellaneousCollections 151(5).

Abelmann, Andrea, et al. (2006). “Extensive Phytoplankton Blooms in the Atlantic Sector of theGlacial Southern Ocean.” Paleoceanography 21: PA1013 [doi:10.1029/2005PA001199,2006].

Abelson, P.H. (1977). “Energy and Climate.” Science 197: 941.Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, et al. (2013). “Insolation-Driven 100,000-Year Glacial Cycles and Hysteresis

of Ice-Sheet Volume.” Nature 500: 190-93 [doi:10.1038/nature12374].Abetti, Giorgio (1957). The Sun. New York: Macmillan.Abraham, J.P., et al. (2013). “A Review of Global Ocean Temperature Observations:

Implications for Ocean Heat Content Estimates and Climate Change.” Reviews ofGeophysics 51 450-83 [doi:10.1002/rog.20022].

Ackerman, Andrew S., et al. (2000). “Effects of Aerosols on Cloud Albedo: Evaluation ofTwomey's Parameters of Cloud Susceptibility Using Measureiments of Ship Tracks.” J.Atmospheric Sciences 57: 2684-95.

Adabashev, I. (1966). Global Engineering. Moscow: Progress.Adem, Julian (1965). “Experiments Aiming at Monthly and Seasonal Numerical Weather

Prediction.” Monthly Weather Review 93: 495-503.Adler, Jerry (2007). “Moment of Truth.” Newsweek (April 16), pp. 45-48.Ager, Derek (1993). The New Catastrophism: The Importance of the Rare Event in Geological

History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Agrawala, Shardul (1997). “Explaining the Evolution of the IPCC Structure and Process.” ENRP

Weart DGW 2/13 Bibliography - 2

Discussion Paper E-97-05, Cambridge, MA, Kennedy School of Government, HarvardUniversity.

Agrawala, Shardul (1998a). “Context and Early Origins of the Intergovernmental Panel forClimate Change.” Climatic Change 39: 605-20.

Agrawala, Shardul (1998b). “Structural and Process History of the Intergovernmental Panel forClimate Change.” Climatic Change 39: 621-42.

Agrawala, Shardul (1999a). “Early Science-Policy Interactions in Global Climate Change:Lessons from the Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases.” Global Environmental Change9(2): 157-69.

Agrawala, Shardul (1999b). Science Advisory Mechanisms in Multilateral Decisionmaking:Three Models from the Global Climate Change Regime. Diss., Princeton University.

Ahlmann, H.W. (1952). “Glacier Variations and Climatic Fluctuations.” Bowman MemorialLectures, American Geographical Society Ser. 3, no. 1.

Ahmed, Moinuddin, et al. (2013). “Continental-Scale Temperature Variability During the PastTwo Millennia.” Nature Geoscience 6: 339-46 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1797].

Albrecht, Bruce A. (1989). “Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness.” Science245: 1227-30.

Aldrich, L.B., and W.H. Hoover (1954). Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, SmithsonianInstitution 7: 1-184.

Alexander, Tom (1974). “Ominous Changes in the World’s Weather.” Fortune, Feb., pp. 90-95,142-52.

Allen, M.R., et al. (2006). “Quantifying Anthropogenic Influence on Recent near-SurfaceTemperature Change.” Surveys in Geophysics 27: 491–544 [doi:10.1007/s10712-006-9011-6].

Allen, Robert J., and Steven C. Sherwood (2008). “Warming Maximum in the Tropical UpperTroposphere Deduced from Thermal Wind.” Nature Geoscience 1: 399 403[doi:10.1038/ngeo208].

Alley, Richard B., et al. (1993). “Abrupt Increase in Snow Accumulation at the End of theYounger Dryas Event.” Nature 362: 527-29.

Alley, Richard B., et al. (1995). “Comparison of Deep Ice Cores.” Nature 373: 393-94.Alley, Richard B. (1998). “Palaeoclimatology: Icing the North Atlantic.” Nature 392: 335-37.Alley, Richard B. (2000). The Two-Mile Time Machine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University

Press.Alley, Richard B., et al. (2003). “Abrupt Climate Change.” Science 299: 205-10

[doi:10.1126/science.1081056].Alley, Richard B., et al. (2005). “Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level Changes.” Science 310: 456-60 [doi:

10.1126/science.1114613].Alvarez, Luis W., et al. (1980). “Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.”

Science 208: 1095-1108.Alvarez, Walter, et al. (1984). “The End of the Cretaceous: Sharp Boundary or Gradual

Transition?” Science 223: 1183-86.

American Meteorological Society (2013). “Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate


Perspective, Special Supplement.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol.94, no. 9, online at http://www.ametsoc.org/2012extremeeventsclimate.pdf.

American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Interface Between Psychology andGlobal Climate Change (2009). Psychology and Global Climate Change: Addressing aMulti-Faceted Phenomenon and Set of Challenges. http://www.apa.org/science/about/publications/climate-change.aspx.

Anderegg, William R. L., et al. (2010). “Expert Credibility in Climate Change.” Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences 107 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1003187107] online athttp://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/06/04/1003187107.abstract.

Anderson, Christopher (1992). “How Much Green in the Greenhouse?” Nature 356: 369.Anderson, Theodore L., Robert J. Charlson, Stephen E. Schwartz, et al. (2003) “Climate Forcing

by Aerosols—a Hazy Picture.” Science 300: 1103-04.

2Anderson, Neil R., and Alexander Malahoff, Eds. (1977). The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO in theOceans. New York: Plenum.

Andreae, Meinrat O. (1996). “Raising Dust in the Greenhouse.” Nature 380: 389-90.Andreae, Meinrat O. (2001). “The Dark Side of Aerosols.” Nature 409: 671-72.Andreae, Meinrat O., et al. (2005). “Strong Present-Day Aerosol Cooling Implies a Hot Future.”

Nature 435: 1187-90 [doi: 10.1038/nature03671].Andresen, Steinar, and Shardul Agrawala (2002). “Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making

of the Climate Regime.” Global Environmental Change 12 41-51.Andrews, John T. (2006). “Glaciers, Oceans, Atmosphere and Climate.” In Glacier Science and

Environmental Change, edited by Peter G. Knight, pp. 96-113. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Andrews, T., et al. (2012). “ Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity in CMIP5 Coupled

Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Models.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L09712[doi:10.1029/2012GL051607].

Andrist, Ralph K. (1960). “Footprints of the Great Ice.” American Heritage 11 (online atwww.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1960/3/1960_3_40.shtml).

Ångström, Anders (1922). “Solar Constant, Sun-Spots and Solar Activity.” Astrophysical J. 55:24-29.

Ångström, Anders (1929). Geografiska Annaler 11: 156-.Ångström, Anders (1970). “Apparent Solar Constant Variations and Their Relation to the

Variability of Atmospheric Transmission.” Tellus 22(2): 205-18.Ångström, Knut (1900). “Über die Bedeutung des Wasserdampfes und der Kohlensaüres Bei der

Absorption der Erdatmosphäre.” Annalen der Physik 4(3): 720-32. Published online vol.308(12): 720-32 (2006) [doi:10.1002/andp.19003081208]

Annan, James D., and Julia C. Hargreaves (2006). “Using Multiple Observationally-BasedConstraints to Estimate Climate Sensitivity.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L06704[doi: 10.1029/2005GL025259].

Anthes, Richard (1986). “Summary of Workshop on the NCAR Community Climate/ForecastModels, 14-26 July 1985, Boulder, Colorado.” Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety 67: 194-98.

Antilla, Liisa (2005). “Climate of Scepticism: US Newspaper Coverage of the Science ofClimate Change.” Global Environmental Change 15: 338–52.


Antilla, Liisa (2008). “Self-Censorship and Science: A Geographical Review of Media Coverageof Climate Tipping Points.” Public Understanding of Science 1: 1–17.

Appenzeller, Tim (1991). “Fire and Ice under the Deep-Sea Floor.” Science 252: 1790-92.Appenzeller, Ti, and Dennis R. Dimick (2004). “The Heat Is On.” National Geographic, Sept.,

pp. 12-75.Arakawa, Akio (1966). “Computational Design for Long-Term Numerical Integration of the

Equations of Fluid Motion: Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow. Part I.” J.Computational Physics 1: 119-43 (reprinted J. Comp. Phys. (1997) 135:103-14).

Arakawa, Akio (1970). “Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Atmospheric Motions.” InNumerical Solution of Field Problems in Continuum Physics (SIAM-AMS Conference)Vol. 2, pp. 24-40. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.

Arakawa, Akio, and Wayne Hoard Schubert (1974). “Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemblewith the Large-Scale Environment, Part I.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 674-701.

Arakawa, Akio (2000). “A Personal Perspective on the Early Years of General CirculationModeling at UCLA.” In General Circulation Model Development, edited by David A.Randall, pp. 1-65. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Arakawa, Akio, et al. (1994). “Yale Mintz, Atmospheric Sciences: Los Angeles.” In Universityof California: In Memoriam, 1993. Oakland, CA: University of California Senate (onlineathttp://sunsite.berkeley.edu:2020/dynaweb/teiproj/uchist/inmemoriam/inmemoriam1993/).

Archer, D., and B. Buffet (2005). “Time-Dependent Response of the Global Ocean ClathrateReservoir to Climatic and Anthropogenic Forcing.” Geochemistry, Geophysics andGeosystems 6: Q03002 [doi:10.1029/2004GC000854].

Archer, David, and Raymond T. Pierrehumbert (Eds.) (2011) The Warming Papers: TheScientific Foundation for the Climate Change Forecast. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Arneth, Almut, et al. (2009). “Clean the Air, Heat the Planet?” Science 326: 672-73[doi:10.1126/science.1181568].

Arnold, J.R., and W.F. Libby (1949). “Age Determinations by Radiocarbon Content: Checkswith Samples of Known Age.” Science 110: 678-80.

Arnold, James R., and Ernest C. Anderson (1957). “The Distribution of Carbon-14 in Nature.”Tellus 9: 28-32.

Arnold, Neil (2002). “Solar Variability, Coupling between Atmospheric Layers and ClimateChange.” Phil. Transactions of the Roy. Soc. Lond. 360: 2787-2804[doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.1091].

Arnone, John A., III, et al. (2008). “Prolonged Suppression of Ecosystem Carbon DioxideUptake after an Anomalously Warm Year.” Nature 455: 383-87[doi:10.1038/nature07296].

Arrhenius, Gustaf (1997). “Carbon Dioxide Warming of the Early Earth.” Ambio 26: 12-16.Arrhenius, Svante (1896). “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon the Temperature

of the Ground.” Philosophical Magazine 41: 237-76.Arrhenius, Svante (1901a). “Über die Wärmeabsorption Durch Kohlensäure und Ihren Einfluss

auf die Temperatur der Erdoberfläche.” Förhandlingar Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens58: 25-58.


Arrhenius, Svante (1901b). "Über die Wärmeabsorption durch Kohlensäure." Annalen derPhysik 4: 690-705.

Arrhenius, Svante (1908). Worlds in the Making. New York: Harper & Brothers.Arrigo, Kevin R. (2007). “Marine Manipulations.” Nature 450: 491-92.Aspray, William (1990). John Von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing. Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press.Aston, Adam, and Burt Helm (2005). “The Race against Climate Change.” Business Week (12

December), pp. 59-66.Atkins, G.L. (1969). Multicompartment Models for Biological Systems. London: Methuen.Atwood, Margaret (2003). Oryx and Crake. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Atwood, Margaret (2009). The Year of the Flood. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Ausubel, Jesse H. (1983). “Annex 2: Historical Note.” In Changing Climate. Report of the

Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, edited by Commission on Physical SciencesNational Research Council, Mathematics, and Resources. Board on Atmospheric Scienceand Climate, pp. 488l-91. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Ayers, Greg P., and Jill M. Cainey (2007). “The CLAW Hypothesis: A Review of the MajorDevelopments.” Environmental Chemistry 4: 366-74 [doi:10.1071/EN07080] online athttp://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EN07080.pdf.

Babiker, Mustafa, et al. (2002). “The Evolution of a Climate Regime: Kyoto to Marrakech andBeyond.” Environmental Science & Policy 5: 195-206 [doi:10.1016/S1462-9011(02)00035-7].

Badash, Lawrence (2001). “Nuclear Winter: Scientists in the Political Arena.” Perspectives inPhysics 3: 76-105.

Badash, Lawrence (2009). A Nuclear Winter's Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bader, D., et al. (2005). “A U.S. Interagency Distributed Climate Modeling Project.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 309-10.

Baer, F., et al., Eds. (1991). Climate in Human Perspective: A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Bailes, Kendall E. (1990). Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions: V.I. Vernadskyand His Scientific School, 1863-1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Balco, Greg (1999). “Hot Air and Congress.” Eos, Transactions of the American GeophysicalUnion 80(29): 320.

Baldwin, Betty, et al. (1976). “Stratospheric Aerosols and Climatic Change.” Nature 263: 551-55.

Baliunas, Sallie, Robert Jastrow (1990). “Evidence for Long-Term Brightness Changes of Solar-Type Stars.” Nature 348: 520-23.

Ball, R. J., and G. P. Robinson (1982). “The Origin of Haze in the Central United States and ItsEffect on Solar Radiation.” J. Applied Meteorology 21: 171-188.

Ballantyne, A. P., et al. (2012). “Increase in Observed Net Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Land andOceans During the Past 50 Years.” Nature 488: 70-72 [doi:10.1038/nature11299].

Ballard, J.G. (1962). The Drowned World. St. Paul, MN: Green Lion Books. Numerous reprints,e.g., NY: HarperPerennial, 2006.


Balmaseda, Magdalena A., et al. (2013). “Distinctive Climate Signals in Reanalysis of GlobalOcean Heat Content.” Geophysical Research Letters: 40: 1754-59[doi:10.1002/grl.50382].

Bamber, Jonathan L. , et al. (2009). “Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from aCollapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Science 324: 901-03[doi:10.1126/science.1169335].

Barber, D.C., et al. (1999). “Forcing of the Cold Event of 8,200 Years Ago by CatastrophicDrainage of Laurentide Lakes.” Nature 400: 344-48.

Bard, Edouard, et al. (1990). “Calibration of the 14C Timescale over the Past 30,000 YearsUsing Mass Spectrometric U-Th Ages from Barbados Corals.” Nature 345: 405-410.

Bard, Edouard (1999). “Ice Age Temperatures and Geochemistry.” Science 284: 1133-34.Bard, Edouard, et al. (2003). "Solar Irradiance During the Last 1200 Years Based on

Cosmogenic Nuclides." Tellus B 52: 985-92 [doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.d01-7.x].Bard, Edouard, and Martin Frank (2006). “Climate Change and Solar Variability: What’s New

under the Sun?” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248: 1-14[doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.016.

Barendsen, G. W., et al. (1957). “Yale Natural Radiocarbon Measurements III.” Science 126:908-19.

Barker, Stephen, et al. (2009). “Interhemispheric Atlantic Seesaw Response During the LastDeglaciation.” Nature 457: 1097-1103 [doi:10.1038/nature07770].

Barnett, Jon (2001). Security and Climate Change (Tyndall Center Working Paper No. 7),Norwich, UK, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia17 pp. (online at http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp7.pdf)

Barnett, Tim P., et al. (2001). “Detection of Anthropogenic Climate Change in the World’sOceans.” Science 292: 270-74.

Barnett, Tim P., and Neil Adger (2005). Security and Climate Change: Towards an ImprovedUnderstanding, Oslo, Norway Workshop on Human Security and Climate Change(online at http://www.cicero.uio.no/humsec/papers/Barnett&Adger.pdf).

Barnett, Tim P., et al. (2005). “Penetration of Human-Induced Warming into the World’sOceans.” Science 309: 284-87 [doi: 10.1126/science.1112418].

Barnola, J.M., et al. (1987). “Vostok Ice Core Provides 160,000-Year Record of Atmospheric

2CO .” Nature 329: 408-.Barreis, David A., and Reid A. Bryson (1965). “Climatic Episodes and the Dating of the

Mississippian Cultures.” Wisconsin Archeologist, Dec., pp. 203-20.Barrett, Earl W. (1971). “Climate Change.” (Letter). Science 171: 983.Barrett, Earl W., and Helmut E. Landsberg (1975). “Inadvertent Weather and Climate

Modification.” CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 6: 15-90.Barrows, Timothy T., et al. (2007). “Absence of Cooling in New Zealand and the Adjacent

Ocean During the Younger Dryas Chronozone.” Science 318: 86-89[doi:10.1126/science.1145873].

Bartter, Martha A. (1988). The Way to Ground Zero: The Atomic Bomb in American ScienceFiction. New York: Greenwood.


Bates, J.R., et al., Eds. (1993). Understanding Climate: Selected Works of Yale Mintz. Hampton,VA: A. Deepak, Science & Technology Corp.

Battle, M., et al. (2000). “Global Carbon Sinks and Their Variability Inferred from Atmospheric

2O and [Delta] C.” Science 287: 2467-70.13

Bauch, Henning A., et al. (2000). “Siberian Shelf Sediments Contain Clues to PaleoclimateForcing.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 81(21): 233, 238.

Bauer, Eva, et al. (2003). “Assessing Climate Forcings of the Earth System for the PastMillennium.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1276-80 [doi:10.1029/2002GL016639].

Baxter, William Joseph (1953). Today’s Revolution in Weather. New York: InternationalEconomic Research Bureau.

Behrenfeld, Michael J., et al. (2006). “Climate-Driven Trends in Contemporary OceanProductivity.” Nature 444: 752-55 [doi:10.1038/nature05317].

Bell, P. R. (1982). “Methane Hydrate and the Carbon Dioxide Question.” In Carbon DioxideReview 1982, edited by William C. Clark, pp. 401-406. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Bellamy, Pat H., et al. (2005). “Carbon Losses from All Soils across England and Wales 1978-2003.” Nature 437: 245-48 [doi: 10.1038/nature04038].

Bello, Francis (1954). “Climate: The Heat May Be Off.” Fortune, Aug., p. 108ff.Bellouin, Nicolas, et al. (2005). “Global Estimate of Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing from

Satellite Measurements.” Nature 438: 1138-41 [doi: 10.1038/nature04348].Benarie, Michel (2000). “Aerosol Science and Military Research.” In History of Aerosol

Science. Proceedings of the Symposium... Vienna, Austria, 1999, edited by OthmarPreining and E. James Davis, pp. 147-50. Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Benestad, R. E. (2005). “A Review of the Solar Cycle Length Estimates.” Geophysical ResearchLetters 32: L15714 [doi:10.1029/2005GL023621].

Bengtsson, Lennart , et al. (2009). “Will Extratropical Storms Intensify in a Warmer Climate?”Journal of Climate 22: 2276–2301 [doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2678.1].

Bentley, C.R. (1982). “The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Diagnosis and Prognosis.” In CarbonDioxide Research Conference. Proceedings. Springfield, VA: NTIS.

2Bentley, Charles (1980). “Response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to CO Induced Climatic

2Warming.” In Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible CO -InducedClimate Change Vol. 2, pp. 1-. Washington, DC: Dept. of Energy.

Berger, A., and M.F. Loutre (2002). “An Exceptionally Long Interglacial Ahead?” Science 297:1287-88.

Berger, A. L. (1978). “Long-Term Variations of Caloric Insolation Resulting from the Earth’sOrbital Elements.” Quaternary Research 9: 139-67.

Berger, A. L. (1988). “Milankovitch Theory and Climate.” Reviews of Geophysics 26: 624-57.Berger, A.L. (1977). “Support for the Astronomical Theory of Climate Change.” Nature 269: 44-

45.Bergthorsson, P., et al. (1955). “Routine Forecasting with the Barotropic Model.” Tellus 7: 272-

76.Berner, R. A., et al. (1983). “The Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle and Its Effect on

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over the Past 100 Million Years.” American J. Science


283: 641-83.

2Berner, Robert A. (1991). “A Model for Atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic Time.” American J.Science 291: 339-76.

Berner, Robert A. (1995). “A.G. Högbom and the Development of the Concept of theGeochemical Carbon Cycle.” American J. Science 295: 491-95.

2Berner, Werner, et al. (1980). “Information on the CO Cycle from Ice Core Studies.”Radiocarbon 22: 227-35.

Best, A.I., et al. (2006). “Shallow Seabed Methane Gas Could Pose Coastal Hazard.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 213, 217.

Beuermann, Christiane, and Jill Jäger (1996). “Climate Change Politics in Germany.” In Politicsof Climate Change: A European Perspective, edited by Tim O’Riordan and Jill Jäger, pp.186-227. London: Routledge.

Bickel, J. Eric, and Lee Lane (2009). An Analysis of Climate Engineering as a Response toClimate Change, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Consensus Center, 57 pp., online athttp://fixtheclimate.com/.

Billett, Simon (2009). “Dividing Climate Change: Global Warming in the Indian Mass Media.”Climactic Change 99: 1-16 [doi:1007/s10584-009-9605-3].

Bindschadler, Robert A., and Charles R. Bentley (2002). “On Thin Ice?” Scientific American287, no. 6 (Dec.), 98-105.

Bindschadler, Robert A., Matt A. King, Richard B. Alley, et al. (2003). “Tidally ControlledStick-Slip Discharge of a West Antarctic Ice Stream.” Science 301: 1087-89.

Bindschadler, Robert A. (2006). “Hitting the Ice Sheets Where It Hurts.” Science 311: 1720-21[doi: 10.1126/science.1125226].

Bjerknes, Jacob (1966). “A Possible Response of the Atmospheric Hadley Circulation toEquatorial Anomalies of Ocean Temperature.” Tellus 18: 820-29.

Bjerknes, Jacob (1969). “Atmospheric Teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific.” MonthlyWeather Review 97: 163-72.

Bjerknes, V. (1921). “On the Dynamics of the Circular Vortex.” Geofysiske Publikasioner 2(4):1-88.

Blair, Thomas A. (1942). Climatology, General and Regional. New York: Prentice-Hall.Blackstock, Jason J., and Jane C. S. Long (2010). “The Politics of Geoengineering.” Science

327: 527 [doi:10.1126/science.1183877].Blake, Donald R., and F. Sherwood Rowland (1988). “Continuing Worldwide Increase in

Tropospheric Methane, 1978 to 1987.” Science 239: 1129-31.Blanchon, Paul, et al. (2009). “Rapid Sea-Level Rise and Reef Back-Stepping at the Close of the

Last Interglacial Highstand.” Nature 458: 881-84 [doi:10.1038/nature07933].Blankenship, D.D., et al. (1986). “Seismic Measurements Reveal a Saturated Porous Layer

beneath an Active Antarctic Ice Stream.” Nature 322: 54-57.Bloch, M. R. (1965). “A Hypothesis for the Change of Ocean Levels Depending on the Albedo

of the Polar Ice Caps.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1: 127-42.Bloom, A. Anthony, et al. (2010). “Large-Scale Controls of Methanogenesis Inferred from

Methane and Gravity Spaceborne Data.” Science 327: 322-25[doi:10.1126/science.1175176].


Bloom, A.L., et al. (1974). “Quaternary Sea Level Fluctuations on a Tectonic Coast: New230th/234u Dates from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea.” Quaternary Research 4: 185-205.

Bodansky, Daniel (1997). “The History and Legal Structure of the Global Climate ChangeRegime”. Potsdam, PIK. Report 21

Boehmer-Christiansen, Sonja (1994). “A Scientific Agenda for Climate Policy?” Nature 372:400-402.

Boer, G.J., et al. (1992). “Some Results from an Intercomparison of the Climates Simulated by14 Atmospheric General Circulation Models.” J. Geophysical Research 97: 12771-86.

Bolin, Bert (1952). “Studies of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” Advances inGeophysics 1: 87-118.

Bolin, Bert, and Erik Eriksson (1959). “Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Content of theAtmosphere and Sea Due to Fossil Fuel Combustion.” In The Atmosphere and the Sea inMotion, edited by Bert Bolin, pp. 130-42. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.

Bolin, Bert (1960). “On the Exchange of Carbon Dioxide between the Atmosphere and the Sea.”Tellus 12: 274-81.

Bolin, Bert, and C.D. Keeling (1963). “Large-Scale Atmospheric Mixing as Deduced from theSeasonal and Meridional Variations of Carbon Dioxide.” J. Geophysical Research 68:3899-3920.

Bolin, Bert (1970). “The Carbon Cycle.” Scientific American, Sept., pp. 125-32.Bolin, Bert (1972). “Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Pollution.” In Meteorological

Challenges: A History, edited by D.P. McIntyre, pp. 237-66. Ottawa: InformationCanada.

Bolin, Bert, and Robert J. Charlson (1976). “On the Role of the Tropospheric Sulfur Cycle in theShortwave Radiative Climate of the Earth.” Ambio 5: 47-54.

Bolin, Bert (1977). “Changes of Land Biota and Their Importance for the Carbon Cycle.”Science 196: 613-15.

Bolin, Bert, et al., Eds. (1979). The Global Carbon Cycle. SCOPE Report No. 13. New York:John Wiley.

Bolin, Bert, Ed. (1981). Carbon Cycle Modeling. SCOPE Report No. 16. New York: John Wiley.Bolin, Bert, et al., Eds. (1986). The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems.

SCOPE Report No. 29. Chichester: John Wiley.Bolin, Bert, et al. (1995). IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information

Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UNFCCC, Geneva, IPCC pp. 64.Bolin, Bert (2007). A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change. The Role of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bolle, Hans-Jürgen (2008). International Radiation Commissions 1896 to 2008: Research into

Atmospheric Radiation from IMO to IAMAS. IAMAS Publication Series No. 1.Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Online athttp://www.iamas.org/PDF%20files/IAMAS-PubSer-No1.pdf.

Bolle, Hans-Jürgen (2009). “20th Century Radiation Research: Photon Interactions fromMolecular Scale to Complex Structures.” In Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation(IRS 2008) CP1100., edited by Nakajima, Teruyaki, and Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, pp. 1-


6. Melville, NY: American Institute of Physics.Bonan, Gordon B., et al. (1992). “Effects of Boreal Forest Vegetation on Global Climate.”

Nature 359: 716-18 [doi:10.1038/359716a0].Bond, Gerard, et al. (1992). “Evidence for Massive Discharges of Icebergs into the North

Atlantic Ocean During the Last Glacial Period.” Nature 360: 245-49. Bond, Gerard, et al. (1993). “Correlations between Climate Records from North Atlantic

Sediments and Greenland Ice.” Nature 365: 143-47.Bond, Gerard C., et al. (1997). “A Pervasive Millenial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene

and Glacial Climates.” Science 278: 1257-66.Bond, Gerard C., et al. (2001). “Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the

Holocene.” Science 294: 2130-36 [doi:10.1126/science.1065680].Bond, Gerard (2006). “The Interaction of Glaciers and Oceans in the Context of Changing

Climate.” In Glacier Science and Environmental Change, edited by Peter G. Knight, pp.126-32. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Bond, Tami C., et al. (2013). “Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: AScientific Assessment.” Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres >vol: pp. [doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171].

Boos, William R. (2011). “Climate: Cold Winters from Warm Oceans.” Nature 471: 584-86[doi:10.1038/471584a].

Bord, Richard J., et al. (1998). “Public Perceptions of Global Warming: United States andInternational Perspectives.” Climate Research 11: 75-84.

Bord, Richard J., et al. (2000). “In What Sense Does the Public Need to Understand GlobalClimate Change?” Public Understanding of Science 9: 205-18.

Borisov, P. M. (1962). “The Problem of the Fundamental Amelioration of Climate.” IzvestiaVses. Geogr. Obshchestva (Voronezh) 94: 304-318.

Bostrom, Ann, et al. (1994). “What Do People Know About Climate Change? 1. MentalModels.” Risk Analysis 14: 959-70.

Bostrom, Nick, and Milan M. Cirkovic (Eds.) (2008) Global Catastrophic Risks. New York:Oxford University Press.

Boucher, Olivier (1999). “Air Traffic May Increase Cirrus Cloudiness.” Nature 397: 30-31.Bourke, W. (1974). “A Multi-Level Spectral Model. I. Formulation and Hemispheric

Integrations.” Monthly Weather Review 102: 687-701.Bousquet, Philippe, et al. (2000). “Regional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land and

Oceans since 1980.” Science 290: 1342-46.Bousquet, Philippe, et al. (2006). “Contribution of Anthropogenic Natural Sources to

Atmospheric Methane Variability.” Nature 443: 439-43 [doi: 10.1038/nature05132].Boville, Byron A., and Peter R. Gent (1998). “The NCAR Climate System Model, Version One.”

Journal of Climate 11: 1115-30.Bowen, G.J. (1966). “Oxygen Isotopes as Climatic Indicators.” Earth-Science Reviews 2: 199-

224.Bowen, Mark (2005). Thin Ice. Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World’s Highest

Mountains. New York: Henry Holt.Bowen, Mark (2007). Censoring Science: Inside the Political Attack on Dr. James Hansen and


the Truth of Global Warming. New York: Dutton.Box, J. E., et al. (2012). “Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo Feedback: Thermodynamics and

Atmospheric Drivers.” Cryosphere 6: 821-39 [doi:10.5194/tc-6-821-2012].Boykoff, Maxwell T., and Jules M. Boykoff (2004). “Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the

US Prestige Press.” Global Environmental Change 14: 125-36.Boykoff, Maxwell T. (2007). “Flogging a Dead Norm? Newspaper Coverage of Anthropogenic

Climate Change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006.” Area -Institute of British Geographers 39: 470-81 online athttp://ecology.botany.ufl.edu/adveco/downloads/Boykoff 2007.pdf.

Boykoff, Maxwell T., and Jules M. Boykoff (2007). “Climate Change and Journalistic Norms: ACase-Study of US Mass-Media Coverage.” Geoforum 38: 1190-1204[doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008], online athttp://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff07-geoforum.pdf.

Boykoff, Maxwell T. (2008). “Lost in Translation? United States Television News Coverage ofAnthropogenic Climate Change, 1995–2004.” Climatic Change 86: 1-11[doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9299-3].

Boykoff, Maxwell T. (2009). “We Speak for the Trees: Media Reporting on the Environment.”Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 431-57[doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.051308.084254].

Boykoff, Maxwell T. (2011). Who Speaks for the Climate? Making Sense of Media Reporting onClimate Change. Cambridge University Press.

2Boyle, E.A. (1988a). “Vertical Oceanic Nutrient Fractionation and Glacial/Interglacial COCycles.” Nature 331: 55-56.

Boyle, E.A. (1988b). “Cadmium: Chemical Tracer of Deepwater Paleoceanography.”Paleoceanography 3: 471-89.

Boyle, Edward A., and Lloyd D. Keigwin (1982). “Deep Circulation of the North Atlantic overthe Last 200,000 Years: Geochemical Evidence.” Science 218: 784-87.

Boyle, Edward A., and Lloyd D. Keigwin (1987). “North Atlantic Thermohaline CirculationDuring the Past 20,000 Years Linked to High-Latitude Surface Temperature.” Nature330: 35-40.

Boyle, T.C. (2000). A Friend of the Earth. New York: Viking.Bradley, Raymond S. (1985). Quaternary Paleoclimatology: Methods of Paleoclimatic

Reconstruction. Boston: Allen & Unwin.Bradley, Raymond S. (1999). Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary.

San Diego, CA: Harcourt Academic Press.Bradley, Raymond S. (2011). Global Warming and Political Intimidation: How Politicians

Cracked Down on Scientists as the Earth Heated Up. Amherst: University ofMassachusetts Press.

Bradley, Wilmot H. (1929). “The Varves and Climate of the Green River Epoch.” U.S.Geological Survey Professional Papers 158E: 85-110.

Brasseur, G. P., and E. Roeckner (2005). “Impact of Improved Air Quality on the FutureEvolution of Climate.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L23704[doi:10.1029/2005GL023902].


Bray, A.J. (1991). “The Ice Age Cometh. Remembering the Scare of Global Cooling.” PolicyReview, Fall, pp. 82-84.

Bray, J.R. (1959). “An Analysis of the Possible Recent Change in Atmospheric Carbon DioxideConcentration.” Tellus 11: 220-30.

2Breecker, D. O., et al. (2010). “Atmospheric CO Concentrations During Ancient GreenhouseClimates Were Similar to Those Predicted for A.D. 2100.” Publications of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 107: 576-80 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0902323106].

Breitmeier, Helmut, et al. (2006). Analyzing International Environmental Regimes: From CaseStudy to Database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Brenton, Tony (1994). The Greening of Machiavelli: The Evolution of InternationalEnvironmental Politics. London: Earthscan; Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Brimblecombe, Peter (1995). “History of Air Pollution.” In Composition, Chemistry, andClimate of the Atmosphere, edited by Hanwant B. Singh, pp. 1-18. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1957). “Application of Radiocarbon to Oceanography and ClimateChronology.” PhD Thesis, Columbia University, New York.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1960a). “Evidence for an Abrupt Change in Climate Close to11,000 Years Ago.” American J. Science 258: 429-48.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1960b). “Natural Radiocarbon in the Atlantic Ocean.” J.Geophysical Research 65: 2903-31.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1966). “Absolute Dating and the Astronomical Theory of Glaciation.”Science 151: 299-304 [doi:10.1126/science.159.3812.297].

Broecker, Wallace S. (1968). “In Defense of the Astronomical Theory of Glaciation.”Meteorological Monographs 8(30): 139-41.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1968). “Milankovitch Hypothesis Supported by Precise Dating ofCoral Reef and Deep-Sea Sediments.” Science 159: 297-300.

Broecker, Wallace S., and Jan van Donk (1970). “Insolation Changes, Ice Volumes and the O18Record in Deep-Sea Cores.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 8: 169-98.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1971). “Carbon Dioxide -- Man’s Unseen Artifact.” In Impingementof Man on the Oceans, edited by Donald W. Hood, pp. 287-324. New York: Wiley-International.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1975). “Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced GlobalWarming?” Science 189: 460-64.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1979). “Fate of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide and the Global CarbonBudget.” Science 206: 409-18.

Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1980). “Modeling the Radiocarbon System.” Radiocarbon 22: 565-98.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1981). “Geochemical Tracers and Ocean Circulation.” In Evolution ofPhysical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, edited by BruceA. Warren and Carl Wunsch, pp. 434-60. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1982a). “Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry.” Progess inOceanography 11: 151-97.

Broecker, Wallace S. (1982b). “Ocean Chemistry During Glacial Time.” Geochimica et


Cosmochimica Acta 46: 1689-1705.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1985). “Does the Ocean-Atmosphere System Have More Than One

Stable Mode of Operation?” Nature 315: 21-25.Broecker, Wallace S. (1987a). “Unpleasant Surprises in the Greenhouse?” Nature 328: 123-26.Broecker, Wallace S. (1987b). “The Biggest Chill.” Natural History, Oct., pp. 74-82.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1989). “Routing of Meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet During

the Younger Dryas Cold Episode.” Nature 341: 318-21.Broecker, Wallace S., and George H. Denton (1989). “The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere

Reorganizations in Glacial Cycles.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53: 2465-2501.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1990). “A Salt Oscillator in the Glacial Atlantic? I. The Concept.”

Paleoceanography 5: 469-77.Broecker, Wallace S., and George H. Denton (1990). “The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere

Reorganizations in Glacial Cycles.” Quaternary Science Reviews 9: 305-41.Broecker, Wallace S. (1991). “The Great Ocean Conveyor.” Oceanography 4: 79-89.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (1992). “Origin of the Northern Atlantic’s Heinrich Events.” Climate

Dynamics 6: 265-73.Broecker, Wallace S. (1995). The Glacial World According to Wally. Palisades, NY: Lamont-

Doherty Earth Observatory.Broecker, Wallace S. (1995). “Cooling the Tropics.” Nature 376: 212-13.Broecker, Wallace S. (1997). “Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate

2System: Will Man-Made CO Upset the Current Balance?” Science 278: 1582-88.Broecker, Wallace S. (1999). “Climate Change Prediction.” Science 283: 179.Broecker, Wallace S. (2000). “Converging Paths Leading to the Role of the Oceans in Climate

Change.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 25: 1-19.Broecker, Wallace S. (2004). “Future Global Warming Scenarios.” (Letter) Science 304: 388.Broecker, Wallace S. (2006). “Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?” Science 312:

1146-47.Broecker, Wallace S., and Robert Kunzig (2008). Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes

Reveal About the Current Threat—and How to Counter It. New York: Hill and Wang.Broecker, Wallace S., et al. (2010). “Putting the Younger Dryas Cold Event into Context.”

Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 1078-81 [doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.019].Broecker, Wally [Wallace S.] (2010). The Great Ocean Conveyor: Discovering the Trigger for

Abrupt Climate Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Brooks, C.E.P. (1922a). The Evolution of Climate. London: Benn (reprinted NY, AMS

Press,1978).Brooks, C.E.P. (1922b). “A Period of Warm Winters in Europe.” Meteorological Magazine,

June, pp. 203-05.Brooks, C.E.P. (1925). “The Problem of Mild Polar Climates.” Quarterly J. Royal

Meteorological Society 51: 83-94.Brooks, C.E.P. (1949, rev. ed.). Climate through the Ages: A Study of the Climatic Factors and

Their Variations. London: Benn.Brooks, C.E.P. (1950). “Selective Annotated Bibliography on Climatic Changes.”

Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography 1(4): 446-75.


Brooks, C.E.P. (1951). “Geological and Historical Aspects of Climatic Change.” In Compendiumof Meteorology, edited by Thomas F. Malone, pp. 1004-18. Boston: AmericanMeteorological Association.

Brooks, Harvey, and Alan McDonald (2000). “The International Institute for Applied SystemsAnalysis, the TAP Project, and the RAINS Model.” In Systems, Experts, and Computers.The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, edited by Thomas P. Hughesand Agatha C. Hughes, pp. 413-31. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Brown, Harrison (1954). The Challenge of Man’s Future. New York: Viking.Brown, Hugh A. (1948). Popular Awakening Concerning the Impending Flood, Published by the

author.Brückner, Eduard. (1890). Klimaschwankungen Seit 1700, Nebst Bemerkungen Über die

Klimaschwankungen der Diluvialzeit. Vienna: Hölzel.Brulle, Robert J., et al. (2012). “Shifting Public Opinion on Climate Change: An Empirical

Assessment of Factors Influencing Concern over Climate Change in the U.S., 2002-2010.” Climactic Change 112: 169-88 [doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0403-y].

Bryan, Frank (1986). “High-Latitude Salinity Effects and Interhemispheric ThermohalineCirculations.” Nature 323: 301-304.

Bryan, Kirk, and Michael D. Cox (1968). “A Nonlinear Model of an Ocean Driven by Wind andDifferential Heating. Parts I and II.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 25: 945-78.

Bryan, Kirk (1969a). “Climate and the Ocean Circulation. III. The Ocean Model.” MonthlyWeather Review 97: 806-27.

Bryan, Kirk (1969b). “A Numerical Method for the Study of the Circulation of the WorldOcean.” J. Computational Physics 4: 347-76.

Bryan, Kirk, et al. (1975). “A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model. Part II. The OceanicCirculation.” J. Physical Oceanography 5: 30-46.

2Bryan, Kirk, and Michael J. Spelman (1985). “The Ocean’s Response to a CO -InducedWarming.” J. Geophysical Research 90: 11,679-88.

Bryan, Kirk, et al. (1988). “Interhemispheric Asymmetry in the Transient Response of a Coupled

CO2Ocean–Atmosphere Model to a Forcing.” J. Physical Oceanography 18: 851-67 [doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<0851].

Bryden, Harry L., et al. (2005). “Slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at25EN.” Nature 438: 655-57 [doi: 10.1038/nature04385].

Bryson, Reid A. (1967). “Is Man Changing the Climate of the Earth?” Saturday Review, 1 April,pp. 52-55.

Bryson, Reid A. (1968). “<All Other Factors Being Constant...’ a Reconciliation of SeveralTheories of Climate Change.” Weatherwise 21: 56-61ff.

Bryson, Reid A., and David A. Barreis (1968). “Climatic Change and the Mill Creek Culture ofIowa.” J. Iowa Archeological Society 15-16: 1-358.

Bryson, Reid A., et al. (1970). “The Character of Late-Glacial and Postglacial Climatic Changes(Symposium, 1968).” In Pleistocene and Recent Environments of the Central GreatPlains (University of Kansas Department of Geology, Special Publication), edited byWakefield Dort, Jr. and J. Knox Jones, Jr., Vol. 3, pp. 53-74. Lawrence, Kan.: Universityof Kansas Press.


Bryson, Reid A., and Wayne M. Wendland (1970). “Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Pollution.”In Global Effects of Environmental Pollution, edited by S. F. Singer, pp. 130-38. NewYork: Springer-Verlag.

Bryson, Reid A. (1973). “Climatic Modification of Air Pollution, 2, the Sahelian Effect”.Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin - Madison Institute for Environmental Studies,Report 9

Bryson, Reid A. (1974). “A Perspective on Climatic Change.” Science 184: 753-60.Bryson, Reid A., and W.M. Wendland (1975). “Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Pollution.” In

The Changing Global Environment, edited by S.Fred Singer, pp. 139-47. Boston: Reidel.Bryson, Reid A., and Gerald J. Dittberner (1976). “A Non-Equilibrium Model of Hemispheric

Mean Surface Temperature.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 33: 2094-2106.Bryson, Reid A., and G.J. Dittberner (1977). “Reply.” Journal of Atmospheric Science 34:

1821024.Bryson, Reid A., and Thomas J. Murray (1977). Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World’s

Changing Weather. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Bryson, Reid A., and Brian M. Goodman (1980). “Volcanic Activity and Climatic Changes.”

Science 207: 1041-43.Brysse, Keynyn, et al. (2013). “Climate Change Prediction: Erring on the Side of Least Drama?”

Global Environmental Change 23: 327-37 [doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.008].Budd, William F. (1981). “The Importance of Ice Sheets in Long Term Changes of Climate and

Sea Level.” In Sea Level, Ice and Climatic Change. Proceedings of the Symposium... 7-8December 1979, edited by Ian Allison, pp. 441-471. Washington, DC: InternationalAssociation of Hydrological Sciences (publication no. 131).

Budd, William F., and I.N. Smith (1981). “The Growth and Retreat of Ice Sheets in Response toOrbital Radiation Changes.” In Sea Level, Ice and Climatic Change. Proceedings of theSymposium... 7-8 December 1979, edited by Ian Allison, pp. 369-409. Washington, DC:International Association of Hydrological Sciences (publication no. 131).

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1961). Heat and Water Balance Theory of the Earth’s Surface... And theProblem of the Transformation of Nature. Water-Heat Balance Symposium of the 3rdCongress of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1962). “Some Ways of Influencing the Climate. (in Russian).”Meteorologiia I Gidrologiia 2: 3-8.

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1968). “On the Origin of Glacial Epochs [in Russian].” Meteorologiia IGidrologiia 11.

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1969). “The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of theEarth.” Tellus 21: 611-19.

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1971). Climate and Life. Leningrad.Budyko, Mikhail I. (1972). “The Future Climate.” Eos, Transactions of the American

Geophysical Union 53: 868-74.Budyko, Mikhail I. (1974a). Izmeniya Klimata. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.Budyko, Mikhail I. (1974b). “Metod Vozdeystviya Na Klimat (Method of Influencing the

Climate).” Meteorologiia i Gidrologiia 2: 91-97.Budyko, Mikhail I., and I. L. Korol (1975). “Man’s Impact on the Global Climate.” In


Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations,Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421), edited by World Meteorological Organization (WMO), pp. 465-71. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Budyko, Mikhail I., and O. A. Drozdov (1976). “Man and Climate (in Russian).” VestnikLeningradskoyo Universiteta -- Geologiya-Geografiya 12(2): 33-41.

Budyko, Mikhail I. (1977). Climatic Changes. Translation of Izmeniia Klimata (Leningrad:Gidrometeoizdat, 1974). Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Burdick, Alan (2001). “Here Comes the Sun.” New York Times Magazine, 4 Feb., pp. 9-10.Burns, Stephen J., et al. (2011). “Milankovitch-Paced Termination II in a Nevada Speleothem?”

Geophysical Research Letters 38: L18701 [doi:10.1029/2011GL048560].Business Week (1976). “The World’s Climate Is Getting Worse.” Business Week, 2 Aug., p. 49.

2Business Week (1977). “CO Pollution May Change the Fuel Mix.” Business Week, 8 Aug., p.25.

Business Week (2006). “Global Warming.” Business Week no. 4014 (December 18), p. 102.Byers, Horace R. (1959). “Carl-Gustaf Rossby, the Organizer.” In The Atmosphere and the Sea

in Motion, edited by Bert Bolin, pp. 56-59. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.Byers, Horace R. (1974). “History of Weather Modification.” In Weather and Climate

Modification, edited by W.N. Hess, pp. 3-44. New York: John Wiley.Byers, Horace R. (1976). “The Founding of the Institute of Meteorology at the University of

Chicago.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 57: 1343-45.Byrne, Gerry (2003). “Sun Fuels Debate on Climate Change.” New Scientist, April 12, pp. 14-15.Calder, Nigel (1975). The Weather Machine. New York: Viking.Callendar, G.S. (1938). “The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on

Climate.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 64: 223-40.Callendar, G.S. (1939). “The Composition of the Atmosphere through the Ages.”

Meteorological Magazine 74: 33-39.Callendar, G.S. (1940). “Variations in the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in Different Air Currents.”

Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 66: 395-400.Callendar, G.S. (1941). “Infra-Red Absorption by Carbon Dioxide, with Special Reference to

Atmospheric Radiation.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 67: 263-75.Callendar, G.S. (1949). “Can Carbon Dioxide Influence Climate?” Weather 4: 310-14.Callendar, G.S. (1958). “On the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere.” Tellus 10: 243-

48.Callendar, G.S. (1961). “Temperature Fluctuations and Trends over the Earth.” Quarterly J.

Royal Meteorological Society 87: 1-12.Camill, P. (2005). “Permafrost Thaw Accelerates in Boreal Peatlands During Late-20th Century

Climate Warming.” Climatic Change 68: 135-52.Camp, Charles D., and Ka Kit Tung (2007). "Surface Warming by the Solar Cycle as Revealed

by the Composite Mean Difference Projection." Geophysical Research Letters 34:L14703 [doi:10.1029/2007GL030207].

Campbell, Donald T. (1974). “Evolutionary Epistemology.” In The Philosophy of Karl Popper,edited by P.A. Schilpp, pp. 413-63. La Salle, IL: Open Court.

Campbell, Kurt M., et al. (2007). The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National


Security Implications of Global Climate Change. Washington, DC.: Center for Strategic& International Studies.

2Canadell, Josep G., et al. (2007). “Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO Growth fromEconomic Activity, Carbon Intensity, and Efficiency of Natural Sinks.” Publications ofthe National Academy of Sciences 104: 18866-70 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0702737104].

Cane, Mark A., and Michael Evans (2000). “Do the Tropics Rule?” Science 290: 1107-8.Carey, John (2004). “Global Warming.” Business Week, 16 Aug., pp. 60-69. Carson, D.J. (1999).

“Climate Modeling: Achievement and Prospects.” Quarterly J. Royal MeteorologicalSociety 125: 1-27.

Carey, John (2007). “Climate Wars: Episode Two.” Business Week no. 4031 (April 23), pp. 90-92.

Carter, D.J.T., and L. Draper (1988). “Has the North-East Atlantic Become Rougher?” Nature332: 494.

Carvalho, Anabela, and Jacquelin Burgess (2005). “Cultural Circuits of Climate Change in UKBroadsheet Newspapers, 1985-2003.” Risk Analysis 25: 1457-69 [doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00692.x].

Cerling, Thure E. (1991). “Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere; Evidence from Cenozoic andMesozoic Paleosols.” American Journal of Science 291: 377-400.

2Cess, Robert D., and Gerald L. Potter (1984). “A Commentary on the Recent CO -ClimateControversy.” Climatic Change 6: 365-76.

Cess, Robert D., et al. (1989). “Interpretation of Cloud-Climate Feedback as Produced by 14Atmospheric General Circulation Models.” Science 245: 513-16.

Cess, Robert D., et al. (1990). “Intercomparison and Interpretation of Climate FeedbackProcesses in 19 Atmospheric General Circulation Models.” J. Geophysical Research 95:16601-15.

Cess, Robert D., et al. (1995). “Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds: Observations Vs.Models.” Science 267: 496-99.

Chagnon, Stanley A., et al. (1992). “Shifts in Perception of Climate Change: A DelphiExperiment Revisited.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 73(10): 1623-27.

Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1897). “A Group of Hypotheses Bearing on Climatic Changes.” J.Geology 5(653-83).

Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1898). “The Influence of Great Epochs of Limestone Formation Uponthe Constitution of the Atmosphere.” J. Geology 6: 609-21.

Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1899). “An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause ofGlacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis.” J. Geology 7: 545-84, 667-85, 751-87.

Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1906). “On a Possible Reversal of Deep-Sea Circulation and ItsInfluence on Geologic Climates.” J. Geology 14: 363-73.

Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1923). “Study of the Fundamental Problems of Geology.” CarnegieInstitution Year Book 22: 325, 330-32.

Chambers, F.M., and S.A. Brain (2002). “Paradigm Shifts in Late-Holocene Climatology?” TheHolocene 12(2): 239-49.

Chambers, Frank, and Michael Ogle (Eds.) (2002) Climate Change: Critical Concepts in the


Environment and Physical Geography (4 Vols.) London and New York: Rutledge.Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1950). Radiative Transfer. Oxford: Clarendon.Chang, Hai, et al. (2009). “Ice Age Terminations.” Science 326: 248-52

[doi:10.1126/science.1177840].Chapin, F.S., III, et al. (2005). “Role of Land-Surface Changes in Arctic Summer Warming.”

Science 310: 657-60 [doi: 10.1126/science.1117368].Chapman, Sydney (1959). Igy: Year of Discovery. The Story of the International Geophysical

Year. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Chappellaz, J., et al. (1990). “Ice-Core Record of Atmospheric Methane over the Past 160,000

Years.” Nature 345: 127-31.

4 2 Chappellaz, J., et al. (1997). “CH and Delta- O of O Records from Antarctic and Greenland18

Ice: A Clue for Stratigraphic Disturbance in the Bottom Part of the Greenland Ice CoreProject and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Cores.” J. Geophysical Research102(C12): 26547-57.

Charlock, Thomas P., and William D. Sellers (1980). “Aerosol Effects on Climate: Calculationswith Time-Dependent and Steady-State Radiative-Convective Models.” J. AtmosphericSciences 37: 1327-41.

Charlock, Thomas P., et al. (1993). “Review of Recent Research on the Climatic Effect ofAerosols.” In Aerosol Effects on Climate, edited by S. Gerard Jennings, pp. 233-74.Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Charlson, Robert J., et al. (1972). “Aerosol Concentrations: Effect on Planetary Temperatures(Exchange of Letters).” Science 175: 96.

Charlson, Robert J., et al. (1987). “Oceanic Phytoplankton, Atmospheric Sulphur, Cloud Albedoand Climate.” Nature 326: 655-61.

Charlson, Robert J., et al. (1990). “Sulphate Aerosol and Climate.” Nature 348: 22.Charlson, Robert J., et al. (1991). “Perturbation of the Northern Hemisphere Radiative Balance

by Backscattering from Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols.” Tellus 43AB: 152-63.Charlson, Robert J., et al. (1992). “Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols.” Science 255:

423-30.Charlson, Robert J., and Tom M. L. Wigley (1994). “Sulfate Aerosol and Climate Change.”

Scientific American, Feb., pp. 48-57.Charlson, Robert J. (1998). “Direct Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols: The

Arrhenius Paradigm a Century Later.” In The Legacy of Svante Arrhenius. Understandingthe Greenhouse Effect, edited by Henning Rodhe and Robert Charlson, pp. 59-71.Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Charlson, Robert J. (2005). “A Stone Age Greenhouse.” Nature 438: 165-66.Charney, Jule G. (1949). “On a Physical Basis for Numerical Prediction of Large-Scale Motions

in the Atmosphere.” J. Meteorology 6: 371-85.Charney, Jule G., and A. Eliassen (1949). “A Numerical Method for Predicting the Perturbations

of the Middle Latitude Westerlies.” Tellus 1: 38-54.Charney, Jule G., et al. (1950). “Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation.”

Tellus 2: 237-54.Charney, Jule G. (1975). “Dynamics of Deserts and Drought in the Sahel.” Quarterly J. Royal


Meteorological Society 101: 193-202.Charnock, Henry (1998). “Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions.” In Sciences of the Earth. An

Encyclopedia of Events, People, and Phenomena, edited by Gregory A. Good, Vol. 2, pp.623-25. New York: Garland.

Chen, J.L., et al. (2006). “Satellite Gravity Measurements Confirm Accelerated Melting ofGreenland Ice Sheet.” Science 313: 1958-60 [doi:10.1126/science.1129007].

Chiang, John C. H., and Athanasios Koutavas (2004). “Tropical Flip-Flop Connections.” Nature432: 684-85.

Chisholm, Sallie W. (2000). “Stirring Times in the Southern Ocean.” Nature 407: 685-87.Choat, Brendan, et al. (2012). “Global Convergence in the Vulnerability of Forests to Drought.”

Nature 491: 752-55 [doi:10.1038/nature11688].Christensen, T. R., T. Johansson, H. J. Åkerman, et al. (2004). “Thawing Sub-Arctic Permafrost:

Effects on Vegetation and Methane Emissions.” Geophysical Research Letters 31:L04501.

Christianson, Gale E. (1999). Greenhouse: The 200-Year Story of Global Warming. New York:Walker.

Christie, Maureen (2000). The Ozone Layer. A Philosophy of Science Perspective. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Christy, J.R., et al. (1997). “How Accurate Are Satellite “Thermometers”?” Nature 389: 342-43.Christy, John R., et al. (1998). “Analysis of the Merging Procedure for the MSU Daily

Temperature Time Series.” J. Climate 11: 2016-41.Church, John A., and Neil J. White (2006). “20th Century Acceleration in Global Sea-Level

Rise.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L01602 [doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.].Chylek, P., and James A. Coakley, Jr. (1974). “Aerosols and Climate.” Science 183: 75-77.Cicerone, Ralph J., et al. (1974). “Stratospheric Ozone Destruction by Man-Made

Chlorofluoromethanes.” Science 185: 1165-66.Cicerone, Ralph J. (1999). “Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System.” In Atmospheric

Chemistry and Global Change, edited by Guy P. Brasseur, et al., pp. 19-20. New York:Oxford University Press.

Cicerone, Ralph J. (2003). “Response on Receiving Roger Revelle Medal.” Eos, Transactions ofthe American Geophysical Union 84(9): 80.

Clark, David A., Stephen C. Piper, Charles D. Keeling, et al. “Tropical Rain Forest Tree Growthand Atmospheric Carbon Dynamics Linked to Interannual Temperature Variation During1984-2000.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (2003): 5852-57.

Clark, P.U., et al. (2002). “Sea-Level Fingerprinting as a Direct Test for the Source of GlobalMeltwater Pulse Ia.” Science 295: 2438-41.

Clark, Peter U., et al. (1999). “Northern Hemisphere Ice-Sheet Influences on Global ClimateChange.” Science 286: 1104-11.

Clark, Peter U., et al. (2008). Abrupt Climate Change. A Report by the U.S. Climate ChangeScience Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Synthesis andAssessment Product Sap 3.4. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.

Clark, Stuart (2010). “Quiet Sun Puts Europe on Ice.” New Scientist 206, no. 2756 (April 17-23),pp. 6-7.


Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth (1920, 4th ed.). The Data of Geochemistry. Washington, DC: Govt.Printing Office.

Clement, Amy C., et al. (2009). “Observational and Model Evidence for Positive Low-LevelCloud Feedback.” Science 325: 460-64 [doi:10.1126/science.1171255].

CLIMAP, CLIMAP project members (1981). “Seasonal Reconstruction of the Earth’s Surface atthe Last Glacial Maximum”. Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America Map and ChartSeries MC-36

CLIMAP, CLIMAP project members (1984). “The Last Interglacial Ocean.” QuaternaryResearch 21: 123-224.

CLIMAP project members (A. McIntyre, et al.) CLIMAP (1976). “The Surface of the Ice-AgeEarth.” Science 191: 1131-37.

Cline, R.M., and J.D. Hays, Eds. (1976). Investigation of Late Quaternary Paleooceanographyand Paleoclimatology. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Memoir 145.

Cliver, E.W., et al. (1998). “Solar Variability and Climate Change: Geomagnetic Aa Index andGlobal Surface Temperature.” Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1035-38.

CNA corporation, Military Advisory Board (Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, chair) (2007). NationalSecurity and the Threat of Climate Change, Alexandria, VA, CNA corporation pp. 35.

Coakley, James A., Jr., and P. Chylek (1975). “The Two-Stream Approximation in RadiativeTransfer: Including the Angle of the Incident Radiation.” J. Atmospheric Sciences32(409-18).

Coakley, James A., Jr., et al. (1983). “The Effect of Tropospheric Aerosols on the Earth’sRadiation Budget: A Parameterization for Climate Models.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 40:116-38.

Coakley, James A., Jr., et al. (1987). “Effect of Ship-Stack Effluents on Cloud Reflectivity.”Science 237: 1020-22.

Coate, Kenneth H., et al. (1996). “A Massive Phytoplankton Bloom Induced by an Ecosystem-Scale Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.” Nature 383: 495-501.

Cobb, William E., and Howard J. Wells (1970). “The Electrical Conductivity of Ocean Air andIts Correlation to Global Atmospheric Pollution.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 27: 814-19.

COHMAP, COHMAP project members (1988). “Climatic Changes of the Last 18,000 Years:Observations and Model Simulations.” Science 241: 1043-52.

Colinvaux, Paul A. (1964). “Origin of Ice Ages: Pollen Evidence from Arctic Alaska.” Science145: 707-08.

Coll, Steve (2012). Private Empire. ExxonMobil and American Power. New York: PenguinPress.

Colón, Ferdinand (1960). The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus, by His Son, Ferdinand.London: Folio Society.

Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (1969). Our Nation and the Sea. APlan for National Action. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office(online at http://www.lib.noaa.gov/edocs/stratton/).

Commoner, Barry (1966). Science and Survival. London: Gollancz.Conover, John H. (1966). “Anomalous Cloud Lines.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 23: 778-85.


Conservation Foundation, The (1963). Implications of Rising Carbon Dioxide Content of theAtmosphere. New York: The Conservation Foundation.

Conway, Erik (in press). A History of Atmospheric Science at NASA (Draft Title). Baltimore,MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cook, J. Gordon (1957). Our Astonishing Atmosphere. New York: Dial.Cook, John, et al. (2013). “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the

Scientific Literature.” Environmental Research Letters 8: 024024 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024] online at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/2/024024/article.

Coon, Carleton S. (1953). “Climate and Race.” In Climatic Change, edited by Harlow Shapley,pp. 13-34. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Coope, G. Russell, et al. (1971). “Fossil Coleoptera as Indicators of Climatic FluctuationsDuring the Last Glaciation in Britain.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 10: 87-101.

Coope, G. Russell (1977). “Fossil Coleopteran Assemblages as Sensitive Indicators of ClimaticChanges During the Devensian (Last) Cold Stage.” Philosophical Transactions of theRoyal Society of London B280: 313-40.

Corfee-Morlot, Jan, et al. (2008). “Global Warming in the Public Sphere.” PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society A 365: 2741-76 [DOI:10.1098/rsta.2007.2084].

Coughlan, R. (1950). “That Infernal Weather.” Life, 31 July, pp. 74-76+.Coumou, Dim, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2012). “A Decade of Weather Extremes.” Nature Climate

Change 2: 491-96 [doi:10.1038/nclimate1452].Council on Environmental Quality (1970). “Man’s Inadvertent Modification of Weather and

Climate.” (Chapter 5 of the First Annual Report of the Council on EnvironmentalQuality, Aug. 1970, pp. 93-104). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 51:1043-47.

Council on Environmental Quality (1980). The Global 2000 Report to the President of the U.S.Vol. 2, the Technical Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.

Couzin, Jennifer (1999). “Landscape Changes Make Regional Climate Run Hot and Cold.”Science 283: 317-19.

Cowen, Robert C. (1960). Frontiers of the Sea: The Story of Oceanographic Exploration.Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Cowtan, Kevin, and Robert G. Way (2013). “Coverage Bias in the HadCRUT4 TemperatureSeries and Its Impact on Recent Temperature Trends.” Quarterly J. RoyalMeteorological Society : [doi:10.1002/qj.2297].

Cox, John D. (2005). Climate Crash. Abrupt Climate Change and What It Means for OurFuture. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Cox, M.D. (1975). “A Baroclinic Numerical Model of the World Ocean: Preliminary Results.”In Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation, edited by R.O. Reid, et al., pp. 107-18. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Cox, Peter M., et al. (2000). “Acceleration of Global Warming Due to Carbon-Cycle Feedbacksin a Coupled Climate Model.” Nature 408: 184-87.

Cox, Peter M., et al. (2008). “Increasing Risk of Amazonian Drought Due to Decreasing AerosolPollution.” Nature 453: 212-15 [doi:10.1038/nature06960].


2Cox, Peter, and Chris Jones (2008). “Illuminating the Modern Dance of Climate and CO .”Science 321: 1642-44 [doi:10.1126/science.1158907].

Craig, H.B., and C.C. Chou (1982). “Methane: The Record in Polar Ice Cores.” GeophysicalResearch Letters 9: 1221-24.

Craig, Harmon (1954). “Carbon 13 in Plants and the Relationship between Carbon 13 andCarbon 14 Variations in Nature.” J. Geology 62: 115-49.

Craig, Harmon (1957a). “The Natural Distribution of Radiocarbon and the Exchange Times of

2CO between Atmosphere and Sea.” Tellus 9: 1-17.Craig, Harmon, Ed. (1957b). Proceedings. Conference on Recent Research in Climatology,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, March 25-26, 1957. La Jolla,CA: University of California Water Resurces Center, Contribution no. 8.

Crary, A. P., et al. (1955). “Evidences of Climate Change from Ice Island Studies.” Science 122:1171-73.

Crawford, Elisabeth (1996). Arrhenius: From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect. Canton,MA: Watson Publishing - Science History.

Crawford, Elisabeth (1997). “Arrhenius’ 1896 Model of the Greenhouse Effect in Context.”Ambio 26: 6-11.

Cressman, George P. (1996). “The Origin and Rise of Numerical Weather Prediction.” InHistorical Essays on Meteorology 1919-1995, edited by James R. Fleming, pp. 21-39.Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Crichton, Michael (2004). State of Fear. New York: HarperCollins.Croll, James (1864). “On the Physical Cause of the Change of Climate During Geological

Epochs.” Philosophical Magazine 28: 121-37.Croll, James (1875). Climate and Time in Their Geological Relations. A Theory of Secular

Changes of the Earth’s Climate. New York: Appleton.Croll, James (1886). Discussion on Climate and Cosmology. New York: Appleton.Crowe, P.R. (1971). Concepts in Climatology. New York: St. Martin’s.Crowley, Thomas J., and Gerald R. North (1991). Paleoclimatology. New York: Oxford

University Press.Crowley, Thomas J. (1992). “North Atlantic Deep Water Cools the Southern Hemisphere.”

Paleoceanography 7: 489-97.Crowley, Thomas J. (2000). “Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years.” Science 289:

270-77 [doi: 10.1126/science.289.5477.270].Crowley, Thomas J. (2000). “CLIMAP SSTs Re-Revisited.” Climate Dynamics 16: 241-55

online athttp://faculty.washington.edu/battisti/589paleo2005/Papers/Crowley_CLIMAP.pdf.

Crowley, Thomas J. (2002). “Cycles, Cycles Everywhere.” Science 295: 1473-74.Crucifix, Michel, and André Berger (2006). “How Long Will Our Interglacial Be?” Eos,

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 352-53.Crutzen, Paul J. (1970). “The Influence of Nitrogen Oxides on the Atmospheric Ozone Content.”

Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 96: 320-25.

2Crutzen, Paul J., et al. (1979). “Biomass Burning as a Source of the Atmospheric Gases CO, H ,

2 3N O, CH Cl, and COS.” Nature 282: 253-56.


Crutzen, Paul J., and John W. Birks (1982). “The Atmosphere after a Nuclear War: Twilight atNoon.” Ambio 11: 114-25.

Crutzen, Paul (2006). “Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contributionto Resolve a Policy Dilemma?” Climatic Change 77: 211-19 [doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y].

2Crutzen, Paul J., et al. (2008). “N O Release from Agro-Biofuel Production Negates GlobalWarming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8:389–95.

Cubasch, Ulrich, et al. (1992). “Time-Dependent Greenhouse Warming Computations with aCoupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model.” Climate Dynamics 8: 55-69[doi:10.1007/BF00209163].

Cuffey, Kurt M. (2004). “Into an Ice Age.” Nature 431: 133-34.Cunningham, Stuart A., et al. (2007). “Temporal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional

Overturning Circulation at 26.5EN.” Science 317: 935-38 [doi:10.1126/science.1141304].Curry, Ruth, Bob Dickson, Igor Yashayaev (2003). “A Change in the Freshwater Balance of the

Atlantic Ocean over the Past Four Decades.” Nature 426: 826-29.Curry, Judith A., et al. (2006). “Mixing Politics and Science in Testing the Hypothesis That

Greenhouse Warming Is Causing a Global Increase in Hurricane Intensity.” Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society 87: 1025-37 [doi:10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1025].

Curry, Judith A., et al. (1995). “Sea Ice-Albedo Climate Feedback Mechanism.” Journal ofClimate 9: 240-47.

Curry, Ruth, and Cecilie Mauritzen (2005). “Dilution of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean inRecent Decades.” Science 308: 1772-74 [doi: 10.1126/science.1109477].

Curry, W. B., and G. P. Lohmann (1982). “Carbon Isotope Changes in Benthic Foraminiferafrom the Western South Atlantic: Reconstruction of Glacial Abyssal CirculationPatterns.” Quaternary Research 18: 218-35.

Czerney, Franz von (1881). Die Veränderlichkeit des Klimas und Ihre Ursachen. Vienna.Dahan, Amy (2010). "Putting the Earth System in a Numerical Box? The Evolution from

Climate Modeling toward Global Change." Studies in History and Philosophy of ModernPhysics 41: 282-92 [doi:10/1016/j.shpsb.2010.08.002].

Dahan-Dalmedico, Amy (2001). “History and Epistemology of Models: Meteorology (1946-1963) as a Case Study.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 55: 395-422.

Dahan-Dalmedico, Amy (2007). “Models and Simulations in Climate Change. Historical,Epistemological, Anthropological and Political Aspects.” In Science without Laws:Model Systems, Cases, Exemplary Narratives, edited by Angela N. H. Creager, ElizabethLunbeck and M. Norton Wise, pp. 123-. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Dahan-Dalmedico, Amy (2008). “Climate Expertise: Between Scientific Credibility andGeopolitical Imperatives.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 33: 71-81[doi:10.1179/030801808X259961].

Dai, Aiguo (2011). “Drought under Global Warming: A Review.” Wiley InterdisciplinaryReviews: Climate Change 2: 45-65 [doi: 10.1002/wcc.81].

Dai, Aiguo (2012). “Increasing Drought under Global Warming in Observations and Models.”Nature Climate Change 3: 52-58 [doi:10.1038/nclimate1633].


Dalmedico, Amy Dahan SEE Dahan-Dalmedico, Amy.Damon, Paul E., and Steven M. Kunen (1976). “Global Cooling?” Science 193: 447-53.Damon, Paul E., and Steven M. Kunen (1978). “Reply to Letter Concerning the Paper <Global

Cooling?’” Climatic Change 1: 387-89.Damon, Paul E., and Peter Laut (2004). “Pattern of Strange Errors Plagues Solar Activity and

Terrestrial Climate Data.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 85, no.39: 370, 374.

Dansgaard, W. (1954). “The O18 Abundance in Fresh Water.” Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa 6: 241-60.

Dansgaard, W. (1964). “Stable Isotopes in Precipitation.” Tellus 16: 436-68.Dansgaard, Willi (2004, 2005). Frozen Annals: Greenland Ice Sheet Research. Copenhagen:

Dept. of Geophysics of the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen. Onlineat http://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/publications/FrozenAnnals.pdf/.

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1969). “One Thousand Centuries of Climatic Record from Camp Centuryon the Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 166: 377-81.

Dansgaard, W., and Henrik Tauber (1969). “Glacier Oxygen-18 Content and Pleistocene OceanTemperatures.” Science 166: 499-502.

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1971). “Climatic Record Revealed by the Camp Century Ice Core.” In TheLate Cenozoic Glacial Ages, edited by K. K. Turekian, pp. 37-56. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1972). “Speculations About the Next Glaciation.” Quaternary Research 2:396-98.

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1973). “Stable Isotope Glaciology.” Meddelelser om Grønland 197(2): 1-53.

Dansgaard, W., et al. (1982). “A New Greenland Deep Ice Core.” Science 218: 1273-77.Dansgaard, W., et al. (1989). “The Abrupt Termination of the Younger Dryas Climate Event.”

Nature 339: 532-34.Dansgaard, W., et al. (1993). “Evidence for General Instability of Climate from a 250-Kyr Ice-

Core Record.” Nature 364: 218-220.Dansgaard, W., et al. (1984). “North Atlantic Climatic Oscillations Revealed by Deep Greenland

Ice Cores.” In Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. (Geophysical Monograph 29,Maurice Ewing Vol. 5), edited by James E. Hansen and Taro Takahashi, pp. 288-98.Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

D’arge, Ralph C., and K.C. Kogiku (1973). “Economic Growth and the Environment.” Review ofEconomic Studies 40: 61-77.

2David, E.E., Jr. (1984). “Inventing the Future: Energy and the CO <Greenhouse’ Effect.” InClimate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. (Geophysical Monograph 29, Maurice EwingVol. 5), edited by James E. Hansen and Taro Takahashi, pp. 1-5. Washington, DC:American Geophysical Union.

Davidson, Keay (1999). Carl Sagan. A Life. New York: John Wiley.Davies, C.N. (1970). “Editorial.” J. Aerosol Science 1: 1.Davis, Curt H., et al. (2005). “Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates

Recent Sea-Level Rise.” Science 308: 1898-1901 [doi: 10.1126/science.1110662].


Davis, Mary E., et al. (1995). “Recent Ice Core Clmate Records from the Cordillera Blanca,Peru.” Annals of Glaciology 21: 225-30.

Davis, William Morris (1933). “Climate Changes and the Last Glacial Period.” Science Suppl.,10 March, p. 9.

Dawkins, Richard (1976, 2nd ed. 1989). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.de Vries, H. L. (1958). “Variation in Concentration of Radiocarbon with Time and Location on

Earth.” Proceedings Koninlijke Nederlandse Akademie Wetenschappen B, 61: 94-102.Deacon, G.E.R. (1957). “The Oceans.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by D.R. Bates,

pp. 74-87. New York: Basic Books.Defant, A. (1921). “Die Zirkulation der Atmosphäre in den Gemässigsten Breiten der Erde.”

Geografiska Annaler 3: 209-66.Del Genio, Anthony D., et al. (1991). “Simulations of the Effect of a Warmer Climate on

Atmospheric Humidity.” Nature 251: 382-85.

2Delmas, R. J., et al. (1980). “Polar Ice Evidence That Atmospheric CO 20,000 Yr BP Was 50%of Present.” Nature 284: 155-57.

deMenocal, Peter, et al. (2000). “Coherent High- and Low-Latitude Climate Variation Duringthe Holocene Warm Period.” Science 288: 2198-2202.

Denman, K.L., et al. (2007). “Couplings between Changes Inthe Climate System andBiogeochemistry.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited bySusan Solomon, et al., pp. 500-587. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge UniversityPress. Online at http://www.ipcc.ch/.

Dennett, Daniel C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. Evolution and the Meanings of Life. NewYork: Simon & Schuster.

Denton, George H., and Wibjörn Karlén (1973). “Holocene Climatic Variations--Their Patternand Possible Cause.” Quaternary Research 3: 155-205.

Denton, George H., and Terence J. Hughes (1981). The Last Great Ice Sheets. New York: Wiley.Denton, George H., et al. (2010). “The Last Glacial Termination.” Science 328: 1652-56

[doi:10.1126/science.1184119].Derwent, R. (1990). Trace Gases and Their Relative Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect.

Report AERE-R13716, Harwell, Oxon, UK, Atomic Energy Research Establishment.Deser, C., et al. (2012). “Communication of the Role of Natural Variability in Future North

American Climate.” Nature Climate Change 2: 775-79 [doi:10.1038/nclimate1562].Dessler, Andrew E., et al. (2008). “Water-Vapor Climate Feedback Inferred from Climate

Fluctuations, 2003–2008.” Geophysical Research Letters 35: L20704[doi:10.1029/2008GL035333].

Dessler, Andrew E., and Steven C. Sherwood (2009). “A Matter of Humidity.” Science 323:1020-21 [doi:10.1126/science.1171264].

Dessler, Andrew E. (2010). “A Determination of the Cloud Feedback from Climate Variationsover the Past Decade.” Science 330: 1523-27 [doi:10.1126/science.119254].

Detweiler, R. P., and Charles A. S. Hall (1988). “Tropical Forests and the Global Carbon Cycle.”Science 239: 42-47.

DeVorkin, David (1990). “Defending a Dream: Charles Greeley Abbot’s Years at the


Smithsonian.” J. for History of Astronomy 21: 121-36.Dick, Steven J. (1998). Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Dickens, Gerald R., J.R. O’Neil, D.K. Rea, et al. (1995). “Dissociation of Oceanic Methane

Hydrate as a Cause of the Carbon Isotope Excursion at the End of the Paleocene.”Paleoceanography 10: 965-71.

Dickens, Gerald R. (2003). “Rethinking the Global Carbon Cycle with a Large, Dynamic andMicrobially Mediated Gas Hydrate Capacitor.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 213:169-83 [doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00325-X].

Dickinson, R.E. (1975). “Solar Variability and the Lower Atmosphere.” Bulletin of the AmericanMeteorological Society 56: 1240-48.

Dickinson, Robert E., and Ralph J. Cicerone (1986). “Future Global Warming from AtmosphericTrace Gases.” Nature 319: 109-15.

Dickinson, Robert E., et al. (1989). “A Regional Climate Model for Western United States.”Climactic Change 15: 383-422.

Dickinson, Robert E. (1989). “Use of Numerical Models to Project Greenhouse Gas-InducedWarming in Polar Regions.” In Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and ClimateChange. Proceedings of a Joint Symposium, edited by Commission on Physical SciencesNational Research Council, Mathematics and Resources, Board on Atmospheric Sciencesand Climate, Committee on Global Change, pp. 98-102. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press.

Dickson, Andrew G. (1992). “The Development of the Alkalinity Concept in MarineChemistry.” Marine Chemistry 40: 49-63.

Dickson, Bob, Igor Yashayaev, Jens Meincke, et al. (2002). “Rapid Freshening of the DeepNorth Atlantic Ocean over the Past Four Decades.” Nature 416: 832-37.

Dines, W.H. (1917). “The Heat Balance of the Atmosphere.” J. Royal Meteorological Society43: 151-58.

Dingle, A. Nelson (1954). “The Carbon Dioxide Exchange between the North Atlantic Oceanand the Atmosphere.” Tellus 6: 342-350.

Dispensa, Jaclyn Marisa, and Robert J. Brulle (2003). “Media’s Social Construction ofEnvironmental Issues: Focus on Global Warming - a Comparative Study.” InternationalJournal of Sociology and Social Policy 23: 74-105.

Dlugokencky, E. J., et al. (2009). “Observational Constraints on Recent Increases in the

4Atmospheric CH Burden.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L18803[doi:10.1029/2009GL039780].

Doake, C.S.M., and D.G. Vaughan (1991). “Rapid Disintegration of the Wordie Ice Shelf inResponse to Atmospheric Warming.” Nature 350: 328-30.

Doake, C.S.M., et al. (1998). “Breakup and Conditions for Stability of the Northern Larsen IceShelf, Antarctica.” Nature 391: 778-80.

Doe, Bruce R. (1999). “A Potomac Perspective on the Growing Global Greenhouse.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80(1): 1, 4-5.

Doel, Ron (1996). Solar System Astronomy in America. Communities, Patronage andInterdisciplinary Science, 1920-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Doel, Ron (1997). “The Earth Sciences and Geophysics.” In Science in the Twentieth Century,edited by John Krige and Dominique Pestre, pp. 361-88. London: Harwood Academic.

Doel, Ron (2002). “Why Value History?” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union83(47): 544-45.

Doel, Ron (2003). “Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences: The Military’s Influence on theEnvironmental Sciences in American after 1945.” Social Studies of Science 33: 635-66.

Doel, Ronald E. (1998). “Geophysics in Universities.” In Sciences of the Earth. An Encyclopediaof Events, People, and Phenomena, edited by Gregory A. Good, Vol. 1, pp. 380-84. NewYork: Garland.

Doel, Ron (2002). “Why Value History?” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union83, no. 47: 544-45.

Doherty, Sarah J. (2009). “Initiative to Improve Process Representation in Chemistry-ClimateModels.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 206-207.

Dole, Malcolm (1936). “The Relative Atomic Weight of Oxygen in Water and in Air.” Journalof Chemical Physics 4: 268–75 [doi:10.1063/1.1749834].

Domestic Council, Environmental Resources Committee, Subcommittee on Climate Change(1974). A United States Climate Program. Washington, DC: Domestic Council.

Doney, Scott C. (2006). “Plankton in a Warmer World.” Nature 444: 695-96.Doney, Scott C., and David S. Schimel (2007). “Carbon and Climate System Coupling on

Timescales from the Precambrian to the Anthropocene.” In Annual Review ofEnvironment and Resources, Vol. 32, edited by Matson, Pamela A., and Ashok Gadgil,pp. 31-66. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Donn, W.L., and D.M. Shaw (1966). “The Heat Budgets of an Ice-Free and Ice-Covered ArcticOcean.” J. Geophysical Research 71: 1087-93.

Doran, P.T., and M. Kendall Zimmerman (2009). “Examining the Scientific Consensus onClimate Change.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 22-23[doi:10.1029/2009EO030002].

Dorrepaal, Ellen, et al. (2009). “Carbon Respiration from Subsurface Peat Accelerated byClimate Warming in the Subarctic.” Nature 460: 616-19 [doi:10.1038/nature08216].

Dörries, Matthias (2008). “The ‘Winter’ Analogy Fallacy:From Superbombs to Supervolcanoes.”History of Meteorology 4: 41-56.

Dörries, Matthias (2011). “The Politics of Atmospheric Sciences: ‘Nuclear Winter’ and GlobalClimate Change.” Osiris 26: 198-223.

Dotto, Lydia, and Harold Schiff (1978). The Ozone War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Douglass, Andrew Ellicott (1936). Climatic Cycles and Tree-Growth: A Study of the Annual

Rings of Trees in Relation to Climate and Solar Activity. Washington, DC: CarnegieInstitution of Washington.

Douglass, David H. , et al. (2008). “A Comparison of Tropical Temperature Trends with ModelPredictions.” International Journal of Climatology 28: 1693-1701[doi:10.1002/joc.1651].

Downs, Anthony (1972). “Up and Down with Ecology—the Issue-Attention Cycle.” PublicInterest 28: 38–50.

Dronia, Horst (1967). “Der Stadteinfluss Auf Den Weltweiten Temperaturtrend.”


Meteorologische Abhandlungen 74(4): 1-65.Drozdov, O. A. (1966). “On the Variation of Precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere with

Variation of the Temperature of the Polar Basin (in Russian).” Trudy GlavnoiGeofizicheskoi Observatorii (Leningrad) 138: 3-16.

Drysdale, R.N., et al. (2009). “Evidence for Obliquity Forcing of Glacial Termination II.”Science 325: 1527-31 [doi:10.1126/science.1170371].

Dubois, Eugene (1895). The Climates of the Geological Past and Their Relation to the Evolutionof the Sun. London: Sonnenschein.

Duce, R.A., et al. (1980). “Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Soil Dust from Asia to theTropical North Pacific: Temporal Variability.” Science 209: 1522-24.

Dunlap, Riley E., and Aaron M. McCright (2008). “A Widening Gap: Republican andDemocratic Views on Climate Change.” Environment (Sept./Oct.), online athttp://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/September-October%202008/dunlap-full.html.

Dunlap, Riley E. , and Peter J. Jacques (2013). “Climate Change Denial Books and ConservativeThink Tanks : Exploring the Connection.” American Behavioral Scientist 57: 699-731[doi:10.1177/0002764213477096] online athttp://abs.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/19/0002764213477096.

Dutton, A., and K. Lambeck (2012). “Ice Volume and Sea Level During the Last Interglacial.”Science 337: 216-19 [doi: 10.1126/science.1205749].

Dyer, James M. (1995). “Assessment of Climatic Warming Using a Model of Forest SpeciesMigration.” Ecological Modelling 79: 199-219 [doi:10.1016/0304-3800(94)00038-J].

Dyurgerov, Mark B., and Mark F. Meier (2000). “Twentieth-Century Climate Change: Evidencefrom Small Glaciers.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 1406-11.

Eady, E.T. (1957). “Climate.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by D.R. Bates, pp. 113-29. New York: Basic Books.

Easterling, David R., et al. (1997). “Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends for theGlobe.” Science 277: 364-67.

Easterling, David R., et al. (2000). “Observed Climate Variability and Change of Relevence tothe Biosphere.” J. Geophysical Research 105(D15): 20,101-20,114.

Economist (2000). “Beyond the Hague.” Economist, 2 Dec., pp. 19-20.Eddy, Jack A. (1975a). “The Case of the Missing Sunspots.” Bulletin of the American

Astronomical Society 7: 365.Eddy, Jack A. (1975b). In Proceedings of the Workshop: The Solar Constant and the Earth’s

Atmosphere, edited by H. Zirin and J. Walter, pp. 98-108. Big Bear City, CA: Big BearObservatory.

Eddy, Jack A. (1976). “The Maunder Minimum.” Science 192: 1189-1202.Eddy, Jack A. (1977a). “The Case of the Missing Sunspots.” Scientific American, May, pp. 80-

92.Eddy, Jack A. (1977b). “Climate and the Changing Sun.” Climatic Change 1: 173-90.Eddy, Jack A. (1977c). “Historical Evidence for the Existence of the Solar Cycle.” In The Solar

Output and Its Variation, edited by Oran R. White, pp. 51-71. Boulder, CO: ColoradoAssociated University Press.


Edwards, Paul N. (2000a). “The World in a Machine: Origins and Impacts of EarlyComputerized Global System Models.” In Systems, Experts, and Computers. The SystemsApproach in Management and Engineering, edited by Thomas P. Hughes and Agatha C.Hughes, pp. 221-53. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Edwards, Paul N. (2000b). “A Brief History of Atmospheric General Circulation Modeling.” InGeneral Circulation Model Development, edited by David A. Randall, pp. 67-90. SanDiego, CA: Academic Press.

Edwards, Paul N. (2001). “Representing the Global Atmosphere: Computer Models, Data, andKnowledge About Climate Change.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledgeand Environmental Governance, edited by Clark A. Miller and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 31-65. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Edwards, Paul N. (2004). “ 'A Vast Machine': Standards as Social Technology.” Science 304:827-28 [doi: 10.1126/science.1099290].

Edwards, Paul N., and Stephen H. Schneider (2001). “Self-Governance and Peer Review inScience-for-Policy: The Case of the IPCC Second Assessment Report.” In Changing theAtmosphere. Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, edited by Clark A.Miller and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 219-46. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Edwards, Paul N. (2010). A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics ofGlobal Warming. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Egbert, G.D., and R.D. Ray (2000). “Significant Dissipation of Tidal Energy in the Deep OceanInferred from Satellite Altimeter Data.” Nature 405: 775-78.

Ehhalt, D.H. (1974). “The Atmospheric Cycle of Methane.” Tellus 26: 58-70.Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich (1970). Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in

Human Ecology. San Francisco: Freeman.Ehrlich, Paul R., and J. P. Holdren (1971). “Impact of Population Growth.” Science 171: 1212-

14.Ehrlich, Paul R., et al. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco:

W.H. Freeman.Ehrlich, Paul R., et al. (1983). “Long-Term Biological Consequences of Nuclear War.” Science

222: 1293-1300.Ekholm, Nils (1901). “On the Variations of the Climate of the Geological and Historical Past

and Their Causes.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 27: 1-61.Ekström, Göran, et al. (2006). “Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial

Earthquakes.” Science 311: 1756-58 [doi: 10.1126/science.1122112].Eliasen, E., et al. (1970). On a Numerical Method for Integration of the Hydrodynamical

Equations with a Spectral Representation of the Horizontal Fields. Copenhagen: Institutfor Teoretisk Meteorologi, Köbenhavns Universitet.

Eliassen, Arnt, and Ernst Kleinschmidt (1957). “Dynamic Meteorology.” In Geophysik II (Vol.48 of Handbuch der Physik), edited by J. Bartels, pp. 1-154. Berlin: Springer.

Elliott, William P. (1977-89). Diaries (1977-1989), Elliott Papers on Carbon Dioxide andClimate Change, AIP.

Elsig, Joachim, et al. (2009). “Stable Isotope Constraints on Holocene Carbon Cycle Changesfrom an Antarctic Ice Core.” Nature 461 507-10 [doi: 10.1038/nature08393].


Elsner, James B., et al. (2008). “The Increasing Intensity of the Strongest Tropical Cyclones.”Nature 455: 92-95 [doi:10.1038/nature07234].

Emanuel, Kerry A. (1987). “The Dependence of Hurricane Intensity on Climate.” Nature 326:483-85.

Emanuel, Kerry A. (2005a). “Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30Years.” Nature 436: 686-88 [doi: 10.1038/nature03906].

Emanuel, Kerry A. (2005b). Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes. New York:Oxford University Press.

Emanuel, William R., et al. (1985). “Climatic Change and the Broad-Scale Distribution ofTerrestrial Ecosystem Complexes.” Climatic Change 7: 29-43.

Emiliani, Cesare (1955). “Pleistocene Temperatures.” J. Geology 63: 538-78.Emiliani, Cesare (1956). “Note on Absolute Chronology of Human Evolution.” Science 123:

924-26.Emiliani, Cesare (1957). “Temperature and Age Analysis of Deep-Sea Cores.” Science 125: 383-

87.Emiliani, Cesare (1958a). “Pleistocene Temperatures.” J. Geology 66: 264-.Emiliani, Cesare (1958b). “Ancient Temperatures.” Scientific American, Feb., pp. 54-63.Emiliani, Cesare, and Johannes Geiss (1959). “On Glaciations and Their Causes.” Geologisches

Rundschau 46: 576-601.Emiliani, Cesare (1966a). “Paleotemperature Analysis of Caribbean Cores... And a Generalized

Temperature Curve for the Past 425,000 Years.” J. Geology 74: 109-125.Emiliani, Cesare (1966b). “Isotopic Paleotemperatures.” Science 154: 851-57.Emiliani, Cesare (1969). “Interglacial High Sea Levels and the Control of Greenland Ice by the

Precession of the Equinoxes.” Science 166: 1503-04.Emiliani, Cesare (1972). “Quaternary Paleotemperatures and the Duration of High-Temperature

Intervals.” Science 178: 398-401.Emiliani, Cesare, et al. (1975). “Paleoclimatological Analysis of Late Quaternary Cores Form

the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico.” Science 189: 1083-88.Emiliani, Cesare (1980). “Ice Sheets and Ice Melts.” Natural History 89: 82-91.Emiliani, Cesare (1992). “Pleistocene Paleotemperatures.” Science 257: 1462.Engel, Leonard (1953). “The Weather Is Really Changing.” New York Times Magazine, 12 July,

p. 7ff.England, Matthew H., et al. (2014). “Recent Intensification of Wind-Driven Circulation in the

Pacific and the Ongoing Warming Hiatus.” Nature Climate Change 4: 222-27[doi:10.1038/nclimate2106].

EPICA community members (Eric Wolff, et al.) (2004). “Eight Glacial Cycles from an AntarcticIce Core.” Nature 429: 623-28.

EPICA community members (2006). “One-to-One Coupling of Glacial Climate Variability inGreenland and Antarctica.” Nature 444: 195-98 [doi:10.1038/nature05301].

Epstein, Samuel, et al. (1970). “Antarctic Ice Sheet: Stable Isotope Analyses of Byrd StationCores and Interhemispheric Climatic Implications.” Science 168: 1570-72.

Ereaut, Gill, and Nat Segnit (2006). Warm Words. How Are We Tellng the Climate Story andCan We Tell It Better?, London, Institute for Public Policy Research 32 pp. (online at


http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=485).Ericson, David B., et al. (1955). “Coiling Direction of Globorotalia Truncatulinoides in Deep-

Sea Cores.” Deep Sea Research 2: 152-58.Ericson, David B., et al. (1956). “Late-Pleistocene Climates and Deep-Sea Sediments.” Science

124: 385-89.Ericson, David B., and Goesta Wollin (1964). The Deep and the Past. New York: Knopf.Ericson, David B., and Goesta Wollin (1968). “Pleistocene Climates and Chronology in Deep-

Sea Sediments.” Science 162: 1227-34.Eriksson, Erik (1954). “Report on an Informal Conference in Atmospheric Chemistry Held at the

Meteorological Institute, University of Stockholm, May 24-26, 1954.” Tellus 6: 302-07.Eriksson, Erik, and Pierre Welander (1956). “On a Mathematical Model of the Carbon Cycle in

Nature.” Tellus 8: 155-75.Eriksson, Erik (1968). “Air-Ocean-Icecap Interactions in Relations to Climatic Fluctuations and

Glaciation Cycles.” Meteorological Monographs 8: 68-92.Estrada-Oyuela, Raúl (2009). “Copenhagen Needs a Strong Lead Negotiator.” Nature 461: 1056-

57.Etkins, Robert, and Edward S. Epstein (1982). “The Rise of Global Mean Sea Level as an

Indication of Climate Change.” Science 215: 287-89.Evans, D.L., and H.J. Freeland (1977). “Letter (with Reply).” Science 198: 528-30.Ewing, Maurice, and William L. Donn (1956a). “A Theory of Ice Ages.” Science 123: 1061-65.Ewing, Maurice, and William L. Donn (1956b). In Polar Wandering and Continental Drift pp.

94-99. Tulsa, OK: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.Ewing, Maurice, and William L. Donn (1958). “A Theory of Ice Ages, II.” Science 127: 1159-62.Eyring, V., et al. (2006). “Assessment of Temperature, Trace Species, and Ozone in Chemistry-

Climate Model Simulations of the Recent Past.” J. Geophysical Research 111: D22308[doi: 10.1029/2006JD007327].

Faegre, A. (1972). “An Intransitive Model of the Earth-Atmosphere-Ocean System.” J. AppliedMeteorology 11: 4-6.

Faegri, Knot, et al. (1964, 2nd ed.). Textbook of Pollen Analysis. New York: Hafner.Fagan, Brian (2000). The Little Ice Age. How Climate Made History, 1300-1850. New York:

Basic.Fairbanks, R. G., and R.K. Matthews (1978). “The Marine Oxygen Isotope Record in Pleistocene

Coral, Barbados, West Indies.” Quaternary Research 10: 181-96.Falkowski, P., et al. (2000). “The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a

System.” Science 290: 291-96.Faller, Alan J. (1956). “A Demonstration of Fronts and Frontal Waves in Atmospheric Models.”

J. Meteorology 13: 1-4.Farman, J.C., et al. (1985). “Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal

ClOx/NOx Interaction.” Nature 315: 207-10.Farrera, I., et al. (1999). “Tropical Climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: A New Synthesis of

Terrestrial Palaeoclimate Data. I. Vegetation, Lake-Levels and Geochemistry.” ClimateDynamics 15: 823-56.

Fasullo, John T., and Kevin E. Trenberth (2012 ). “A Less Cloudy Future: The Role of


Subtropical Subsidence in Climate Sensitivity.” Science 338 792-94 [doi:10.1126/science.1227465].

Fauria, M. Macias, et al. (2009). “ Unprecedented Low Twentieth Century Winter Sea Ice Extentin the Western Nordic Seas since A.D. 1200.” Climate Dynamics 34: 781-95[doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0610-z].

Favier, L., et al. (2014). “Retreat of Pine Island Glacier Controlled by Marine Ice-SheetInstability.” Nature Climate Change 4: 117-121 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2094].

Federal Council for Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Committee for AtmosphericSciences (1974). Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on the Present Interglacial. Washington,DC.

Federov, A.V., et al. (2006). “The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a Permanent El Niño).”Science 312: 1485-89 [doi: 10.1126/science.1122666.

Feinberg, Matthew , and Robb Willer (2010). “Apocalypse Soon? Dire Messages Reduce Beliefin Global Warming by Contradicting Just World Beliefs.” Online athttp://willer.berkeley.edu/FeinbergWiller2011.pdf.

Feldman, T.S. (1993). “The Ancient Climate in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century.”In Science and Nature. Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences, edited byMichael Shortland. Oxford: British Society for the History of Science.

Fenton, Lori K., et al. (2009). “Global Warming and Climate Forcing by Recent Albedo Changeson Mars.” Nature 446: 646-649 [doi:10.1038/nature0571].

Fermi, E., et al. (1965). “Studies of Non Linear Problems (Los Alamos Document La-1940, May1955).” In Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers. Vol. 2, United States 1939-1954, edited by H.Amaldi, et al., pp. 978-88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Feulner, Georg, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2010). “On the Effect of a New Grand Minimum of SolarActivity on the Future Climate on Earth.” Geophysical Research Letters 37: L05707[doi:10.1029/2010GL042710].

Finkbeiner, Ann (2006). The Jasons. The Secret History of Science’s Postwar Elite. New York:Viking.

Firestone, R.B., et al. (2007). “Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 Years Ago ThatContributed to the Megafaunal Extinctions and the Younger Dryas Cooling.”Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 16016-21[doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104].

Fisher, Arthur (1988). “One Model to Fit All.” Mosaic 19(3/4): 52-59.Flannery, Tim (2006). The Weather Makers. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.Fleagle, Robert G. (1992a). “From the International Geophysical Year to Global Change.”

Reviews of Geophysics 30: 305-13.Fleagle, Robert G. (1992b). “The U.S. Government Response to Global Change: Analysis and

Appraisal.” Climatic Change 20: 57-81.Fleagle, Robert G. (1994). Global Environmental Change: Interactions of Science, Policy, and

Politics in the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger.Fleagle, Robert G. (2001). Eyewitness: Evolution of the Atmospheric Sciences. Boston:

American Meteorological Society.Fleitmann, D. , et al. (2009). “Timing and Climatic Impact of Greenland Interstadials Recorded


in Stalagmites from Northern Turkey.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L19707[doi:10.1029/2009GL040050].

Fleming, James R. (1990). Meteorology in America, 1800-1870. Baltimore, MD: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press.

Fleming, James R. (1998). Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. New York: OxfordUniversity Press.

Fleming, James R. (2000). “T.C. Chamberlin, Climate Change, and Cosmogony.” Studies inHistory and Philosophy of Modern Physics 31B: 293-308.

Fleming, James R. (2006). “The Pathological History of Weather and Climate Modification:Three Cycles of Promise and Hype.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 37: 3-25[doi: 10.1525/hsps.2006.37.1.3].

Fleming, James R. (2007a). “The Climate Engineers.” Wilson Quarterly 31: 46-60.Fleming, James R. (2007b). The Callendar Effect. The Life and Work of Guy Stewart Callendar

(1898-1964), the Scientist Who Established the Carbon Dioxide Theory of ClimateChange. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.

Fleming, James R. (2008). “Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: ASelection of Key Articles, 1824-1995, with Interpretive Essays.”:http://wiki.nsdl.org/index.php/PALE:ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming.

Fleming, James R. (2010). Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and ClimateControl. New York: Columbia University Press.

Fletcher, Benjamin J., et al. (2008). "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Linked with Mesozoic andEarly Cenozoic Climate Change." Nature Geoscience 1: 43-48[doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.2].

Fletcher, J. O., Ed. (1966). Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation.Proceedings. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp.

Flint, Richard F. (1955). “Rates of Advance and Retreat of the Margin of the Late-Wisconsin IceSheet.” American J. Science 253: 249-55.

Flohn, Hermann (1974). “Background of a Geophysical Model of the Initiation of the NextGlaciation.” Quaternary Research 4: 385-404.

Flohn, Hermann (1979). “On Time Scales and Causes of Abrupt Paleoclimatic Events.”Quaternary Research 12: 135-149.

Flowers, E.C., et al. (1969). “Atmospheric Turbidity over the United States, 1961-1966.” J.Applied Meteorology 8: 955-62.

Foley, Jonathan A., et al. (1994). “Feedbacks between Climate and Boreal Forests During theHolocene Epoch.” Nature 371: 54.

Foley, Jonathan A. (2005). “Tipping Points in the Tundra.” Science 310: 627-28 [doi:10.1126/science.1120104].

2Fonselius, Stig, et al. (1955). “Microdetermination of CO in the Air, with Current Data forScandinavia.” Tellus 7: 258-65.

Fonselius, Stig, et al. (1956). “Carbon Dioxide Variations in the Atmosphere.” Tellus 8: 176-83.Fontaine, Sébastien, et al. (2007). “Stability of Organic Carbon in Deep Soil Layers Controlled

by Fresh Carbon Supply.” Nature 450: 277-80 [doi:10.1038/nature06275].Forster, M., et al. (2007). "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing." In


Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of WorkingGroup I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al.,pp. 130-234. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/.

Foster, Grant, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2011). “Global Temperature Evolution 1979-2010.”Environmental Research Letters 6: [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/044022].

Foukal, Peter (2002). “A Comparison of Variable Solar Total and Ultraviolet Irradiance Outputsin the 20th Century.” Geophysical Research Letters 29: 10.1029/2002GL015474.

Foukal, Peter (2003). “Can Slow Variations in Solar Luminosity Provide Missing Link betweenSun and Climate?” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 84, no. 22:205, 08.

Foukal, Peter, et al. (2006). “Variations in Solar Luminosity and Their Effect on the Earth’sClimate.” Nature 443: 161-66 [doi:10.1038/nature05072].

Fourier, Joseph (1824). “Remarques Générales Sur les Températures du Globe Terrestre et desEspaces Planétaires.” Annales de Chemie et de Physique 27: 136-67.

Fourier, Joseph (1827). “Mémoire sur les Températures du Globe Terrestre dt des EspacesPlanétaires.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences 7: 569-604. Englishtranslation by R.T. Pierrehumbert in Archer & Pierrehumbert (2011).

Fourier, Joseph (1890). Oeuvres De Fourier, Edited by Gaston Darboux, Vol. 2. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

Fox, Douglas (2010). “Could East Antarctica Be Headed for Big Melt?” Science 328: 1630-31.Francis, Jennifer A., and Elias Hunter (2006). “New Insight into the Disappearing Arctic Sea

Ice.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 509-11.Francis, Jennifer A. , and Stephen J. Vavrus (2012). “Evidence Linking Arctic Amplification to

Extreme Weather in Mid-Latitudes.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L06801-6[doi:10.1029/2012GL051000].

Frank, David C., et al. (2010). “Ensemble Reconstruction Constraints on the Global CarbonCycle Sensitivity to Climate.” Nature 463: 527-30 [doi:10.1038/nature08769].

Franklin, Benjamin (1784). “Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures (Paper Read 1784).”Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 2nd ed., 1789: 373-77.REPRINTED Weatherwise 35, 262 (1982).

Franz, Wendy E. (1997). The Development of an International Agenda for Climate Change:Connecting Science to Policy (IASA Interim Report Ir-97-034), Laxenburg, Austria,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis pp. 35. Online athttp://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-97-034.ps

Fraser, P.J., et al. (1986). “Termites and Global Methane: Another Assessment.” J. AtmosphericChemistry 4: 295-310 [doi:10.1007/BF00053806].

Free, Melissa, and Alan Robock (1999). “Global Warming in the Context of the Little Ice Age.”Journal of Geophysical Research 104: 19057-70.

Freeman, Kenneth P., and Kuo-Nan Liou (1979). “Climatic Effects of Cirrus Clouds.” Advancesin Geophysics 21: 231-87.

Fricker, H.A., et al. (2007). “An Active Subglacial Water System in West Antarctica Mappedfrom Space.” Science 315: 1544-48 [doi:10.1126/science.1136897].


Friedan, Betty (1958). “The Coming Ice Age.” Harper’s, Sept., pp. 39-45.Friel, Howard (2010). The Lomborg Deception: Setting the Record Straight About Global

Warming. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Friedlingstein, P., et al. (2001). “Positive Feedback between Future Climate Change and the

Carbon Cycle.” Geophysical Research Letters 28: 1543-46.Friedlingstein, P., et al. (2006). “Climate-Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis, Results from the

C MIP Model Intercomparison.” Journal of Climate 19: 3337-53.4

Friedman, Robert Marc (1989). Appropriating the Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and theConstruction of a Modern Meteorology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Friis-Christensen, Eigil, and K. Lassen (1991). “Length of the Solar Cycle: An Indicator of SolarActivity Closely Associated with Climate.” Science 254: 698-700.

Friis-Christensen, Eigil, and Henrik Svensmark (1997). “What Do We Really Know About theSun-Climate Connection?” Advances in Space Research 20: 913-921.

Fritts, H.C. (1962). “An Approach to Dendroclimatology: Screening by Means of MultipleRegresson Techniques.” Journal of Geophysical Research 67: 1413-20.

Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree Rings and Climate. London: Academic Press. Rev. ed. Caldwell, NJ:Blackburn Press, 2001.

Fröhlich, C. (1977). “Contemporary Measures of the Solar Constant.” In The Solar Output andIts Variation, edited by Oran R. White. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated UniversityPress.

From, Eric, and Charles D. Keeling (1986). “Reassessment of Late 19th-Century AtmosphericCarbon Dioxide Variations.” Tellus 38B: 87-105.

Fu, Qiang, Celeste M. Johanson, Stephen G. Warren, et al. (2004). “Contribution ofStratospheric Cooling to Satellite-Inferred Tropospheric Temperature Trends.” Nature429: 55-57.

Fuchs, N.A. (1964). The Mechanics of Aerosols. Oxford: Pergamon.Fultz, Dave (1949). “A Preliminary Report on Experiments with Thermally Produced Lateral

Mixing in a Rotating Hemispheric Shell of Liquid.” J. Meteorology 6: 17-33.Fultz, Dave (1952). “On the Possibility of Experimental Models of the Polar-Front Wave.” J.

Meteorology 9: 379-84.Fultz, Dave, et al. (1959). “Studies of Thermal Convection in a Rotating Cylinder with Some

Implications for Large-Scale Atmospheric Motions.” Meteorological Monographs 4: 1-104.

Fultz, Dave, et al. (1964). “Experimental Investigations of the Spectrum of Thermal ConvectiveMotions in a Rotating Annulus”. Chicago, Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University ofChicago. Article 2B, Final Report, Contract AF 19(604)-8361

Füssel, Hans-Martin, and Richard J.T. Klein. 2006. "Climate change vulnerability assessments:an evolution of conceptual thinking." Climactic Change 75:301-29 [doi:10.1007/s10584-006-0329-3].

Ganopolski, Andrey, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2001). “Rapid Changes of Glacial ClimateSimulated in a Coupled Climate Model.” Nature 409: 153-58.

Garb, Yaakov Jerome (1985). “The Use and Misuse of the Whole Earth Image.” Whole EarthReview, March, pp. 18-25.


GARP (National Academy of Sciences, United States Committee for the Global AtmosphericResearch Program) (1975). Understanding Climatic Change: A Program for Action.Washington, DC; Detroit, MI: National Academy of Sciences; Grand River Books.

Gates, W. Lawrence (1976a). “Modeling the Ice-Age Climate.” Science 191: 1138-44.Gates, W. Lawrence (1976b). “The Numerical Simulation of Ice-Age Climate with a Global

General Circulation Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 33: 1844-73.Gates, W.Lawrence, et al. (1999). “An Overview of the Results of the Atmospheric Model

Intercomparison Project (Amip I).” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80:29-55.

Gee, Henry (1989). “Government Must Spend.” Nature 342: 468.Geerts, Bart (1999). “Trends in Atmospheric Science Journals.” Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society 80: 639-52.Gelbspan, Ross (1997). The Heat Is On. The High Stakes Battle over Earth’s Threatened

Climate. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Gelbspan, Ross (2004). Boiling Point. How Politicians, Big Oil and Coal, Journalists, and

Activists Are Fueling the Climate Crisis -- and What You Can Do to Avert Disaster. NewYork: Basic.

2Genthon, C., et al. (1987). “Vostok Ice Core: Climatic Response to CO and Orbital ForcingChanges over the Last Climatic Cycle.” Nature 329: 414-18.

Genuth, Joel (1987). “Groping toward Science Policy in the United States in the 1930s.”Minerva 25: 238-68.

Georgi, J. (1960). “Flugzeug-Kondensfahne Erzeugt Ausgedehntes Wolkenfeld.” Zeitschrift fürMeteorologie 14: 102.

Gettelman, A., and Q. Fu (2008). “Observed and Simulated Upper-Tropospheric Water VaporFeedback.” Journal of Climate 21: 3282-89 [doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI2142].

Ghosh, Prosenjit , and Willi A. Brand (2003). "Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry inGlobal Climate Change Research." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 228: 1-33.

Giannini, A., et al. (2003). “Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to InterdecadalTime Scales.” Science 302: 1027-30 [doi: 10.1126/science.1089357].

Giles, Jim (2002). “When Doubt Is a Sure Thing.” Nature 418: 476-78.Gilliland, Ronald L. (1981). “Solar Radius Variations over the Past 265 Years.” Astrophysical J.

248: 1144-55.Gilliland, Ronald L. (1982a). “Modeling Solar Variability.” Astrophysical J. 253: 399-405.

2Gilliland, Ronald L. (1982b). “Solar, Volcanic, and CO Forcing of Recent Climatic Changes.”Climatic Change 4: 111-31.

Ginsburg, A.S., and E.M. Feigelyson (1980). “Parameterization of Radiative Thermal Exchangein Models of General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” In Physics of the Atmosphere andthe Problem of Climate pp. 42-66. Moscow: Nauka.

Glacken, Clarence J. (1967). Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in WesternThought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: Universityof California Press.

Glantz, Michael H. (1977). “Nine Fallacies of Natural Disaster: The Case of the Sahel.” Climatic


Change 1: 69-84.Glass, Matthew (2009). Ultimatum. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.Gleick, James (1987). Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Viking.Gleissberg, W. (1966). J. British Astronomical Association 76: 265-.Glen, William (1982). The Road to Jaramillo : Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science.

Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Glen, William (1994). The Mass Extinction Debate: How Science Works in a Crisis. Stanford,

CA: Stanford University Press.Gold, Thomas (1964). “Outgassing Processes on the Moon and Venus.” In The Origin and

Evolution of Atmospheres and Oceans, edited by Peter J. Brancazio and A. G. W.Cameron, pp. 249-65. New York: Wiley.

Good, Gregory A. (2000). “The Assembly of Geophysics: Scientific Disciplines as Frameworksof Consensus.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 31B: 259-92.

Goodall, Amanda H. (2008). “Why Have the Leading Journals in Management (and Other SocialSciences) Failed to Respond to Climate Change?” Journal of Management Inquiry 17:408-20.

Gooday, G. (1994). “Cosmos, Climate, and Culture: Balfour Stewart and the Technologies ofUniversal Meteorology. Paper Presented at History of Science Society Annual Meeting,New Orleans.”

Goodell, Jeff (2006). Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America’s Energy Future. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.

Goody, R.M., and G.D. Robinson (1951). “Radiation in the Troposphere and LowerStratosphere.” Reviews of Modern Meteorology 77: 131-87.

Goosse, H., et al. (2006). “The Origin of the European ‘Medieval Warm Period’.” Climate of thePast 2: 99-113.

Gore, Albert, Jr. (1992). Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Boston: HoughtonMifflin.

Gore, Al (2006). An Inconvenient Truth. New York: Rodale Press.Gornitz, V., et al. (1982). “Global Sea Level Trend in the Past Century.” Science 215: 1611-14.Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press.Govindasamy, Bara, et al. (2005). “Increase of Carbon Cycle Feedback with Climate Sensitivity:

Results from a Coupled Climate and Carbon Cycle Model.” Tellus B 57: 153-63 [doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00135.x].

Graham, Frank, Jr. (1970). Since Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Gramelsberger, Gabriele (2010). "Conceiving Processes in Atmospheric Models-General

Equations, Subscale Parameterizations, and ‘Superparameterizations’." Studies inHistory and Philosophy of Modern Physics 41: 233-41.

Grantham, Jeremy (2012). “Be Persuasive. Be Brave. Be Arrested (If Necessary).” Nature 491:303 [doi:10.1038/491303a].

Grassl, Hartmut (2000). “Status and Improvement of Coupled General Circulation Models.”Science 288: 1991-97.

Green, J.S.A. (1970). “Transfer Properties of the Large Scale Eddies and the General Circulation


of the Atmosphere.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 96: 157-85.Greenaway, Frank (1996). Science International. A History of the International Council of

Scientific Unions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Greenpeace (2010). Dealing in Doubt: The Climate Denial Industry and Climate Science.

Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. Online at:http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2010/3/dealing-in-doubt.pdf.

Gregg, Michael C., et al. (2003). “Reduced Mixing from the Breaking of Internal Waves inEquatorial Waters.” Nature 422: 513-15.

Gregory, J.W. (1908). “Climatic Variations: Their Extent and Causes.” Smithsonian InstitutionAnnual Report: 339-54.

Gregory, Jonathan M., Philippe Huybrechts, Sarah C.B. Raper (2004). “Threatened Loss of theGreenland Ice-Sheet.” Nature 428: 616.

Gregory, Jonathan M., et al. (2005). “A Model Intercomparison of Changes in the Atlantic

2Thermohaline Circulation in Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO Concentration.”Geophysical Research Letters 32: L12703 [doi:10.1029/2005GL023209].

Gribbin, John (1975). “Cause and Effects of Global Cooling.” Nature 254: 14.Gribbin, John (1976). “Man’s Influence Not yet Felt by Climate.” Nature 264: 608.Gribbin, John (1982). Future Weather and the Greenhouse Effect. New York: Delacorte Press.Gribbin, John (1988). The Hole in the Sky: Man’s Threat to the Ozone Layer. New York:

Bantam Doubleday Dell.Grinsted, Aslak, et al. (2013 ). “Projected Atlantic Hurricane Surge Threat from Rising

Temperatures.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 5369-73[doi:10.1073/pnas.1209980110].

Grootes, P.M., et al. (1993). “Comparison of Oxygen Isotope Records from the GISP2 and GRIPGreenland Ice Cores.” (Letter to Editor) Nature 366: 552-54.

Grossman, Daniel (2001). “Dissent in the Maelstrom.” Scientific American, November, p. 38.Grotch, S.L., Ed. (1988). Regional Intercomparisons of General Circulation Model Predictions

and Historical Climate Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, pub.DOE/NBB-0084.

Grousson, Mathieu, et al. (2006). “Refroidir La Terre!” Science & vie no. 1071 (December), pp.54-59.

Guilderson, Thomas P., et al. (1994). “Tropical Temperature Variations since 20,000 Years Ago:Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change.” Science 263: 663-65[doi:10.1126/science.263.5147.663].

Gunson, J.R., et al. (2006). “Climate Sensitivity to Ocean Dimethylsulphide Emissions.”Geophysical Research Letters 33: L07701 [doi:10.1029/2005GL024982].

Haag, Amanda (2006). “Church Joins Crusade over Climate Change.” Nature 44: 136-37.Haidt, Jonathan (2007). “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316: 998-1002

[doi:1126/science.1137651].Haidvogel, Dale B., and Frank O. Bryan (1992). “Ocean General Circulation Modeling.” In

Climate System Modeling, edited by Kevin E. Trenberth, pp. 371-412. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.


Haigh, Joanna D. (1994). “The Role of Stratospheric Ozone in Modulating the Solar RadiativeForcing of Climate.” Nature 370: 544-46.

Haigh, Joanna D. (1996). “The Impact of Solar Variability on Climate.” Science 272: 981-84.Haigh, Joanna D., et al. (2005). “The Response of Tropospheric Circulation to Perturbations in

Lower-Stratospheric Temperature.” Journal of Climate 18: 3672-85.Hall, Alex, and Ronald J. Stouffer (2001). “An Abrupt Climate Event in a Coupled Ocean-

Atmosphere Simulation without External Forcing.” Nature 409: 171-74.Hall, M.M., and H.L. Bryden (1982). “Direct Estimates and Mechanisms of Ocean Heat

Transport.” Deep-Sea Research 29: 339-59Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2002). “The Navy’s ‘Sophisticated’ Pursuit of Science: Undersea

Warfare, the Limits of Internationalism, and the Utility of Basic Research, 1945-1956.”Isis 93: 1-27.

Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2013). Arming Mother Nature: The Birth of CatastrophicEnvironmentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hamilton, Wayne L., and Thomas A. Seliga (1972). “Atmospheric Turbidity and SurfaceTemperature on the Polar Ice Sheets.” Nature 235: 320-22.

Hammer, Claus U., et al. (1980). “Greenland Ice Sheet Evidence of Post-Glacial Volcanism andIts Climatic Impact.” Nature 288: 230-35.

Hammer, Claus U., et al. (1986). “Ice-Core Dating of the Pleistocene/Holocene BoundaryApplied to a Calibration of the 14c Time Scale.” Radiocarbon 28: 284-91.

Hammer, Claus U., et al. (1997). “Greenland Summit Ice Cores.” J. Geophysical Research102(C12).

Hammond, Allen L. (1974). “Modeling the Climate: A New Sense of Urgency.” Science 185:1145-47.

Hammond, Allen L. (1976). “Concern over Climate: Researchers Increasingly Go Public.”Science 192: 246-47.

Handel, Mark David, and James S. Risbey (1992). “An Annotated Bibliography on theGreenhouse Effect and Climate Change.” Climatic Change 21: 97-255.

Hanebuth, Till, et al. (2000). “Rapid Flooding of the Sunda Shelf: A Late-Glacial Sea-LevelRecord.” Science 288: 1033-35.

Hanel, R.A., et al. (1972). “Investigation of the Martian Environment by Infrared Spectroscopyon Mariner 9.” Icarus 17: 423-42.

Hanel, R.A., et al. (1972). “The Nimbus 4 Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment. I. CalibratedThermal Emission Spectra.” Journal of Geophysical Research 77: 2629-41.

Hann, Julius (1903). Handbook of Climatology. Translation of Handbuch der Klimatologie, 2ndEd. (1897). New York and London: Macmillan.

Hansen, Bogi, William R. Turrell, Svein Østerhus (2001). “Decreasing Overflow from theNordic Seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank Channel since 1950.”Nature 411: 927-30.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1978). “Mount Agung Eruption Provides Test of a Global ClimaticPerturbation.” Science 199: 1065-68.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1980). “Climatic Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols.” Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences 338: 575-87.


Hansen, James E., et al. (1981). “Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.”Science 213: 957-66.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1983). “Efficient Three-Dimensional Global Models for ClimateStudies: Models I and II.” Monthly Weather Review 111: 609-62.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1984). “Climate Sensitivity: Analysis of Feedback Mechanisms.” InClimate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. (Geophysical Monographs 29, MauriceEwing Vol. 5), edited by James E. Hansen and Taro Takahashi, pp. 130-63. Washington,DC: American Geophysical Union.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1985). “Climate Response Times: Dependence on Climate Sensitivityand Ocean Mixing.” Science 229: 857-59.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1987). Prediction of near-Term Climate Evolution: What Can We TellDecision-Makers Now?, Preparing for Climate Change. Proceedings of the First NorthAmerican Conference on Preparing for Climate Change, October 27-29, 1987.Washington, DC: Government Institutes, Inc.

Hansen, James E., and Sergej Lebedeff (1987). “Global Trends of Measured Surface AirTemperature.” J. Geophysical Research 92(D11): 13345-72.

Hansen, James E. (1988). “The Greenhouse Effect: Impacts on Current Global Temperature andRegional Heat Waves. Testimony to U.S. Senate, Committee on Energy and NaturalResources, June 23, 1988". Washington, DC

Hansen, James E., et al. (1988). “Global Climate Changes as Forecast by Goddard Institute forSpace Studies 3-Dimensional Model.” J. Geophysical Research 93: 9341-64.

Hansen, James E., and Andrew A. Lacis (1990). “Sun and Dust Versus Greenhouse Gases: AnAssessment of Their Relative Roles in Global Climate Change.” Nature 346: 713-19.

Hansen, James E., et al. (1992). “Potential Climate Impact of Mount Pinatubo Eruption.”Geophysical Research Letters 19: 215-18 [doi:10.1029/91GL02788].

Hansen, James E., et al. (2000a). “Climate Modeling in the Global Warming Debate.” InGeneral Circulation Model Development, edited by David A. Randall, pp. 127-64. SanDiego, CA: Academic Press.

Hansen, James E., et al. (2000b). “Global Warming in the Twenty-First Century: An AlternativeScenario.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 9875-80.

Hansen, James E., et al. (2001). “A Closer Look at United States and Global SurfaceTemperature Change.” J. Geophysical Research 106(D20): 23,947-63.

Hansen, James E., L. Nazarenko (2004). “Soot Climate Forcing Via Snow and Ice Albedos.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 423-28.

Hansen, James E., and Makiko Sato (2004). “Greenhouse Gas Growth Rates.” Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences 101: 16109-14.

Hansen, J., et al. (2004). “The Role of Climate Perceptions, Expectations, and Forecasts inFarmer Decision Making: The Argentine Pampas and South Florida.” InternationalResearch Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI), Palisades, NY: Technical Report 04-01.Online athttp://www.cred.columbia.edu/pdfs/publications/HansenMarxWeber_ClimatePerceptions_2004.pdf.

Hansen, James E. (2005). “A Slippery Slope: How Much Global Warming Constitutes


'Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference'?” (Editorial) Climatic Change 68: 269-79.Hansen, James E., et al. (2005). “Earth’s Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications.”

Science 308: 1431-35.Hansen, James, et al. (2006a). “Global Temperature Change.” Publications of the National

Academy of Sciences 103: 14288-93 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0606291103].Hansen, James E., et al. (2006b). “Dangerous Human-Made Interference with Climate: A GISS

Model Study.” [ArXiv]: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0610115.

2Hansen, James, et al. (2008). "Target Atmospheric CO : Where Should Humanity Aim?" OpenAtmospheric Science Journal 2: 217-31, online athttp://www.bentham.org/open/toascj/openaccess2.htm.

Hansen, James (2009). Storms of My Grandchildren. The Truth About the Coming ClimateCatastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity. New York: Bloomsbury USA.

Hansen, James, et al. (2012). “Perception of Climate Change.” Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 109: E2415-E2423 [doi: 10.1073/pnas.1205276109].

Hapgood, Charles H. (1958). Earth’s Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of EarthScience. New York: Pantheon.

Hare, F.K. (1953). The Restless Atmosphere. London: Hutchinson.Harmer, F. W. (1925). “Further Remark on the Meteorological Conditions of the Pleistocene

Epoch.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 51: 247-59.Harper, Kristine C. (2006). “Meteorology’s Struggle for Professional Recognition in the USA(1900–1950).” Annals of Science 63: 179-99 [doi:10.1080/00033790600554627].Harper, Kristine C. (2008). Weather by the Numbers: The Genesis of Modern Meteorology.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Harries, John E., et al. (2001). “Increases in Greenhouse Forcing Inferred from the Outgoing

Longwave Radiation Spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997.” Nature 410: 355-57[doi:10.1038/35066553].

Harrison, M.R. (1982). “The Media and Public Perceptions of Climatic Change.” Bulletin of theAmerican Meteorological Society 63: 730-38.

Harrison, R.Giles, and David B. Stephenson (2006). "Empirical Evidence for a Nonlinear Effectof Galactic Cosmic Rays on Clouds." Proceedings of the Royal Society A 462: 1221-33[doi: 10.1098/rspa.2005.1628].

Harriss, Robert C., et al. (1985). “Methane Flux from Northern Peatlands.” Nature 315: 652-54.Harriss, Robert C., et al. (1992). “The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (Able 3a): July-August

1988.” Journal of Geophysical Research D15: 16383-94.Harriss, Robert C., et al. (1993). “Methane Emissions from Northern High-Latitude Wetlands.”

In Biogeochemistry of Global Change, edited by Oremland, R.S., pp. 449-86. New York:Chapman & Hall.

Harshvardhan, and R.D. Cess (1976). “Stratospheric Aerosols: Effect Upon AtmosphericTemperature and Global Climate.” Tellus 27: 1-10.

Harshvardhan (1979). “Perturbations of the Zonal Radiative Balance by a Stratospheric AerosolLayer.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 36: 1274-85.

Hart, David (1992). “Strategies of Research Policy Advocacy: Anthropogenic Climate ChangeResearch, 1957-1974". Cambridge, MA, John F. Kennedy School of Government,


Harvard University. Report 92-08Hart, David M., and David G. Victor (1993). “Scientific Elites and the Making of US Policy for

Climate Change Research, 1957-74.” Social Studies of Science 23: 643-80.Hart, Michael H. (1979). “Habitable Zones About Main Sequence Stars.” Icarus 37: 351-57.Harvey, H.W. (1955). The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Water. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.Harvey, L.D. Danny, and Stephen H. Schneider (1985). “Transient Climate Response to External

Forcing on 1-1000 Year Time Scales. Part I: Experiments with Globally Averaged,Coupled, Atmosphere and Ocean Energy Balance Models.” J. Geophysical Research 90:2191-2205.

Harvey, L.D. Danny, and Zhen Huang (1995). “Evaluation of the Potential Impact of MethaneClathrate Destabilization on Future Global Warming.” Journal of Geophysical Research100: 2905-26.

Hasselmann, Klaus (1976). “Stochastic Climate Models. Part I. Theory.” Tellus 28: 473-85.Hasselmann, Klaus. (1993) “Optimal Finger Prints for the Detection of Time Dependent Climate

Change.” Journal of Climate 6: 1957-71.Hastings, David W., et al. (1998). “Foraminiferal Magnesium in Globeriginoides Sacculifer as a

Paleotemperature Proxy.” Paleoceanography 13: 161-69.Hatzianastassiou, N., et al. (2012). “Recent Regional Surface Solar Radiation Dimming and

Brightening Patterns: Inter-Hemispherical Asymmetry and a Dimming in the SouthernHemisphere.” Atmospheric Science Letters 13: 43-48 [doi:10.1002/asl.361].

Haurwitz, Bernhard, and J.M. Austin (1944). Climatology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Haurwitz, Bernhard (1946). “Relations between Solar Activity and the Lower Atmosphere.”

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 27: 161-63.Hayes, Brian (2001). “The Weatherman.” American Scientist, Jan.-Feb., pp. 10-14.Hays, James D. (1973). “The Ice Age Cometh.” Saturday Review of the Sciences, 24 March, pp.

29-32.Hays, James D., et al. (1976). “Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages.”

Science 194: 1121-32.

2Heath, James, et al. (2005). “Rising Atmospheric CO Reduces Sequestration of Root-DerivedSoil Carbon.” Science 309: 1711-17 [doi: 10.1126/science.1115193].

Hecht, Alan D., and Dennis Tirpak (1995). “Framework Agreement on Climate Change: AScientific and Policy History.” Climatic Change 29: 371-402.

Heffernan, Olive (2010). “The Climate Machine.” Nature 463 1014-16.Hegerl, Gabriele, et al. (2006). “Climate Sensitivity Constrained by Teperature Reconstructions

over the Past Seven Centuries.” Nature 440: 1029-32 [doi: 10.1038/nature04679].Hegerl, Gabriele C., et al. (2007). “Understanding and Attributing Climate Change.” In Climate

Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 665-745. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/.

Heimann, Martin, and Markus Reichstein (2008). “Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics andClimate Feedbacks.” Nature 451: 289-92 [doi:10.1038/nature06591].


Heims, Steve J. (1980). John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to theTechnologies of Life and Death. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Heinrich, Hartmut (1988). “Origin and Consequences of Cyclic Ice Rafting in the NortheastAtlantic Ocean During the Past 130,000 Years.” Quaternary Research 29: 142-52.

Heintzenberg, J., and Robert J. Charlson (1996). “Design and Applications of the IntegratingNephelometer: A Review.” J. Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13: 987-1000.

Heintzenberg, Jost, and Robert J. Charlson (2009). “Introduction.” In Clouds in the PerturbedClimate System, edited by Heintzenberg, Jost, and Robert J. Charlson, pp. 10-15.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Henderson-Sellers, A., and P.J. Robinson (1986). Contemporary Climatology. Harlow, England:Longman.

Herbert, T. D., et al. (2001). “Collapse of the California Current During Glacial Maxima Linkedto Climate Change on Land.” Science 293: 71-76 [doi:10.1126/science.1059209].

Herman, Benjamin J., et al. (1978). “Atmospheric Dust: Climatological Consequences(Exchange of Letters).” Science 201: 378-79.

Herman, John R., Richard A. Goldberg (1978). Sun, Weather and Climate [K-426]. Washington,DC: US Govt. Printing Office [reprinted Dover, 1985].

Herman, John R. (2003). The Metamorphosis of a Geophysicist. Baltimore: PublishAmerica.Herschel, William (1801). “Observations Tending to Investigate the Nature of the Sun...”

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 265: 265-318.Herterich, K. (1987). “On the Flow within the Transition Zone between Ice Sheet and Ice Shelf.”

In Dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, edited by C.J. Van der Veen and J.Oerlemans, pp. 185-202. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Hertsgaard, Mark (2006). “While Washington Slept.” Vanity Fair no. 549 (May), p. 200ff.Hewlett, Richard G., and Jack M. Holl (1989). Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1961 :

Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress.

Heymann, Matthias (2010). “The Evolution of Climate Ideas and Knowledge.” WileyInterdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 581-97 [doi:10.1002/wcc.61].

Heywood, A.M., and P.J. Valdes (2004). “Modeling Pliocene Warmth: Contribution ofAtmosphere, Oceans and Cryosphere.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 218: 363-77.

Hickey, J.R., et al. (1980). “Initial Solar Irradiance Determination from Nimbus 7 CavityRadiometer Measurements.” Science 208: 281-83.

Hickey, J.R., et al. (1988). “Total Solar Irradiance Measurements by Erb/Nimbus 7. A Review ofNine Years.” Space Science Reviews 48.

Hide, R. (1953). “Some Experiments on Thermal Convection in a Rotating Liquid.” Quarterly J.Royal Meteorological Society 79: 161.

Himpel, Kurt (1947). “Ein Beitrag Zum Eiszeitproblem.” Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 2a: 419-27.

Hitchcock, Dian R., and James E. Lovelock (1967). “Life Detection by Atmospheric Analysis.”Icarus 7: 149-59.

Hobbs, Peter V., et al. (1970). “Cloud Condensation Nuclei from Industrial Sources and TheirApparent Influence on Precipitation in Washington State.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 27:


81-89.Hobbs, Peter V., et al. (1974). “Atmospheric Effects of Pollutants.” Science 183: 909-15.Hodell, D.A., et al. (1995). “Possible Role of Climate in the Collapse of Classic Maya

Civilization.” Nature 375: 391-94.Hodge, Paul W. (1971). “Large Decrease in the Clear Air Transmission of the Atmosphere 1.7

Km above Los Angeles.” Nature 229: 549.Hoerling, Martin, et al. (2012). “On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought.”

Journal of Climate 25: 2146-61 [doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1].Hoffert, Martin I., et al. (1980). “The Role of Deep Sea Heat Storage in the Secular Response to

Climatic Forcing.” J. Geophysical Research 85: 6667-79.Hoffert, Martin I., and C. Covey (1992). “Deriving Global Climate Sensitivity from

Palaeoclimate Reconstructions.” Nature 360: 573-76.Hoffert, Martin I., et al. (1999). “Solar Variability and the Earth’s Climate.” Nature 401: 764.Hoffmann, P. F., et al. (1998). “A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth.” Science 281: 1342-46.Hoffman, J.S., et al. (1983). Projecting Future Sea Level Rise, Report for the US Environmental

Protection Agency. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Hofmann, D.J., and J.M. Rosen (1980). “Stratospheric Sulfuric Acid Layer: Evidence for an

Anthropogenic Component.” Science 208: 1368-70 [doi:10.1126/science.208.4450.1368].Hofmann, D.J. (1988). “Aerosols from Past and Present Volcanic Emissions.” In Aerosols and

Climate, edited by Peter V. Hobbs and M. Patrick McCormick, pp. 195-214. Hampton,VA: Deepak Publishing.

Högbom, Arvid (1894). “Om Sannolikheten För Sekulära Förändringar I AtmosfärensKolsyrehalt.” Svensk kemisk Tidskrift 6: 169-77.

Hoggan, James, with Richard Littlemore (2009). Climate Cover-Up. The Crusade to DenyGlobal Warming. Vancouver: Greystone.

Holland, Marika M, et al. (2006). “Future Abrupt Reductions in the Summer Arctic Sea Ice.”Geophysical Research Letters 33: L23503 [doi:10.1029/2006GL028024].

Hollin, John T. (1962). “On the Glacial History of Antarctica.” J. Glaciology 4: 173-95.Hollin, John T. (1965). “Wilson’s Theory of Ice Ages.” Nature 208: 12-16.Hollin, John T. (1980). “Climate and Sea Level in Isotope Stage 5: An East Antarctic Surge at

~95,000 BP?” Nature 283: 629-33.Hollis, Chris (2009). "Evolving Views on a Dynamic Greenhouse Earth." Eos, Transactions of

the American Geophysical Union 90: 194.Holmes, Bob (2004). “Melting Ice, Global Warming.” New Scientist, 2 Oct., pp. 8-9.Homans, Charles (2010). “Hot Air: Why Don’t Tv Weathermen Believe in Climate Change?”

Columbia Journalism Review.Hood, Donald W. (1971). Impingement of Man on the Oceans. New York: Wiley Interscience.Horwitch, Mel (1982). Clipped Wings : The American SST Conflict. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Houghton, David D. (1996). “Meteorology Education in the United States after 1945.” In

Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919-1995, edited by James Rodger Fleming, pp. 541-53. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Houghton, Henry G. (1954). “On the Annual Heat Balance of the Northern Hemisphere.” J.Meteorology 11: 1-9.


Houghton, John (1997, 2nd ed.). Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Houghton, R.A., et al. (1983). “Changes in the Carbon Content of Terrestrial Biota and Soilsbetween 1860 and 1980. A Net Release of Carbon Dioxide to the Atmosphere.”Ecological Monographs 53: 235-62.

Houghton, R.A., and George M. Woodwell (1989). “Global Climatic Change,” ScientificAmerican 260 (April): 36-44

Houghton, R.A. (2007). “Balancing the Global Carbon Budget.” In Annual Review of Earth andPlanetary Sciences, Vol. 35, edited by Jeanloz, Raymond, pp. 313-47. Palo Alto, CA:Annual Reviews.

Houghton, John T. (2008). “Madrid 1995: Diagnosing Climate Change.” Nature 455: 737-38.House, Frederick B., et al. (1986). “History of Satellite Missions and Measurements of the Earth

Radiation Budget (1957-1984).” Reviews of Geophysics 24: 357-77.Houtermans, J., et al. (1967). “Effect of Industrial Fuel Combustion on the Carbon-14 Level of

2Atmospheric CO .” In Radioactive Dating and Methods of Low-Level Counting.Proceeedings of a Symposium, Monaco, 1967 pp. 57-68. Vienna: International AtomicEnergy Agency.

Howat, Ian M., et al. (2007). “Rapid Changes in Ice Discharge from Greenland Outlet Glaciers.”Science 315: 1559-61 [doi:10.1126/science.1138478].

Hoyle, F., and R.A. Lyttleton (1939). “The Effect of Interstellar Matter on Climatic Variation.”Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 35: 405-15.

Hoyos, C.D., et al. (2006). “Deconvolution of the Factors Contributing to the Increase in GlobalHurricane Intensity.” Science 312: 94-97 [doi: 10.1126/science.1123560].

Hoyt, Douglas V., and Kenneth Schatten (1997). The Role of the Sun in Climate Change. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Hsiang, Solomon M., et al. (2013). “Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict.”Science 341: 1212 [doi:10.1126/science/1235367].

Hsieh, Chih-hao, et al. (2005). "Distinguishing Random Environmental Fluctuations from Ecological Catastrophes for the North Pacific Ocean." Nature 435: 336-40[doi:10.1038/nature03553].

Hsü, Kenneth J. (1992). Challenger at Sea: A Ship That Revolutionized Earth Science.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Huber, Matthew (2009). “Climate Change: Snakes Tell a Torrid Tale.” Nature 457: 669-71[doi:10.1038/457669a].

Hudson, R. D. (2012). “Measurements of the Movement of the Jet Streams at Mid-Latitudes, inthe Northern and Southern Hemispheres, 1979 to 2010.” Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics 12: 7797-7808 [doi:10.5194/acp-12-7797-2012].

Hufbauer, K. (1991). Exploring the Sun: Solar Science since Galileo. Baltimore, MD: JohnsHopkins University Press.

Huggett, Richard (1990). Catastrophism: Systems of Earth History. London: Edward Arnold -Hodder & Stoughton.

Hughes, M.K., and H. Diaz (1994). “Was There a ‘Medieval Warm Period’ and If So, Where and


When?” Climactic Change 26: 109-42.Hughes, T.J. (1973). “Is the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Disintegrating?” J. Geophysical Research

78: 7884-7910.Hughes, T.J. (1977). “West Antarctic Ice Streams.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics

15: 1-46.Hughes, T.J., et al. (1977). “Was There a Late-Würm Arctic Ice Sheet?” Nature 266: 596-602.Hughes, T.J. (1982). “The Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: What Has Happened and

What Will Happen.” In Carbon Dioxide Research Conference. Proceedings. Springfield,VA: NTIS.

Hughes, T. (1986). “The Jakobshavns Effect.” Geophysical Research Letters 13: 46-48[doi:10.1029/GL013i001p00046].

Hulburt, E.O. (1931). “The Temperature of the Lower Atmosphere of the Earth.” PhysicalReview 38: 1876-90.

Hull, David L. (1989). Science as a Process. An Evolutionary Account of the Social andCognitive Development of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hull, Edward (1897). “Another Possible Cause of the Glacial Epoch.” Quarterly J. GeologicalSociety of London 53: 107-08.

Hulme, Mike (2009). Why We Disagree About Climate Change. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Humphreys, W.J. (1913). “Volcanic Dust and Other Factors in the Production of ClimaticChanges, and Their Possible Relation to Ice Ages.” J. Franklin Institute 176: 131-72.

Humphreys, W.J. (1920). Physics of the Air. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.Humphreys, W.J. (1932). “This Cold, Cold World.” Atlantic, Dec., pp. 749-54.Humphreys, W.J. (1940, 3rd ed.). Physics of the Air. New York: McGraw-Hill.Hunt, Garry E., et al. (1986). “A History of Presatellite Investigations of the Earth’s Radiation

Budget.” Reviews of Geophysics 24: 351-56.Huntington, Ellsworth (1914). “The Solar Hypothesis of Climate Changes.” Bulletin of the

Geological Society of America 25: 477-590.Huntington, Ellsworth (1916). Civilization and Climate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Huntington, Ellsworth, and Steven Sargent Visher (1922). Climatic Changes: Their Nature and

Causes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Huntington, Ellsworth (1923). Earth and Sun. An Hypothesis of Weather and Sunspots. New

Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Husar, R.B., and D.E. Patterson (1980). “Regional Scale Air Pollution: Sources and Effects.”

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 338: 399-417.Hutchinson, G.E. (1954). “The Biochemistry of the Terrestrial Atmosphere.” In The Earth as a

Planet, edited by G. Kuiper, pp. chapter 8. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Hutchinson, G.N. (1948). “Circular Causal Systems in Ecology.” Annals of the New York

Academy of Sciences 50: 221-46.Huybers, P. (2005). "Comment on “Hockey Sticks, Principal Components, and Spurious

Significance” by S. Mcintyre and R. Mckitrick." Geophysical Research Letters 32:L20705-08 [doi:10.1029/2005GL023395].

Huybrechts, Philippe (1990). “A 3-D Model for the Antarctic Ice-Sheet: A Sensitivity Study on


the Glacial–Interglacial Contrast.” Climate Dynamics 5: 79–92.Idso, Sherwood B., and Anthony J. Brazel (1977). “Planetary Radiation Balance as a Function of

Atmospheric Dust: Climatological Consequences.” Science 198: 731-33.Idso, Sherwood B. (1980). “The Climatological Significance of a Doubling of Earth’s

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration.” Science 207: 1462-63.Idso, Sherwood B. (1982). Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe? Tempe, AZ: IBR Press.Idso, Sherwood B. (1984). “The Case for Carbon Dioxide.” J. Environmental Science, May-

June, pp. 19-22.Idso, Sherwood B. (1986). “Nuclear Winter and the Greenhouse Effect.” Nature 321: 122.

2Idso, Sherwood B. (1987). “A Clarification of My Position on the CO /Climate Connection.”Climatic Change 10: 81-86.

Idso, Sherwood B. (1989). Carbon Dioxide and Global Change: Earth in Transition. Tempe,AZ: Institute for Biospheric Research.

Imbrie, John, and Nilva G. Kipp (1971). “A New Micropaleontological Method for QuantitativePaleoclimatology: Application to a Late Pleistocene Caribbean Core.” In The LateCenozoic Glacial Ages, edited by Karl K. Turekian, pp. 71-181. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.

Imbrie, John, et al. (1975). “Appendix A: Survey of Past Climates.” In Understanding ClimateChange: A Program for Action, edited by GARP (U.S. Committee for the GlobalAtmospheric Research Program), pp. 127-95. Washington, DC; Detroit, MI: NationalAcademy of Sciences; Grand River Books.

Imbrie, John, and Katherine Palmer Imbrie (1979). Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press. (N.b. there is a revised 1986 edition.)

Imbrie, John, and John Z. Imbrie (1980). “Modelling the Climatic Response to OrbitalVariations.” Science 207: 943-53.

Imbrie, John (1982). “Astronomical Theory of the Pleistocene Ice Ages: A Brief HistoricalReview.” Icarus 50: 408-22.

Imbrie, John, and Katherine Palmer Imbrie (1986). Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press.

Imbrie, John Z., et al. (1984). “The Orbital Theory of Pleistocene Climate: Support from aRevised Chronology of the Marine Delta- O Record.” In Milankovitch and Climate.18

Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, edited by A. Berger, et al., pp.269-305. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Immerwahr, John (1999). Waiting for a Signal: Public Attitudes toward Global Warming, theEnvironment and Geophysical Research. New York: Public Agenda (online athttp://www.agu.org/sci_soc/attitude_study.html).

Impact Team (1977). The Weather Conspiracy : The Coming of the New Ice Age. New York:Ballantine Books.

2Indermühle, A., et al. (1999). “Holocene Carbon-Cycle Dynamics Based on CO Trapped in Iceat Taylor Dome, Antarctica.” Nature 398: 121-26.

Ineson, Sarah, et al. (2011). “Solar Forcing of Winter Climate Variability in the NorthernHemisphere.” Nature Geoscience 4: 753-57 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1282].

Ingersoll, Andrew P. (1969). “The Runaway Greenhouse: A History of Water on Venus.” J.


Atmospheric Sciences 26: 1191-98.Ingram, Helen, et al. (1990). “Scientists and Agenda Setting: Advocacy and Global Warming.

Paper Prepared for Western Political Science Association Annual Meeting”. NewportBeach, CA

Ingram, Helen, and Carole L. Mintzer (1990). “How Atmospheric Research Changed thePolitical Climate.” In Global Climate Change: The Meeting of Science and Policy. IssuePaper No. 1 from the Proceedings of “Understanding Global Change and Arizona,”1989, edited by Ford N. Furkhart, et al. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Udall Centerfor Studies in Public Policy.

Inman, Mason (2010). “Planning for Plan B.” Nature Reports: Climate Change 4: 7-9[doi:10.1038/climate.2010.135] Online at http://www.nature.com/climate/2010/1001/.

International Council of Scientific Unions (1986). The International Geosphere BiosphereProgramme: A Study of Global Change. Paris: ICSU.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1990). Climate Change: The IPCCScientific Assessment. Report Prepared for IPCC by Working Group I, Edited by J.T.Houghton, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1992). Climate Change 1992: TheSupplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Edited by J.T. Houghton, et al.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1996). Climate Change 1995: The Scienceof Climate Change, Edited by J.T. Houghton, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1999). “IPCC Special Report: Aviation andthe Global Atmosphere”. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2001). Climate Change 2001: TheScientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of theIPCC, Edited by J.T. Houghton, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007a). “Summary for Policymakers.” InClimate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of WorkingGroup I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al.,pp. 1-18. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007b). Climate Change 2007: ThePhysical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth AssessmentReport of the IPCC. [Summary for Policymakers. See also Solomon (2007)].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007c). Climate Change 2007: ClimateChange Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to theFourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007d). “Summary for Policymakers.” InClimate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth


Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by B.Metz, et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/docs/FAR/SPM_%20WGIII_rev5.pdf

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007f). “Summary for Policymakers.” InClimate Change 2007: Synthesis Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange Fourth Assessment Report, pp. 1-22. Cambridge and New York: CambridgeUniversity Press. Online at http://www.ipcc.ch/.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2012) Managing the Risks of ExtremeEvents and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Ed. C.B.Field, et al.].Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014a). “Summary for Policymakers.” InClimate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I tothe Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, editedby Stocker, T.F., et al., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (online athttp://climatechange2013.org/).

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b). Climate Change 2013: ThePhysical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress (online at http://climatechange2013.org/).

Isaksen, Ivar S.A., and Oystein Hov (1987). “Calculations of Trends in the Tropospheric

3 4 Concentrations of O , OH, CO, CH and NOx.” Tellus 39B: 271-85.Ives, J. D. (1957). “Glaciation of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador.” Arctic 10: 67-87.Ives, J. D. (1958). “Glacial Geomorphology of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador.”

Geographical Bulletin (Canada) 17: 47-75.Ives, J. D. (1962). “Indications of Recent Extensive Glacierization in Northcentral Baffin Island,

NWT.” J. Glaciology 4: 197-205.Jacob, Margaret C. (1991). Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-

Century Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.Jacob, Margaret C. (2006). Strangers Nowhere in the World. The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in

Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Jacobs, Robert (2011 (March 28)). “Whole Earth or No Earth: The Origin of the Whole Earth

Icon in the Ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 9: Online athttp://japanfocus.org/-Robert-Jacobs/3505.

Jacobson, Mark Z. (2001). “Strong Radiative Heating Due to the Mixing Stte of Black Carbon inAtmospheric Aerosols.” Nature 409: 695-98.Josephson, Paul R. (2002). IndustrializedNature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World.Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater.

Jacques, Peter J., et al. (2008). “The Organisation of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks andEnvironmental Scepticism “ Environmental Politics 17: 349-85 [doi:10.1080/09644010802055576].

Jäger, Jill (1992). “From Conference to Conference.” Climatic Change 20: iii-vii.Jansen, E., et al. (2007). “Palaeoclimate.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of


Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report ofthe IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 434-97 (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/).

Jasanoff, Sheila (2001). “Image and Imagination: The Formation of Global EnvironmentalConsciousness.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge and EnvironmentalGovernance, edited by Clark A. Miller and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 309-37. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.

JASON (Gordon MacDonald, chair) (1979). The Long Term Impact of Atmospheric CarbonDioxide on Climate (Technical Report JSR-78-07), Arlington, VA [copy in Hans SuessPapers, MSS 0199, University of California, San Diego Central University Library, LaJolla, CA], SRI International.

2Jenkinson, D. S., et al. (1991). “Model Estimates ofCO Emissions from Soil in Response toGlobal Warming.” Nature 351: 304-06 [doi:10.1038/351304a0].

Jensen, James E. (1990). “An Unholy Trinity: Science, Politics and the Press” (UnpublishedTalk)

Johnsen, S.J., et al. (1970). “Climatic Oscillations 1200-2000 A.D.” Nature 227: 482-83.Johnsen, S.J., et al. (1972). “Oxygen Isotope Profiles through the Antarctic and Greenland Ice

Sheets.” Nature 235: 429-34.Johnsen, S.J., et al. (1992). “Irregular Glacial Interstadials Recorded in a New Greenland Ice

Core.” Nature 359: 311-13.Johnson, David S. (1994). “Evolution of the U.S. Meteorological Satellite Program: Some

Reminiscences.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 75: 1705-08.Johnson, Donald R., and Akio Arakawa (1996). “On the Scientific Contributions and Insight of

Professor Yale Mintz.” J. Climate 9(3211-24).Johnson, R.G., and B.T. McClure (1976). “A Model for Northern Hemisphere Continental Ice

Sheet Variations.” Quaternary Research 6: 325-53.Johnston, H. (1971). “Reduction of Stratospheric Ozone by Nitrogen Oxide Catalysts from

Supersonic Transport Exhaust.” Science 173: 517-22.Jones, A., et al. (1994). “A Climate Model Study of Indirect Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic

Sulphate Aerosols.” Nature 370: 450-53 [doi: 10.1038/370450a0].

2Jones, A. , et al. (2010). “Geoengineering by Stratospheric SO Injection: Results from the MetOffice Hadgem2 Climate Model and Comparison with the Goddard Institute for SpaceStudies Modele.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10: 5999-6006 [doi:10.5194/acp-10-5999-2010].

Jones, M.D.H., and A. Henderson-Sellers (1990). “History of the Greenhouse Effect.” Progressin Physical Geography 14: 1-18.

Jones, P.D., et al. (1982). “Variations of Surface Air Temperatures. Part I: Northern Hemisphere,1881-1980.” Monthly Weather Review 110: 59-70.

Jones, P.D., et al. (1986a). “Global Temperature Variations between 1861 and 1984.” Nature322: 430-434.

Jones, P.D., et al. (1986b). “Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Variations, 1851-1984.” Journal of Climate & Applied Meteorology 25: 161-79.

Jones, P.D., et al. (1990). “Assessment of Urbanization Effects in Time Series of Surface AirTemperatures over Land.” Nature 347: 169-72.


Jones, Philip D., and Michael E. Mann (2004). “Climate over Past Millenia.” Reviews ofGeophysics 2004: 1-42 [doi:10.1029/2003RG000143].

Jones, P. D., et al. (2008). “Urbanization Effects in Large-Scale Temperature Records, with anEmphasis on China.” Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D16122[doi:10.1029/2008JD009916].

Joseph, Joachim H. (1984). “Gaps in the Knowledge of Aerosols--Analysis and Remedies.” InAerosols and Their Climatic Effects. Proceedings of a Meeting Held in Williamsburg,Va. 3/28-30/83, edited by Hermann E. Gerber and Adarsh Deepak., pp. 275-78. Hampton,VA: A. Deepak Publishing - Science and Technology Corp.

Josephson, Paul R. (2002). Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and theTransformation of the Natural World. Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater

Joughin, Ian, et al. (2008). “Seasonal Speedup Along the Western Flank of the Greenland IceSheet.” Science: [doi:10.1126/science.1153288]..

Junge, Christian E. (1952). “Die Konstitution des Atmosphärischen Aerosols.” Annalen derMeteorologie: 1-55.

Junge, Christian E. (1958). “Atmospheric Chemistry.” Advances in Geophysics 4: 1-106.Kahan, Dan (2010). “Fixing the Communications Failure.” Nature 463: 296-97.Kahan, Dan M., et al. (2010). “Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus.” Journal of Risk

Research 13 [doi: 10.1080/13669877.2010.511246].Kaiser, Jocelyn (2000). “Citizen-Scientist Guru.” Science 287: 1189.Kalkstein, L.S., Ed. (1991). Global Comparisons of Selected GCM Control Runs and Observed

Climate Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office ofPolicy, Planning and Evaluation, report 21P-2002.

Kalnay, Eugenia, and Ming Cai (2003). “Impact of Urbanization and Land-Use Change onClimate.” Nature 423: 528-31.

Kanzow, Torsten, et al. (2007). “Observed Flow Compensation Associated with the MOC at26.5EN in the Atlantic.” Science 137: 938-41 [doi:10.1126/science.1141293].

Kaplan, Lewis D. (1952). “On the Pressure Dependence of Radiative Heat Transfer in theAtmosphere.” J. Meteorology 9: 1-12.

Kaplan, Lewis D. (1959). “Inference of Atmospheric Structure from Remote RadiationMeasurements.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 49: 1004-7.

Kaplan, Lewis D. (1960). “The Influence of Carbon Dioxide Variation on the Atmospheric HeatBalance.” Tellus 12: 204-208.

Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1986). “Relationship between Decreased Temperature Range andPrecipitation Trends in the United States and Canada, 1941-80.” J. Climate and AppliedMeteorology 25(1878-86).

Karl, Thomas R., and Philip D. Jones (1989). “Urban Bias in Area-Averaged Surface AirTemperature Trends.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 70: 265-70.

Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1991). “Global Warming: Evidence for Asymmetric DiurnalTemperature Change.” Geophysical Research Letters 18: 2253-56.

Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1993). “Asymmetric Trends of Daily Maximum and MinimumTemperature.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1007-23.

Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1993). “Asymmetric Trends of Daily Maximum and Minimum


Temperature.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1007-23.Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1995). “Trends in High-Frequency Variability in the Twentieth

Century.” Nature 377: 217-20.Karl, Thomas R., et al. (1996). “Indices of Climate Change for the United States.” Bulletin of the

American Meteorological Society 77: 279-292.Karl, Thomas R., et al., Eds. (2006) Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for

Understanding and Reconciling Differences. A Report by the Climate Change ScienceProgram and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC:

Karner, Daniel B., and Richard A. Muller (2000). “A Causality Problem for Milankovitch.”Science 288: 2143-44.

Karpuz, Koç N., and E. Jansen (1992). “A High Resolution Diatom Record of the LastDeglaciation from the Se Norwegian Sea: Documentation of Rapid Climatic Changes.”Paleoceanography 7: 499-520.

Kasahara, Akira, and Warren M. Washington (1967). “NCAR Global General Circulation Modelof the Atmosphere.” Monthly Weather Review 95: 389-402 [doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095].

Kaser, G., et al. (2006). “Mass Balance of Glaciers and Ice Caps: Consensus Estimates for1961–2004.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L19501-5 [doi:10.1029/2006GL027511].

Kasting, J.F., and T.P. Ackerman (1986). “Climate Consequences of Very High Carbon DioxideLevels in the Earth’s Early Atmosphere.” Science 234: 1383-85.

Kates, R. W., et al., Eds. (1985) Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction ofClimate and Society. SCOPE Publication 27. London: Wiley.

Katz, Miriam E., et al. (1999). “The Source and Fate of Massive Carbon Input During the LatestPaleocene Thermal Maximum.” Science 286: 1531-33.

Kaufman, Darrell S., et al. (2009). “Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling.”Science 325: 1236-1239 [doi:10.1126/science.1173983].

Keeling, Charles D. (1960). “The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide inthe Atmosphere.” Tellus 12: 200-203.

Keeling, Charles D. (1970). “Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man’sEnvironment?” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114: 10-17.

Keeling, Charles D. (1973). “The Carbon Dioxide Cycle: Reservoir Models to Depict theExchange of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide with the Ocean and Land Plants.” InChemistry of the Lower Atmosphere, edited by S. I. Rasool, pp. 251-329. New York:Plenum.

Keeling, Charles D., et al. (1976). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variations at Mauna LoaObservatory.” Tellus 28: 538-51.

Keeling, Charles D. (1978). “The Influence of Mauna Loa Observatory on the Development of

2Atmospheric CO Research.” In Mauna Loa Observatory. A 20th Anniversary Report.(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Special Report, September 1978),edited by John Miller, pp. 36-54. Boulder, CO: NOAA Environmental ResearchLaboratories (online at http://www.mlo.noaa.gov/HISTORY/Fhistory.htm).

2Keeling, Charles D., et al. (1989). “A Three-Dimensional Model of Atmospheric CO TransportBased on Observed Winds.” In Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the


Western Americas (AGU Monograph 55), edited by David H. Peterson, pp. 165-363.Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Keeling, Charles D., et al. (1995). "Interannual Extremes in the Rate of Rise of AtmosphericCarbon Dioxide since 1980." Nature 375.

Keeling, Charles D., et al. (1996). “Increased Activity of Northern Vegetation Inferred from

2Atmospheric CO Measurements.” Nature 382: 146-49.Keeling, Charles D. (1998). “Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth.” Annual Review of

Energy and the Environment 23: 25-82.Keeling, Ralph F., and Stephen R. Shertz (1992). “Seasonal and Interannual Variations in

Atmospheric Oxygen and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle.” Nature 358: 723-27.

Keeling, Ralph F., et al. (1993). “What Atmospheric Oxygen Measurements Can Tell Us Aboutthe Global Carbon Cycle.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7: 37-67.

2Keeling, Ralph F., et al. (1996b). “Global and Hemispheric CO Sinks Deduced from Changes in

2Atmospheric O Concentration.” Nature 381: 218-21.Keeling, Ralph F. (2008). “Recording Earth’s Vital Signs.” Science 319: 1771-72

[doi:10.1126/science.1156761].Keeling, Ralph F., et al. (2010). " Monthly Atmospheric 13C/12C Isotopic Ratios for 11 SIO

Stations." Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon DioxideInformation Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department ofEnergy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.: online at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/iso-sio/iso-sio.html.

Keenlyside, N.S., et al. (2008). “Advancing Decadal-Scale Climate Prediction in the NorthAtlantic Sector.” Nature 453: 84-88 [doi:10.1038/nature06921].

Keith, David W. (2000). “Geoengineering the Climate: History and Prospect.” Annual Review ofEnergy and the Environment 25: 245-84.

Keith, David W., et al. (2010). “Research on Global Sun Block Needed Now.” Nature 463: 426-27.

Kellogg, William W. (1971). "Predicting the Climate." In Man's Impact on the Climate [Study ofCritical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by William H. Matthews, et al.,pp. 123-32. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kellogg, William W., and Stephen H. Schneider (1974). “Climate Stabilization: For Better or forWorse?” Science 186: 1163-72.

Kellogg, William W., et al. (1975). “Efect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on the Global Climate.” InProceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations,Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421) pp. 323-30. Geneva: World MeteorologicalOrganization.

Kellogg, William W. (1980). “Aerosols and Climate.” In Interactions of Energy and Climate,edited by W. Bach, et al., pp. 281-96. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Kellogg, William W., and Robert Schware (1981). Climate Change and Society: Consequencesof Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Kellogg, William W. (1987). “Mankind’s Impact on Climate: The Evolution of an Awareness.”Climatic Change 10: 113-36.


Kempton, Willett (1991). “Lay Perspectives on Global Climate Change.” Global EnvironmentalChange: 183-208.

Kennedy, Donald (2001). “An Unfortunate U-Turn on Carbon.” Science 291: 2515.Kennedy, Donald (2006). “The New Gag Rules.” Science 311: 917 [doi:

10.1126/science.1125749].Kennedy, Martin, et al. (2008). “Snowball Earth Termination by Destabilization of Equatorial

Permafrost Methane Clathrate.” Nature 453: 642-45 [doi:10.1038/nature06961].Kennett, D.J., et al. (2009). “Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer

(Brevia).” Science 323: 94 [doi:10.1126/science.1162819].Kennett, J.P., and Nicholas J. Shackleton (1975). “Laurentide Ice Sheet Meltwater Recorded in

Gulf of Mexico Deep-Sea Cores.” Science 188: 147-50.Kennett, J.P., and L.D. Stott (1991). “Abrupt Deep-Sea Warming, Palaeoceanographic Changes

and Benthic Extinctions at the End of the Palaeocene.” Nature 353: 225-29.Kennett, James P., et al. (2000). “Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Methane Hydrate Instability

During Quaternary Interstadials.” Science 288: 128-33[doi:10.1126/science.288.5463.128].

Kennett, James P., ed. (2002) Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The ClathrateGun Hypothesis. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Keppler, Frank, et al. (2006). “Methane Emissions from Terrestrial Plants under AerobicConditions.” Nature 439: 187-91 [doi: 10.1038/nature04420].

Kerr, Richard A. (1978). “Climate Control: How Large a Role for Orbital Variations?” Science201: 144-146.

Kerr, Richard A. (1981). “Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere Confirmed.” Science 212: 1013-14.

Kerr, Richard A. (1988). “Is the Greenhouse Here?” Science 239: 559-61.Kerr, Richard A. (1989a). “Greenhouse Skeptic out in the Cold.” Science 246: 1118-19.Kerr, Richard A. (1989b). “Hansen Vs. The World on the Greenhouse Threat.” Science 244:

1041-43.Kerr, Richard A. (1990). “New Greenhouse Report Puts Down Dissenters.” Science 249: 481-82.Kerr, Richard A. (1991). “Could the Sun Be Warming the Climate?” Science 254: 652-53.Kerr, Richard A. (1992). “Pollutant Haze Cools the Greenhouse.” Science 255: 682-84.Kerr, Richard A. (1993). “Even Warm Climates Get the Shivers.” Science 261: 292.Kerr, Richard A. (1995a). “Darker Clouds Promise Brighter Future for Climate Models.”

Science 267: 454.Kerr, Richard A. (1995b). “It’s Official: First Glimmer of Greenhouse Warming Seen.” Science

270: 1565-67.Kerr, Richard A. (1997a). “Model Gets It Right--without Fudge Factors.” Science 276: 1041.Kerr, Richard A. (1997b). “Did Satellites Spot a Brightening Sun?” Science 277: 1923-24.Kerr, Richard A. (1998). “Among Global Thermometers, Warming Wins Out.” Science 281:

1948-49.Kerr, Richard A. (1999). “Slide into Ice Ages Not Carbon Dioxide’s Fault?” Science 284: 1743-

46.Kerr, Richard A. (2000a). “A North Atlantic Climate Pacemaker for the Centuries.” Science 288:


1984-85 [doi: 10.1126/science.288.5473.1984].

2Kerr, Richard A. (2000b). “Ice, Mud Point to CO Role in Glacial Cycle.” Science 289: 18K68e.rr,Richard A. (2004a). “An Early Start for Greenhouse Warming?” Science 303: 306-07.

Kerr, Richard A. (2004b) “Getting Warmer, However You Measure It.” Science 304: 805-06.Kerr, Richard A. (2005). “Confronting the Bogeyman of the Climate System.” Science 310: 432-

33.Kerr, Richard A. (2006). “Latest Forecast: Stand by for a Warmer, but Not Scorching, World.”

Science 312: 351.Kerr, Richard A. (2006). “Global Warming May Be Homing in on Atlantic Hurricanes.” Science

314: 910-11.Kerr, Richard A. (2006). “Pollute the Planet for Climate’s Sake?” Science 314: 401-03.Khodri, M., et al. (2001). “Simulating the Amplification of Orbital Forcing by Ocean Feedbacks

in the Last Glaciation.” Nature 410: 570-73.Kiehl, Jeffrey T., and B. P. Briegleb (1993). “The Relative Roles of Sulfate Aerosols and

Greenhouse Gases in Climate Forcing.” Science 260: 311-14.Kiehl, Jeffrey T., et al. (1996). Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3).

Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Technical Note TN-420+STR.

Kiehl, Jeffrey T. (1999). “Solving the Aerosol Puzzle.” Science 283: 1273-75.Kiehl, Jeffrey (2011). "Lessons from Earth's Past." Science 331: 158-59

[doi:10.1126/science.1199380].Kimble, George H.T. (1950). “Changing Climate.” Scientific American, April, pp. 48-53.Kincer, J.B. (1934). “Is Our Climate Changing to Milder?” Scientific Monthly, July, pp. 59-62.King, John (2014). “Climate Science: A Resolution of the Antarctic Paradox.” Nature 505: 491-

92 [doi:10.1038/505491a].Kingsolver, Barbara (2012). Flight Behavior. New York: Harper.Kintisch, Eli (2006). “Evangelicals, Scientists Reach Common Ground on Climate Change.”

Science 311: 1082-83.Kintisch, Eli (2009). “Projections of Climate Change Go from Bad to Worse, Scientists Report.”

Science 323: 1546-47 [doi:10.1126/science.323.5921.1546].Kintisch, Eli (2010). Hack the Planet: Science’s Best Hope - or Worst Nightmare - for Averting

Climate Catastrophe. New York: Wiley.Kirkby, Jasper (2007). “Cosmic Rays and Climate.” Surveys in Geophysics 28: 333-75

[doi:10.1007/s10712-008-9030-6].Kirschbaum, Miko U. F. (1995). “The Temperature Dependence of Soil Organic Matter

Decomposition, and the Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic C Storage.” SoilBiology and Biochemistry 27: 753-60 [doi:10.1016/0038-0717(94)00242-S].

Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). “A Paleogeographic Model for Vendian and Cambrian Time. [<SnowballEarth’].” In The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study, edited by J.W.Schopf, et al., pp. 567-81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kluger, Jeffrey (2005). “Global Warming: The Culprit?” Time 166, no. 14 (3 October), pp. 42-46.

Kluger, Jeffrey (2006). “The Tipping Point.” Time 167, no. 14 (3 April), pp. 34-42.


Knorr, W., et al. (2005). “Long-Term Sensitivity of Soil Carbon Turnover to Warming.” Nature433: 298-301 [doi:10.1038/nature03226].

2Knox, Fanny, and Michael B. McElroy (1984). “Changes in Atmospheric CO : Influence of theMarine Biota at High Latitude.” J. Geophysical Research 89: 4629-37.

2Knutson, T.R., et al. (1998). “Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO -WarmedClimate.” Science 279: 1018-20.

2Knutson, T.K., and R.E. Tuleya (2004). “Impact of CO -Induced Warming on SimulatedHurricane Intensity and Precipitation.” Journal of Climate 17: 3477-95.

Knutti, Reto, et al. (2002). “Constraints on Radiative Forcing and Future Climate Change fromObservations and Climate Model Ensembles.” Nature 416: 719-22.

Koch, Paul L., et al. (1992). “Correlation between Isotope Records in Marine and ContinentalCarbon Reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocence Boundary.” Nature 358: 319-22.

Koelsch, William A. (1996). “From Geo- to Physical Science: Meteorology and the AmericanUniversity, 1919-1945.” In Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919-1995, edited byJames Rodger Fleming, pp. 511-40. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Kohfeld, Kare E., et al. (2005). “Role of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Cycles.”Science 308: 74-78 [doi: 10.1126/science.1105375].

Kolbert, Elizabeth (2006). Field Notes from a Catastrophe. London: Bloomsbury.Kolbert, Elizabeth (2006). “The Darkening Sea.” New Yorker 82, no. 38 (Nov. 20), pp. 66-75.Kondratyev, Kirill Ya., and G.A. Nikolsky (1970). “Solar Radiation and Solar Activity.”

Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 96: 509-22.Kondratyev, Kirill Ya. (1981). “Stratosphere and Climate.” Meteorology and Climatology

(Science and Technology Findings, Izd. VINITI Akad. Nauk SSSR) 6.Kondratyev, Kirill Ya. (1988). Climate Shocks: Natural and Anthropogenic. New York: John

Wiley.Kopp, Robert E.Frederik J. Simons, et al. (2009). “Probabilistic Assessment of Sea Level During

the Last Interglacial Stage.” Nature 462: 863-68 [doi:10.1038/nature08686].Köppen, W. (1873). “Uber Mehrjährige Perioden der Witterung, Insbesondere Über die

11jährige Periode der Temperatur.” Zeitschrift der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft fürMeteorologie 8: 241-48, 141-50.

Köppen, W., and A. Wegener (1924). Die Klimate der Geologischen Vorzeit. Berlin:Borntraeger.

Kosaka, Yu, and Shang-Ping Xie (2013). “Recent Global-Warming Hiatus Tied to EquatorialPacific Surface Cooling.” Nature 501 403-07 [doi:10.1038/nature12534].

Kossin, J. P., et al. (2007). “A Globally Consistent Reanalysis of Hurricane Variability andTrends.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L04815-21 [doi:10.1029/2006GL028836,2007].

Koyama, Tadashiro (1963). “Gaseous Metabolism in Lake Sediments and Paddy Soils and theProduction of Atmospheric Methane and Hydrogen.” J. Geophysical Research 68: 3971-73.

Krabill, William, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, et al. (1999). “Rapid Thinning of Parts of theSouthern Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 283: 1522-24.

Krajick, Kevin (2002). “Ice Man: Lonnie Thompson Scales the Peaks for Science.” Science 298:


518-22.Kraus, E. B., and Edward N. Lorenz (1966). “Numerical Experiments with Large-Scale Seasonal

Forcing.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 23: 3-12.Krissansen-Totton, J., and R. Davies (2013). “Investigation of Cosmic Ray-Cloud Connections

Using MISR.” Geophysical Research Letters 40: 5240-45,http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50996.

Krook, Max (1953). “Interstellar Matter and the Solar Constant.” In Climatic Change. Evidence,Causes, and Effects, edited by Harlow Shapley, pp. 143-46. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.

Krosnick, Jon A., et al. (2000). “The Impact of the Fall 1997 Debate About Global Warming onAmerican Public Opinion.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 239-60.

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University ofChicago Press.

Kuhry, P., et al. (2010 ). “Potential Remobilization of Belowground Permafrost Carbon underFuture Global Warming.” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 21 208-14 [doi:10.1002/ppp.684].

Kuiper, G.P., Ed. (1952, 2nd ed.). The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Kuiper, Gerald P., and Barbara M. Middlehurst, Eds. (1961). Planets and Satellites. The SolarSystem Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kuiper, Gerard P, Ed. (1953). The Sun. The Solar System Vol. 1. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.

Kukla, George J., and Alois Kocí (1972). “End of the Last Interglacial in the Loess Record.”Quaternary Research 2: 374-83.

Kukla, George J., and R. K. Matthews (1972). “When Will the Present Interglacial End?”Science 178: 190-91.

Kukla, George J., et al. (1972). “The End of the Present Interglacial.” Quaternary Research 2:261-69.

Kukla, George J., and Helena J. Kukla (1974). “Increased Surface Albedo in the NorthernHemisphere.” Science 183: 709-14.

Kulp, J. Laurence, et al. (1951). “Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements, I.” Science 114:565-568.

Kulp, J. Laurence (1953). “Carbon-14 Measurements on Geological Samples.” Atomics, April,pp. 96-98.

Kurz, W.A., et al. (2008). “Mountain Pine Beetle and Forest Carbon Feedback to ClimateChange.” Nature 452: 987-90 [doi:10.1038/nature06777].

Kunzig, Robert (2004). “20,000 Microbes under the Sea.” Discover, December, 32-41.Kunzig, Robert (2006). “Hurricanes Intensify Global-Warming Debate.” Discover 27, no. 1

(January), pp. 20-23.Kutzbach, Gisela, Ed. (2007) Climate Variability and Changes: Past, Present and Future. John

E. Kutzbach Symposium. Madison, WI: Center for Climatic Research, University ofWisconsin-Madison.

Kutzbach, John E. (1976). “The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variations.” Quaternary


Research 6: 471-80.Kutzbach, John E., and P.J. Guetter (1984). “The Sensitivity of Monsoon Climates to Orbital

Parameterization Changes for 9000 Years BP: Experiments with the NCAR GeneralCirculation Model.” In Milankovitch and Climate. Understanding the Response toAstronomical Forcing (Part 2), edited by A.L. Berger, et al., pp. 801-20. Dordrecht:Reidel.

Kutzbach, John E. (1996). “Steps in the Evolution of Climatology: From Descriptive toAnalytic.” In Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919-1995, edited by James R. Fleming,pp. 353-77. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Kutzbach, John E., et al. (1996). “Vegetation and Soil Feedbacks on the Response of the AfricanMonsoon to Orbital Forcing in the Early to Middle Holocene.” Nature 384: 623-26.

Kvenvolden, K.A. (1988). “Methane Hydrates and Global Climate.” Global Biochemical Cycles3: 221-29.

Kwa, C. (1994). “Modelling Technologies of Control.” Science as Culture 4: 363-91.Kwa, Changlin (2001). “The Rise and Fall of Weather Modification: Changes in American

Attitudes Toward Technology, Nature, and Society.” In Changing the Atmosphere.Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, edited by Clark A. Miller and PaulN. Edwards, pp. 135-65. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kwok, R., et al. (2009). “Thinning and Volume Loss of the Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Cover:2003–2008.” J. Geophysical Research 114: C07005 [doi:10.1029/2009JC005312].

Labitzke, K., and H. van Loon (1999). “The Signal of the 11-Year Sunspot Cycle in the UpperTroposphere-Lower Stratosphere.” Space Science Reviews 80: 393-410.

Lachenbruch, A.H., and B.V. Marshall (1986). “Changing Climate: Geothermal Evidence fromPermafrost in the Alaskan Arctic.” Science 234: 689-96.

Lacis, Andrew A., and James E. Hansen (1974). “A Paramaterization for the Absorption of SolarRadiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 118-33.

2Lacis, Andrew A., et al. (2010). “Atmospheric CO : Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’sTemperature.” Science 330.

Lahsen, Myanna H. (1999). “The Detection and Attribution of Conspiracies: The Controversyover Chapter 8.” In Paranoia within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation,edited by Marcus, George E., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lahsen, Myanna (2005a). “Seductive Simulations? Uncertainty Distribution around ClimateModels.” Social Studies of Science 35: 895-992 [doi:10.1177/0306312705053049].

Lahsen, Myanna H. (2005b). “Technocracy, Democracy and U.S. Climate Science Politics: TheNeed for Demarcations.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 30: 137-69.

Lahsen, Myanna Hvid (2008). “Experiences of Modernity in the Greenhouse: A CulturalAnalysis of a Physicist ‘Trio’ Supporting the Conservative Backlash against GlobalWarming.” Global Environmental Change 18: 204-19.

Lakatos, Imre (1970). “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.”In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave,pp. 91-196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1959). “Our Changing Climate, Past and Present (Address to BAAS).”Weather, Oct., pp. 299-318 (reprinted in Lamb, Changing Climate, pp. 1-20).


Lamb, Hubert H. (1966a). The Changing Climate: Selected Papers. London: Methuen.Lamb, Hubert H. (1966b). “Britain’s Climate in the Past, Address to BAAS, 1964.” In The

Changing Climate. Selected Papers pp. 170-95. London.Lamb, Hubert H. (1969). “Climatic Fluctuations.” In General Climatology, edited by H. Flohn,

World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 2, pp. 173-247. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Lamb, Hubert H. (1970). “Volcanic Dust in the Atmosphere; with a Chronology and Assessment

of Its Meteorological Significance.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ofLondon A266: 425-533.

Lamb, Hubert H., and Alastair Woodroffe (1970). “Atmospheric Circulation During the Last IceAge.” Quaternary Research 1: 29-58.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1971). “Climate-Engineering Schemes to Meet a Climatic Emergency.”Earth-Science Reviews 7: 87-95.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1972-77). Climate: Present, Past and Future. London: Methuen.Lamb, Hubert H. (1977). Climatic History and the Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University

Press.Lamb, Hubert H. (1995, 2nd ed.). Climate, History and the Modern World. London: Routledge.Lamb, Hubert H. (1997). Through All the Changing Scenes of Life: A Meteorologist’s Tale.

Norfolk, UK: Taverner.Lambright, W. Henry, and Stanley A. Changnon, Jr. (1989). “Arresting Technology:

Government, Scientists, and Weather Modification.” Science, Technology and HumanValues 14: 340-59.

Lancaster, Justin (1994). “Revelle on Global Warming.” Science 265: 302.Lanchbery, John, and David Victor (1995). “The Role of Science in the Global Climate

Negotiations.” In Green Globe Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environmentand Development 1995, edited by Helge Bergesen and Georg Parmann, pp. 29-39.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1941, rev. ed. 1947, 1960). Physical Climatology. State College, PA:Pennsylvania State College.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1946). “Climate as a Natural Resource.” Scientific Monthly, Oct., pp.293-98.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1955). “The Climate of Towns.” In Man’s Role in Changing the Face ofthe Earth, edited by William L. Thomas, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1958). “Trends in Climatology.” Science 128: 749-58.Landsberg, Helmut E. (1960). “Notes on the Recent Climatic Fluctuation in the United States.”

J. Geophysical Research 65: 1519-25.Landsberg, Helmut E. (1967). “Two Centuries of New England Climate.” Weatherwise, April,

pp. 52-57.Landsberg, Helmut E. (1970). “Man-Made Climatic Changes.” Science 170: 1265-74.Landsea, Cristopher W., et al. (2006). “Can We Detect Trends in Extreme Tropical Cyclones?”

Science 313: 452-54 [doi:10.1126/science/1128448].Langley, S.P. (1884). “Researches on Solar Heat and Its Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere:

A Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition.” Professional Papers of the Signal Service15: 1-242.


Langley, S.P. (1886). “Observations on Invisible Heat-Spectra and the Recognition of HithertoUmmeasured Wave-Lengths, Made at the Alleghany Observatory.” PhilosophicalMagazine 31: 394-409.

Langway, C.C., Jr., et al. (1985). “The Greenland Ice Sheet Program in Perspective.” InGreenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry and the Environment (GeophysicalMonograph 33), edited by C.C. Langway, Jr., et al., pp. 1-8. Washington, DC: AmericanGeophysical Union.

Langway, Chester C., Jr. (2008). The History of Early Polar Ice Cores. US Army Corps ofEngineers Energy Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research andDevelopment Laboratory, report ERDC/CRREL TR-08-1, online at http://nicl-smo.unh.edu/Langway_2008_Early_polar_ice_cores.pdf.

Lapp, Ralph (1962). Kill and Overkill: The Strategy of Annihilation. New York: Basic.Laudan, Larry (1977). Progress and Its Problems. Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth.

Berkeley: University of California Press.Lauer, Axel, et al. (2010). “The Impact of Global Warming on Marine Boundary Layer Clouds

over the Eastern Pacific—a Regional Model Study.” Journal of Climate 23: 5844-63.Laurmann, J.A. (1976). “Climate Research.” Science 191: 1002-1005.Lawler, Andrew (1998). “Global Change Fights Off a Chill.” Science 280: 1682.Lawrence, David M., and Andrew G. Slater (2005). “A Projection of Severe near-Surface

Permafrost Degradation During the 21st Century.” Geophysical Research Letters 32:L22401 [doi: 10.1029/2005GL025080].

Lawrence, Mark G., and Paul J. Crutzen (1999). “Influence of NOx Emissions from Ships onTropospheric Photochemistry and Climate.” Nature 402: 167-70.

Lazier, J.R.N. (1995). “The Salinity Decrease in the Labrador Sea over the Past Thirty Years.” InNatural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, edited by Douglas G.Martinson, et al., pp. 295-302. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

2Le Quéré, Corinne, et al. (2007). “Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO Sink Due to RecentClimate Change.” Science 316: 1735-38 [doi:10.1126/science.1136188].

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (1967). Histoire Du Climat Depuis L’an Mil. Paris: Flammarion.Lean, Judith L., and David H. Rind (2001). “Earth’s Response to a Variable Sun.” Science 292:

234-36 [doi:10.1126/science:1060082].Lean, Judith L. , and David H. Rind (2009). “How Will Earth’s Surface Temperature Change in

Future Decades?” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L15708[doi:10.1029/2009GL038932].

Lean, Judith L. (2010). “Cycles and Trends in Solar Irradiance and Climate.” WileyInterdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 111-22 [doi:10.1002/wcc.018].

Ledley, Tamara S., et al. (1999). “Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases.” Eos, Transactions ofthe American Geophysical Union 80(39): 454-58.

Lee, Kynug E., and Niall C. Slowey (1999). “Cool Surface Waters of the Subtropical NorthPacific Ocean During the Last Interglacial.” Nature 397: 512-14.

Lee, R. (1973). “The <Greenhouse’ Effect.” J. Applied Meteorology 12: 556-57.Lee, R. (1974). “Reply to Berry.” J. Applied Meteorology 13: 605-06.Lee, R.B., III, et al. (1995). “Long-Term Solar Irradiance Variability During Sunspot Cycle 22.”


J. Geophysical Research 100(A2): 1667-75.Leggett, Jeremy (1999). The Carbon War: Dispatches from the End of the Oil Century. London:

Allen Lane - Penguin.Lehman, Scott J., and Lloyd D. Keigwin (1992). “Sudden Changes in North Atlantic Circulation

During the Last Deglaciation.” Nature 356: 757-62.Leiserowitz, Anthony (2004). "Day after Tomorrow: Study of Climate Change Risk Perception."

Environment 46, no. 9 (Nov.), pp. 22-44.Leiserowitz, Anthony (2005). “American Risk Perceptions: Is Climate Change Dangerous?” Risk

Analysis 25: 1433-1442.Leiserowitz, Anthony (2006). "Climate Change, Risk Perception and Policy Preferences: The

Role of Affect, Imagery and Values." Climatic Change 77: 45-72 [doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9059-9].

Leiserowitz, Anthony, et al. (2010a). “Climategate, Public Opinion, and the Loss of Trust.”Working Paper, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1633932.

Leiserowitz, Anthony, et al. (2010b). Americans’ Knowledge of Climate Change, Yale Projecton Climate Change, New Haven, CT. Online athttp://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/ClimateChangeKnowledge2010.pdf.

Lemke, P., et al. (2007). “Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground.” In ClimateChange 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 338-83. (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/).

Leovy, C.B., et al. (1973). “Mechanisms for Mars Dust Storms.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 30:749-62.

Levenson, Thomas (1989). Ice Time: Climate, Science, and Life on Earth. New York: Harper &Row.

Levermann, Anders, et al. (2013). “The Multimillennial Sea-Level Commitment of GlobalWarming.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 13745-50[doi:10.1073/pnas.1219414110].

Levins, Richard (1966). “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology.” AmericanScientist 54: 421–31.

Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner (2009). Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, PatrioticProstitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance. New York: WilliamMorrow.

Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2000). “Warming of the World Ocean.” Science 287: 2225-29.Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2001). “Anthropogenic Warming of Earth’s Climate System.” Science

292: 267-70.Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2005). “Warming of the World Ocean, 1955–2003.” Geophysical

Research Letters 32: L02604-22 [doi: 10.1029/2004GL021592].Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2009). “Global Ocean Heat Content 1955–2008 in Light of Recently

Revealed Instrumentation Problems.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L07608[doi:10.1029/2008GL037155].

Lewis, J.M. (1993). “Meteorologists from the University of Tokyo: Their Exodus to the UnitedStates Following World War II.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74:


1351-60.Lewis, John M. (2000). “Clarifying the Dynamics of the General Circulation. Phillips’s 1956

Experiment.” In General Circulation Model Development, edited by David A. Randall,pp. 91-125. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Lewis, Simon L., et al. (2011). "The 2010 Amazon Drought." Science 331.Li, Zhanqing, et al. (1995). “The Variable Effect of Clouds on Atmospheric Absorption of Solar

Radiation.” Nature 376: 486-90.Li, Zhanqing, Thomas P. Ackerman, Warren Wiscombe, et al. (2003). “Have Clouds Darkened

since 1995?” (Letter). Science 302: 1151-52.Lian, M.S., and R.D. Cess (1977). “Energy Balance Climate Models: A Reappraisal of Ice-

Albedo Feedback.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 1058-62.Libby, Willard F. (1946). “Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic

Radiation.” Physical Review 69: 671-72.Libby, Willard F. (1951). Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Libby, Willard F. (1955, 2nd ed.). Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Libby, Willard F. (1963). “Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dates.” Science 140: 278-80.Libby, Willard F. (1967). “History of Radiocarbon Dating.” In Radioactive Dating and Methods

of Low-Level Counting. Proceeedings of a Symposium, Monaco, 1967 pp. 3-25. Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency.

Lichter, Robert (1992). “A Study of National Media Coverage of Global Climate Change 1985-1991". Washington, DC, Center for Science, Technology & Media.

Lichter, S. Robert, and Linda S. Lichter (1992). “The Great Greenhouse Debate: Media Coverageand Expert Opinon on Global Warming.” Media Monitor 6: 1-6.

Lichter, S. Robert (2008). Climate Scientists Agree on Warming. Washington, DC: STATSarticles 2008. Online athttp://stats.org/stories/2008/global_warming_survey_apr23_08.html

Lilly, Douglas K. (1997). “Introduction [to Reprint of Arakawa (1966)], <Computational Designfor Long-Term Numerical Integration...’” J. Computational Physics 135: 101-102.

Linden, Eugene (2006). “Climate Shock.” Fortune 153, no. 1 (January 23), pp. 134-45.Linden, Eugene (2006). The Winds of Change: Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of

Civilizations. New York: Simon & Schuster.Lindsay, Ron W., and J. Zhang (2005). “The Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice, 1988-2003: Have We

Passed a Tipping Point?” Journal of Climate 18: 4879–94 [doi: 10.1175/JCLI3587.1].Lindzen, Richard S. (1990). “Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming.” Bulletin of the

American Meteorological Society 71: 288-99.Lindzen, Richard S. (1997). “Can Increasing Carbon Dioxide Cause Climate Change?”

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94: 8335-42Lindzen, Richard S., et al. (2001). “Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?” Bulletin of

the American Meteorological Society 82: 417-32.Lindzen, Richard S., and Yong-Sang Choi (2009). “On the Determination of Climate Feedbacks

from ERBE Data.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L16705[doi:10.1029/2009GL039628].

Lingenfelter, R.E. (1963). “Production of Carbon-14 by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons.” Reviews of


Geophysics and Space Physics 1: 35-55.Linville, Patricia W. , and Gregory W. Fischer (1991). “Preferences for Separating or Combining

Events.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60: 5-23.Liu, Shaw Chen, et al. (2009). “Temperature Dependence of Global Precipitation Extremes.”

Geophysical Research Letters 36: L17702 [doi:10.1029/2009GL040218].Liu, Z., et al. (2009). “Transient Stimulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for

Bølling-Allerød Warming.” Science 325: 310-14 [doi:10.1126/science.1171041].Lizza, Ryan (October 11, 2010). “As the World Burns.” New Yorker, online at

http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/11/101011fa_fact_lizza.Lockwood, John G. (1979). Causes of Climate. New York: John Wiley.Lockwood, M., et al. (1999). “A Doubling of the Sun’s Coronal Magnetic Field During the Past

100 Years.” Nature 399: 437-39.Lockwood, Mike L., and Claus Fröhlich (2007). “Recent Oppositely Directed Trends in Solar

Climate Forcings and the Global Mean Surface Air Temperature.” Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London A: 463: 2447-60 [doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880].

Lockwood, M., et al. (2010). “Are Cold Winters in Europe Associated with Low Solar Activity?”Environmental Research Letters 5: 024001 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/02400].

Lomborg, Bjørn (2001). The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lomborg, Bjørn (2004). Global Crises, Global Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Lomborg, Bjørn (2007). Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming.New York: Knopf.

London, J. (1957). A Study of Atmospheric Heat Balance, New York, College of Engineering,New York University 99 pp.

Long, Marybeth, and Alastair Iles (1997). Assessing Climate Change Impacts: Co-Evolution ofKnowledge, Communities and Methodologies. ENRP Discussion Paper E-97-09,Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Online athttp://www.hks.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/e-97-09.pdf

Long, S.P. (1991). “Modification of the Response of Photosynthetic Productivity to Rising

2Temperature by Atmospheric CO Concentrations: Has Its Importance BeenUnderestimated?” Plant, Cell & Environment 44: 729-39.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1960). “Energy and Numerical Weather Prediction.” Tellus 12: 364-73.Lorenz, Edward N. (1963). “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 20: 130-

41.Lorenz, Edward N. (1964). “The Problem of Deducing the Climate from the Governing

Equations.” Tellus 16: 1-11.Lorenz, Edward N. (1965). “A Study of the Predictability of 28-Variable Atmospheric Model.”

Tellus 17: 321-333.Lorenz, Edward N. (1967). The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the

Atmosphere. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.Lorenz, Edward N. (1968). “Climatic Determinism (1965 Boulder Address, Also in Mitchell,

Ed., Causes of Climate.).” Meteorological Monographs 8: 1-3.


Lorenz, Edward N. (1970). “Climate Change as a Mathematical Problem.” J. AppliedMeteorology 9: 325-29.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1993). The Essence of Chaos. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Lorenzoni, Irene, et al. (2006). “Cross-National Comparisons of Image Associations with

‘Global Warming’ and ‘Climate Change’ among Laypeople in the United States ofAmerica and Great Britain.” Journal of Risk Research, Volume , Issue 3 April 2006 ,pages 9: 265-81 [doi:10.1080/13669870600613658].

Lorenzoni, Irene, and Nick F. Pidgeon (2006). “Public Views on Climate Change: European andUSA Perspectives.” Climactic Change 77: 73-95 [doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9072-z].

Lorius, Claude, et al. (1985). “A 150,000-Year Climatic Record from Antarctic Ice.” Nature316: 591-96.

Lorius, Claude, et al. (1990). “The Ice Core Record: Climate Sensitivity and Future GreenhouseWarming.” Nature 347: 139-45.

Lotka, Alfred J. (1924). Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins (reprintedas Elements of Mathematical Biology, NY, Dover,1956).

Lovell, Bryan (2012). Challenged by Carbon. The Oil Industry and Climate Change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Lovelock, James E., et al. (1972). “Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural SulphurCycle.” Nature 237: 452-53.

Lovelock, James E., et al. (1973). “Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic.” Nature241: 194-96.

Lovelock, James E. (1974). “Atmospheric Halocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone.” Nature 252:292-94.

Lovelock, James E., and Lynn Margulis (1974). “Atmospheric Homeostasis by and for theBiosphere: The Gaia Hypothesis.” Tellus 26: 2-9.

Lovelock, James (1991). “Reflections on Gaia.” In Scientists on Gaia, edited by Stephen H.Schneider and Penelope J. Boston, pp. 1-5. Boston: MIT Press.

Lovelock, James E. (1999). “The View from Outside.” In Atmospheric Chemistry and GlobalChange, edited by Guy P. Brasseur, et al., pp. 204-205. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Lovelock, James E. (2000). Homage to Gaia. The Life of an Independent Scientist. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Lovelock, James (2009). The Vanishing Face of Gaia. A Final Warming. New York: BasicBooks.

Lovins, Amory B. (1976). “Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?” Foreign Affairs 55: 65-96.Lowe, Thomas, et al. (2006). “Does Tomorrow Ever Come? Disaster Narrative and Public

Perceptions of Climate Change.” Public Understanding of Science 15: 435-57.Lowell, Thomas V., et al. (2005). “Testing the Lake Agassiz Meltwater Trigger for the Younger

Dryas.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 40: 365, 372.Lozier, M. Susan (2010). “Deconstructing the Conveyor Belt.” Science 328: 1507-11

[doi:10.1126/science.1189250].Luckman, Adrian, et al. (2006). “Rapid and Synchronous Ice-Dynamic Changes in East

Greenland.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L03503 [doi: 10.1029/2005GL025428].


Ludwig, Kenneth R., et al. (1992). “Mass-Spectrometric 230th-234u-238u- Dating of the DevilsHole Calcite Vein.” Science 258: 284-87.

Lund, David C., et al. (2006). “Gulf Stream Density Structure and Transport During the PastMillennium.” Nature 444: 601-604 [doi:10.1038/nature05277].

Lunt, Daniel J., et al. (2010). “Earth System Sensitivity Inferred from Pliocene Modelling andData.” Nature Geoscience 3: 60-64 [doi:10.1038/ngeo706].

Luthcke, S.B., et al. (2006). “Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from SatelliteGravity Observations.” Science 314: 1286-89.

Lüthi, Dieter, et al. (2008). “High-Resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000-800,000?Years before Present.” Nature 453: 379-82 [doi:10.1038/nature06949].

\Lyman, John M., et al. (2006). “Recent Cooling of the Upper Ocean.” Geophysical ResearchLetters 33: L18604 [doi:10.1029/2006GL027033].

Lynas, Mark (2007). Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet. London: Fourth Estate(HarperCollins UK).

Lynch, Peter (2006). The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson’s Dream.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean (2004). “Hemispheric Asynchrony of Abrupt Climate Change.” Science304: 1919-20.

Lysgaard, Leo (1950). “On the Present Climatic Variation.” In Royal Meteorological SocietyCentenary Proceedings pp. 206-11. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

MacAyeal, D.R. (1993). “Binge/Purge Oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet as a Cause ofNorth Atlantic’s Heinrich Events.” Paleoceanography 8: 775-84.

MacCracken, M.C., and F.M. Luther (1985a). “Detecting the Climatic Effects of IncreasingCarbon Dioxide”. Washington, DC, Department of Energy. Report DOE/ER-0235

MacCracken, M.C., and F.M. Luther (1985b). “Projecting the Climatic Effects of IncreasingCarbon Dioxide”. Washington, DC, Department of Energy. Report DOE/ER-0237

Machta, Lester, T. Carpenter (1971). “Trends in High Cloudiness at Denver and Salt Lake City.”In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP)Report], edited by William H. Matthews, William W. Kellogg and G. D. Robinson, 410-15. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

2Machta, Lester (1973). “Prediction of CO in the Atmosphere.” In Carbon and the Biosphere,edited by George M. Woodwell and Erene V. Pecan. Washington, DC: Atomic EnergyCommission (National Technical Information Service, CONF-7502510).

Madden, Roland A., and V. Ramanathan (1980). “Detecting Climate Change Due to IncreasingCarbon Dioxide.” Science 209: 763-68.

Maddox, John (1983). “Great Greenhouse in the Sky?” Nature 306: 221.Maher, Neil (2005). “Neil Maher on Shooting the Moon.” Environmental History 9 (online at

http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.3/maher.html).Mahlman, J.D. (1998). “Science and Nonscience Concerning Human-Caused Climate

Warming.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23: 83-106.Malhi, Yadvinder, et al. (2008). “Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon.”

Science 319: 169-72 [doi:10.1126/science.1146961].Malhi, Yadvinder, et al. (2009). “Exploring the Likelihood and Mechanism of a Climate-


Change-Induced Dieback of the Amazon Rainforest.” Publications of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 106: 20610-15 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0804619106].

Manabe, Syukuro, and Robert F. Strickler (1964). “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere withConvective Adjustment.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 21: 361-85.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1965). “Simulated Climatology of General Circulation with aHydrologic Cycle.” Monthly Weather Review 93: 769-98.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1967). “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmospherewith a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 24: 241-59.

Manabe, Syukuro (1969). “Climate and the Ocean Circulation. I. The Atmospheric Circulationand the Hydrology of the Earth’s Surface. II. The Atmospheric Circulation and the Effectof Heat Transfer by Ocean Currents.” Monthly Weather Review 97: 739-74, 775-805.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Kirk Bryan (1969). “Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean-Atmosphere Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 26: 786-89.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1974). “The Seasonal Variation of the Tropical Circulation asSimulated by a Global Model of the Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 43-83.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1975). “A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model: Part I. TheAtmospheric Circulation.” J. Physical Oceanography 5: 3-29.

2Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1975). “The Effects of Doubling the COConcentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences32: 3-15.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Douglas F. Hahn (1977). “Simulation of the Tropical Climate of an IceAge.” J. Geophysical Research 82: 3889-3911.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1979). “A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model with SeasonalVariation for Future Studies of Climate Sensitivity.” Dynamics of Atmospheres andOceans 3: 393-426.

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1980). “Sensitivity of a Global Climate Model to an

2Increase of CO Concentration in the Atmosphere.” J. Geophysical Research 85: 5529-54.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1980). “On the Distribution of Climate Change

2Resulting from an Increase in CO Content of the Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences37: 99-118.

Manabe, Syukuro, and A.J. Broccoli (1985). “A Comparison of Climate Model Sensitivity withthe Data from the Last Glacial Maximum.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 42: 2643-51.

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1988). “Two Stable Equilibria of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model.” J. Climate 1: 841-66.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1991). “Transient Responses of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model

2to Gradual Changes of Atmospheric CO . Part I. Annual Mean Response.” Journal ofClimate 4: 785-818 [doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0785].

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1993). “Century-Scale Effects of Increased Atmospheric

2CO on the Ocean-Atmosphere System.” Nature 364: 215-18.Manabe, Syukuro (1997). “Early Developments in the Study of Greenhouse Warming: The

Emergence of Climate Models.” Ambio 26: 47-51.Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (2007). “Role of Ocean in Global Warming.” Journal of the


Meteorological Society of Japan 85B: 385-403.Mann, Michael E., et al. (1998). “Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over

the Past Six Centuries.” Nature 392: 779-87 [doi:10.1038/33859].Mann, Michael E., et al. (1999). “Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past

Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations.” Geophysical Research Letters26: 759-62.

Mann, Michael E., Caspar Amman, Ray Bradley, et al. (2003). “On Past Temperatures andAnomalous Late-20th Century Warmth.” Eos, Transactions of the American GeophysicalUnion 84, no. 27: 256-57.

Mann, Michael E., Philip D. Jones (2003). “Global Surface Temperatures over the Past TwoMillennia.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1820-24.

Mann, Michael E., Raymond S. Bradley, Malcolm K. Hughes (2004). “Corrigendum: Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries.” Nature430: 105.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2005). “Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-BasedReconstructions of Past Climate.” Journal of Climate 18: 4097-4107.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2006). “Past Millennia Climate Variability.” Eos, Transactions of theAmerican Geophysical Union 87: 526-27.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2007). "Robustness of Proxy-Based Climate Field ReconstructionMethods." Journal of Geophysical Research 112: D12109 [doi:10.1029/2006JD008272].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2008). “Proxy-Based Reconstructions of Hemispheric and GlobalSurface Temperature Variations over the Past Two Millennia.” Publications of theNational Academy of Sciences 105: 13252–57 [ doi:10.1073/pnas.0805721105].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2009). “Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Ageand Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Science 326: 1256-60 [doi:10.1126/science.1177303].

Mann, Michael E. (2012). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.

Manten, A.A. (1966). “Half a Century of Modern Palynology.” Earth-Science Reviews 2: 277-316.

2Marchetti, Cesare (1977). “On Geoengineering and the CO Problem.” Climatic Change 1: 59-68.

Marcott, Shaun A., et al. (2013). “A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for thePast 11,300 Years.” Science 339: 1198-1201 [doi:10.1126/science.1228026].

Marsh, Nigel D., and Henrik Svensmark (2000). “Low Cloud Properties Influenced by CosmicRays.” Physical Review Letters 85: 5004-07.

Martin, John H., S.E. Fitzwater (1988). “Iron Deficiency Limits Phytoplankton Growth in theNorth-East Pacific Subarctic.” Nature 331: 341-43.

2Martin, John H. (1990). “Glacial-Interglacial CO Change: The Iron Hypothesis.”Paleoceanography 5: 1-13.

Martin, P.E., and E.F. Baker (1932). “The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide.”Physical Review 41: 291-303.

Martínez-Garcia, Alfredo, et al. (2011). “Southern Ocean Dust-Climate Coupling over the PastFour Million Years.” Nature 476: 312-15 [doi:10.1038/nature10310].


Martinson, Douglas G., et al. (1987). “Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages:Development of a High-Resolution 0 to 300,000-Year Chronostratigraphy.” QuaternaryResearch 27: 1-29 [doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9].

Masco, Joseph (2010 ). “Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis “ Social Studies of Science 40: 7-40[doi:10.1177/0306312709341598].

Mason, B.J. (1977). “Has the Weather Gone Mad?” The New Republic, 30 July, pp. 21-23.Mason, J. (1957). “Meteorology.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by D.R. Bates, pp.

174-203. New York: Basic Books.Masood, E. (1996). “Climate Report <Subject to Scientific Cleansing’.” Nature 381: 546.Matthews, A.M. (1959). “The Earth’s Carbon Cycle.” New Scientist, 8 Oct., pp. 644-46.Matthews, H. Damon, and David W. Keith (2007). “Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks Increase the

Likelihood of a Warmer Future.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L09702[doi:10.1029/2006GL028685].

Matthews, H. Damon, and Ken Caldeira (2008). “Stabilizing Climate Requires Near-zeroEmissions.” Geophysical Research Letters 35: L04705 [doi:10.1029/2007GL032388]

Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68: 162-77.Matthews, Samuel W. (1977). “What’s Happening to Our Climate?” Readers’ Digest, March,

pp. 88-92.Matthews, William H., et al., Eds. (1971). Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical

Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Maunder, E. Walter (1890). “Professor Spoerer’s Researches on Sun-Spots.” Monthly Notices of

the Royal Astronomical Society 50: 251-52.Mayer, Cornell H. (1961). “Radio Emission of the Moon and Planets.” In Planets and Satellites,

edited by Gerald P. Kuiper and Barbara M. Middlehurst, The Solar System, Vol. 3, pp.442-72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mayer, Cornell H. (1983). “Early Observations of Thermal Planetary Radio Emission.” InSerendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy. Proceedings of a Workshop Held at theNational Radio Astronomy Observatory... Workshop No. 7, edited by K. Kellermann andB. Sheets, pp. 266-74. Green Bank, WV: National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

Mayewski, Paul A., and Frank White (2002). The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to UnderstandGlobal Climate Change. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Mayewski, Paul A., et al. (1993). “The Atmosphere During the Younger Dryas.” Science 261:195-97.

Mazur, Allen (1998). “Global Environmental Change in the News.” International Sociology 13:457-72.

McCormac, Billy M., and Thomas A. Seliga (1979). “Symposium/Workshop Conclusions.” InSolar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by Billy M. McCormac andThomas A. Seliga, pp. 1-24. Dordrecht: Reidel.

McCormack, J.P., et al. (1997). “Approximate Separation of Volcanic and 11-Year Signals inthe SBUV-SBUV/2 Total Ozone Record over the 1979-1995 Period.” GeophysicalResearch Letters 24: 2729-32.

McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2000). “Challenging Global Warming as a SocialProblem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement’s Counter-Claims.” Social


Problems 47: 499-522.McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2003). “Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative

Movement’s Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy.” Social Problems 50: 348-73.McCright, Aaron M. (2011). “Political Orientation Moderates Americans’ Beliefs and Concern

About Climate Change. An Editorial Comment.” Climactic Change 104: 243-53[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9946-y].

McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2011). “The Politicization of Climate Change andPolarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming.” SociologicalQuarterly 52: 155–94.

McCormick, Robert A., and John H. Ludwig (1967). “Climate Modification by AtmosphericAerosols.” Science 156: 1358-59.

2McElroy, M.B. (1983). “Marine Biological Controls on Atmospheric CO and Climate.” Nature302: 328-29.

McElwain, Jennifer C., and William G. Chaloner (1995). “Stomatal Density and Index of FossilPlants Track Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Paleozoic.” Annals of Botany 76: 389-95.

McEwan, Ian (2010). Solar. New York: Doubleday.McGourty, Christine (1988). “Global Warming Becomes an International Political Issue.”

Nature 336: 194.McGuffie, Kendal, and A. Henderson-Sellers (1997, 2nd ed.). A Climate Modelling Primer.

Chichester, England: Wiley.McIntyre, D.P., Ed. (1972). Meteorological Challenges: A History. Ottawa: Information Canada.McIntyre, Stephen, and Ross McKitrick (2003). "Corrections to the Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy

Data Base and Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series." Energy andEnvironment 14: 751-71.

McIntyre, Stephen, and Ross McKitrick (2005). “Hockey Sticks, Principal Components andSpurious Significance.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L03710[doi:10.1029/2004GL021750].

McKibben, Bill (1989). The End of Nature. New York: Random House.McKibben, Bill (2005). “Imagine That.” Grist:

http://www.grist.org/comments/soapbox/2005/04/21/mckibben-imagine/.McKibben, Bill (2006). “The Present Future: Paintings for a Very Hot Planet.” Orion:

http://www.orionmagazine.org/pages/om/06-1om/McKibbenRockman.html retrieved12/19/06.

McKibben, Bill (2010). Eaarth. Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. New York: Henry HoltMcLean, D.M. (1981). “A Test of Terminal Mesozoic <Catastrophe’.” Earth and Planetary

Science Letters 53: 103-08.McLean, D.M. (1985). “Deccan Trap Mantle Degassing in the Terminal Cretaceous Marine

Extinctions.” Cretaceous Research 6: 235-59.McManus, Jerry F., et al. (1999). “A 0.5-Million-Year Record of Millenial-Scale Climate

Variability in the North Atlantic.” Science 283: 971-75.McNeill, J.R. (2000). Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the

Twentieth-Century World. New York: W.W. Norton.


McNutt, Marcia K. (2000). “Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics.” In Fifty Yearsof Ocean Discovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by Ocean StudiesBoard National Research Council, pp. 51-64. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

McPhee, John (1998). Annals of the Former World. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.McWilliams, Bryon (2004). “Crunch Time for Kyoto.” Nature 431: 12-13McWilliams, James C. (1996). “Modeling the Oceanic General Circulation.” Annual Review of

Fluid Mechanics 28: 215-49.Meadows, Donella H., et al. (1972). The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s

Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.Mearns, Linda O., et al. (1984). “Extreme High Temperature Events: Changes in Their

Probabilities with Changes in Mean Temperature.” J. Climate and Applied Meteorology23: 1601-13.

Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz (2005). “The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature.” Science 309: 1548-51 [doi:10.1126/science.1114772].

Meehl, Gerald A. (1990). “Development of Global Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GeneralCirculation Models.” Climate Dynamics 5: 19-33.

Meehl, Gerald A. (1992). “Global Coupled Models: Atmosphere, Ocean, Sea Ice.” In ClimateSystem Modeling, edited by Kevin E. Trenberth, pp. 555-581. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Meehl, Gerald A., and Claudia Tebaldi (2004). “More Intense, More Frequent, and LongerLasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century.” Science 305 994-97[doi:10.1126/science.1098704].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2005). “How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise?”Science 307: 1769-72.

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2007). “Global Climate Projections.” In Climate Change 2007: ThePhysical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the FourthAssessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 747-846.Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online at http://www.ipcc.ch/.

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2009). “Amplifying the Pacific Climate System Response to a Small11-Year Solar Cycle Forcing.” Science 325: 1114-18 [doi:10.1126/science.1172872].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2011). “Model-Based Evidence of Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake DuringSurface-Temperature Hiatus Periods.” Nature Climate Change 1: 360-64[doi:10.1038/nclimate1229].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2013). “Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal ClimateVariability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.” Journal of Climate 26:7298-7310 [doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00548.1].

Meier, M.F., et al. (1985). Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Sea Level. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy of Sciences.

Meier, Mark F., et al. (2005). “Reductions in Arctic Sea Ice Cover No Longer Limited toSummer.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 326.

Meinrat, O. Andreae, et al. (2005). “Strong Present-Day Aerosol Cooling Implies a Hot Future.”Nature 435: 1187-90 [doi:10.1038/nature03671].


Meinshausen, Malte, et al. (2009). “Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting GlobalWarming to 2°C.” Nature 458: 1158-62 [doi:10.1038/nature08017].

Melillo, J. (1999). “Warm, Warm on the Range.” Science 283: 183-84.Menne, Matthew J., et al. (2010). “On the Reliability of the U.S. Surface Temperature Record.”

Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 115: D11108[doi:10.1029/2009JD013094].

Menzel, Annette, and Peter Fabian (1999). “Growing Season Extended in Europe.” Nature 397:659.

Menzel, Donald H. (1949). Our Sun. Philadelphia: Blakiston.Mercado, Lina M., et al. (2009). “Impact of Changes in Diffuse Radiation on the Global Land

Carbon Sink.” Nature 458: 1014-18 [doi:10.1038/nature07949].Mercer, J.H. (1968). “Antarctic Ice and Sangamon Sea Level.” In International Association of

Scientific Hydrology, Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, Publ. No.79 pp. 217-25. Bern.

Mercer, J.H. (1969). “The Allerød Oscillation: A European Climatic Anomaly?” Arctic andAlpine Research 1: 227-34.

Mercer, J.H., and C. Emiliani (1970). “Antarctic Ice and Interglacial High Sea Levels (Exchangeof Letters).” Science 168: 1605-06.

2Mercer, J.H. (1978). “West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO Greenhouse Effect: A Threat ofDisaster.” Nature 271: 321-25.

Merryfield, Bill (2005). “Ocean Mixing in 10 Steps.” Science 308: 641-42 [doi:10.1126/science.1111417].

Meskhidze, Nicholas, and Athanasios Nenes (2006). “Phytoplankton and Cloudiness in theSouthern Ocean.” Science 314: 1419-23 [doi:10.1126/science.1131779].

Mesolella, K.J., et al. (1969). “The Astronomical Theory of Climate Change: Barbados Data.” J.Geology 77: 250-74.

Metropolis, N. (1992). “The Age of Computing: A Personal Memoir.” Daedalus, Winter, pp.119-30.

Meyer, Ryan M. (2006). “Intractable Debate: Why Congressional Hearings on Climate Fail toAdvance Policy.” Perspectives in Public Affairs 3: 85-99.

Michaels, David (2008). Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science ThreatensYour Health. New York: Oxford University Press.

Michaels, Patrick M., and Robert C. Balling, Jr. (2000). The Satanic Gases: Clearing the AirAbout Global Warming. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.

Migeotte, M.V. (1948). “Spectroscopic Evidence of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere.”Physical Review 73: 519-20.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1920). Théorie Mathématique des Phénomènes Thermiques Produits parla Radiation Solaire. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1930). “Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie derKilimaschwankungen.” In Handbuch der Klimatologie, edited by W. Köppen and R.Geiger, Vol. 1, Pt. A, pp. 1-176. Berlin: Borntraeger.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1941). Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Belgrade:Koniglich Serbische Akademie.


Miles, Edward (1981). “COSPAR and SCOR: The Political Influence of the Committee onSpace Research and the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research.” In Knowledge andPower in a Global Society, edited by William M. Evan, pp. 133-52. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.

Miller, Clark A. (2001). “Scientific Internationalism in American Foreign Policy: The Case ofMeteorology, 1947-1958.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge andEnvironmental Governance, edited by Clark A. Miller and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 167-217. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards, Eds. (2001). Changing the Atmosphere. ExpertKnowledge and Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, Clark A. (2004). “Climate Science and the Making of a Global Political Order.” In Statesof Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and the Social Order, edited by Jasanoff,Sheila, pp. 46-66. London: Routledge.

Miller, Gifford H., et al. (2012). “Abrupt Onset of the Little Ice Age Triggered by Volcanism andSustained by Sea-Ice/Ocean Feedbacks.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L02708[doi:10.1029/2011GL050168].

Miller, Mark, et al. (1990). “The Emergence of the Greenhouse Effect on the Issue Agenda: ANews Stream Analysis.” New Computing Journal 7: 25-38.

Mills, Eric L. (1998). “Oceanography, Physical: Disciplinary History.” In Sciences of the Earth.An Encyclopedia of Events, People, and Phenomena, edited by Gregory A. Good, Vol. 2,pp. 630-36. New York: Garland.

Milly, P.C.D., et al. (2008). “Stationarity Is Dead: Whither Water Management?” Science 139:573-74 [doi:10.1126/science.1151915].

Min, Seung-Ki, et al. (2011). “Human Contribution to More-Intense Precipitation Extremes.”Nature 470: 378–81 [doi:10.1038/nature09763].

Mintz, Yale (1965). “Very Long-Term Global Integration of the Primitive Equations ofAtmospheric Motion.” In WMO-IUGG Symposium on Research and DevelopmentAspects of Long-Range Forecasting, Boulder, Colo., 1964. (WMO Technical Note No.66), edited by World Meteorological Organization, [also published in AmericanMeteorological Society Monographs 8 (1968): 20-36], pp. 141-55. Geneva: WorldMeteorological Organization.

Mintz, Yale, et al. (1972). “Numerical Simulation of the Seasonally and Inter-Annually VaryingTropospheric Circulation.” In Climatic Impact Assessment Program. Proceedings, editedby A. E. Barrington, pp. 194-216. Cambridge, MA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation.

Mintzer, Irving, and J. Amber Leonard, Eds. (1994). Negotiating Climate Change:The insideStory of the Rio Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1953). “On the Causes of Instrumentally Observed Secular TemperatureTrends.” J. Meteorology 10: 244-61.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1961). “Recent Secular Changes of Global Temperature.” Annals of theNew York Academy of Sciences 95: 235-50.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1963). “On the World-Wide Pattern of Secular Temperature Change.”In Changes of Climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by UNESCO andthe World Meteorological Organization, 1961 (UNESCO Arid Zone Research Series, 20)


pp. 161-81. Paris: UNESCO.Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1968). “Causes of Climatic Change. (Proceedings, VII Congress,

International Union for Quaternary Research, Vol. 5, 1965).” MeteorologicalMonographs 8(30).

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1970). “A Preliminary Evaluation of Atmospheric Pollution as a Causeof the Global Temperature Fluctuation of the Past Century.” In Global Effects ofEnvironmental Pollution, edited by S. Fred Singer, pp. 139-55. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1971). “The Effect of Atmospheric Aerosols on Climate with SpecialReference to Temperature near the Earth’s Surface.” J. Applied Meteorology 10: 703-14.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1971). "The Problem of Climatic Change and Its Causes." In Man'sImpact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report],edited by William H. Matthews, et al., pp. 133-40. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1972). “The Natural Breakdown of the Present Interglacial and ItsPossible Intervention by Human Activities.” Quaternary Research 2: 436-45.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1973, 2nd ed.). “A Reassessment of Atmospheric Pollution as a Causeof Long-Term Changes of Global Temperature.” In Global Effects of EnvironmentalPollution, edited by S. Fred Singer. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1976). “An Overview of Climatic Variability and Its CausalMechanisms.” Quaternary Research 6: 481-94.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., et al. (1979). “Evidence of a 22-Year Rhythm of Drought in the WesternUnited States Related to the Hale Solar Cycle since the 17th Century.” In Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by Billy M. McCormac andThomas A. Seliga, pp. 125-47. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1991). “(Memoir of Landsberg).” In Climate in Human Perspective. ATribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by F. Baer, et al. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

2Mitchell, J.F.B., et al. (1987). “On CO Climate Sensitivity and Model Dependence of Results.”Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 113: 115-39.

Mitchell, J.F.B., et al. (1995). “Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases andSulphate Aerosols.” Nature 376: 501-504.

Miyazawa, Kenzi (1932). “Gusukô Budori No Denki [Gusukô Budori, a Biography].” In Kaze NoMatasaburô [Matasaburô the Wind Imp], Tokyo: Iwanami Syoten.

Moberg, Anders, et al. (2005). “Highly Variable Northern Hemisphere TemperaturesReconstructed from Low- and High-Resolution Proxy Data.” Nature 433: 613-17.

Mock, S.J., and III W.D. Hibler (1976). “The 20-Year Oscillation in Eastern North AmericanTemperature Records.” Nature 261: 484-86.

Molina, Mario J., and F.S. Rowland (1974). “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes:Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone.” Nature 249: 810-12.

Möller, Fritz (1935). “Die Warmquellen in der Freien Atmosphäre.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift52 L: 408-412.

Möller, Fritz (1951). “Long-Wave Radiation.” In Compendium of Meteorology, edited byThomas F. Malone, pp. 34-49. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.

Möller, Fritz (1957). “Strahlung in der Unteren Atmosphäre.” In Geophysik II (Vol. 48 of


Handbuch der Physik), edited by J. Bartels, pp. 155-253. Berlin: Springer.

2Möller, Fritz (1963). “On the Influence of Changes in the CO Concentration in Air on theRadiation Balance of the Earth’s Surface and on the Climate.” J. Geophysical Research68: 3877-86.

Monastersky, Richard (2003). “Storm Brews over Global Warming.” Chronicle of HigherEducation, Sept. 5, A16-17.

Monastersky, Richard (2006). “Climate Science on Trial.” Chronicle of Higher Education 53,no. 3 (Sept. 8), pp. A10-A15.

Monbiot, George (2007). Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning. Cambridge, MA: SouthEnd Press.

Monget, Yannick (2007). The World Tomorrow: Scenarios of Global Catastrophe. New York:Harry N. Abrams.

Monthly Weather Review (F.W.V. and C.A.) (1901). “Knut Angstrom on AtmosphericAbsorption.” Monthly Weather Review: 268.

Mooney, Chris (2005). The Republican War on Science. New York: Basic Books.Mooney, Chris (2007a). Storm World: Hurricanes, Politics, and the Battle over Global

Warming. New York: Harcourt.Mooney, Chris (2007b). “An Inconvenient Assessment.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 63, no.

6 (Nov./Dec.), pp. 40-47.Mooney, Harold A., et al. (1987). “Exchange of Materials between Terrestrial Ecosystems and

the Atmosphere.” Science 238: 926-32.Moore, J. Keith, et al. (2000). “The Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: A Strong

Sink for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14: 455–75.Morel, Pierre, and William Bandeen (1973). “The Eole Experiment: Early Results and Current

Objectives.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 54: 298-306.Morgan, M. Granger, and David Keith (1995). “Subjective Judgments by Climate Experts.”

Environmental Science & Technology, October, pp. 468-76.Morgan, M. Granger, et al. (2005). “Learning from the U.S. National Assessment of Climate

Change Impacts.” Environmental Science and Technology 39: 9023-32.A10-A15.Morton, Oliver (2007). "Is This What It Takes to Save the World?" Nature 447: 132-36.Moss, Richard H., and Stephen H. Schneider (2000). “Uncertainties.” In Guidance Papers on the

Cross Cutting Issues of the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by R. Pachauri,et al., pp. 33-51. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Moss, Richard H., et al. (2010). “The Next Generation of Scenarios for Climate ChangeResearch and Assessment.” Nature 463: 747-56 [doi:10.1038/nature08823].

Mudge, Francis (1997). “The Development of the `Greenhouse’ Theory of Global ClimateChange in Victorian Times.” Weather, Jan., pp. 13-17.

Mukerji, Chandra (1989). A Fragile Power. Scientists and the State. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press.

Munk, Walter D. (1966). “Abyssal Recipes.” Deep-Sea Research 13: 707-30.Munk, Walter D. (1975). “Where Do We Go from Here?” In Numerical Models of World Ocean

Circulation, edited by R.O. Reid, et al., pp. 349-50. Washington, DC: National Academyof Sciences.


Munk, Walter D., and Carl Wunsch (1998). “Abyssal Recipes II: Energetics of Tidal and WindMixing.” Deep Sea Research 45: 1977-2010 [doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3].

Munk, Walter D. (2000a). “Achievements in Physical Oceanography.” In Fifty Years of OceanDiscovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by Ocean Studies BoardNational Research Council, pp. 44-50. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Munk, Walter D. (2000b). “Oceanography before, and after, the Advent of Satellites.” InSatellites, Oceanography and Society, edited by David Halpern, pp. 1-4. Amsterdam:Elsevier.

Munk, Walter D. (2003). “Ocean Freshening, Sea Level Rising.” Science 300: 2041-43.Münnich, K.O. (1957). “Heidelberg Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I.” Science 126: 194-

99.Murphy, D. M., et al. (2009). “An Observationally Based Energy Balance for the Earth since

1950.” J. Geophysical Research 114: D17107 [doi:10.1029/2009JD012105].Murphy, J.J. (1876). “The Glacial Climate and the Polar Ice-Cap.” Quarterly J. Geological

Society of London 32: 400-06.Murray, Ross J. (1996). “Explicit Generation of Orthogonal Grids for Ocean Models.” Journal

of Computational Physics 126: 251-73.Murton, Julian B. , et al. (2010). “Identification of Younger Dryas Outburst Flood Path from

Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean.” Nature 464: 740-43 [doi:10.1038/nature08954].Muscheler, Raimund, et al. (2005). “Climate: How Unusual Is Today’s Solar Activity?” with

Reply by Solanki et al. Nature 436: E3-E4 [doi:10.1038/nature04045]; Reply E4-E5[doi:10.1038/nature04046].

Myhre, Gunnar (2009). “Consistency between Satellite-Derived and Modeled Estimates of theDirect Aerosol Effect.” Science 325: 187-90 [doi:10.1126/science.1174461]

Namias, Jerome (1963). “Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions over the North Pacific from Summer1962 through the Subsequent Winter.” J. Geophysical Research 68: 6171-6186.

NASA (1988). Earth System Science: A Program for Global Change. Report of the Earth SystemSciences Committee. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

National Academy of Sciences (1986). Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere.Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (1983). ChangingClimate. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Climate Research Board (1979). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: AScientific Assessment (Jule Charney, Chair). Washington, DC: National Academy ofSciences. Online at http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12181&page=R1.

National Academy of Sciences, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources(CGER) (2000). Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. Washington,DC: National Academy of Sciences (online athttp://www.nap.edu/books/0309068916/html).

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Abrupt Climate Change (2002). Abrupt ClimateChange: Inevitable Surprises. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences (online athttp://books.nap.edu/books/0309074347/html/).

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Atmospheric Sciences Panel on Weather and


Climate Modification (1966). Weather and Climate Modification: Problems andProspects (2 Vols.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Global Change Research (2001). The Science ofRegional and Global Change. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences (online athttp://www.nap.edu/books/0309073278/html/).

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (1991).Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Washington, DC: National Academy ofSciences (online at http://books.nap.edu/books/0309044405/html/).

National Academy of Sciences, Committee to Study the Long-Term Worldwide Effect ofMultiple Nuclear-Weapons Detonations (1975). Long-Term Worldwide Effect of MultipleNuclear-Weapons Detonations. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Division of Earth Sciences, Committee on Climatology (T.F.Malone, chair) (1957). First General Report on Climatology to the Chief of the WeatherBureau. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Geophysics Research Board (1977). Energy and Climate:Studies in Geophysics. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (1992).Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the ScienceBase. Washington, DC: National Academy Press Online athttp://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1605.

National Assessment Synthesis Team, US Global Change Research Program (2000-2001).Climate Change Impacts on the United States. The Potential Consequences of ClimateVariability and Change Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Onlineat http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/

National Defense University (1978). “Climate Change to the Year 2000: A Survey of ExpertOpinion”. Washington, DC, National Defense University

National Research Council, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (2006). SurfaceTemperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years. Washington, DC: NationalAcademies Press.

National Research Council, Board on Global Change (1994). Solar Influences on GlobalChange. Washington, DC: National Academy Press (online athttp://books.nap.edu/books/0309051487/html/).

2National Research Council, CO /Climate Review Panel (1982). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate: ASecond Assessment.” Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences

National Research Council, Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography andFisheries of the National Academy of Sciences, Study of the Biological Effects ofAtomic Radiation (1957). The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography andFisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research CouncilPublication 551.

National Research Council, Committee on Understanding and Monitoring Abrupt ClimateChange and its Impacts (2013). Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: AnticipatingSurprises. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (online athttp://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=18373).


National Research Council, Marine Board, Committee on Engineering Implications (1987).Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications. Washington, DC:National Academy of Sciences (online at http://books.nap.edu/books/0309037816/html/).

National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board (2000). Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery.National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: National Academy Press(online at http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063981/html/).

National Research Council, Space Studies Board, Committee on the Effects of Solar Variabilityon Earth’s Climate (2012). The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth’s Climate: AWorkshop Report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, online athttp://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13519.

Nature , Editors of (2000). “Just Deserts.” Nature 408: xi.Nature, Editors of (2012). “Extreme Weather. Better Models Are Needed before Exceptional

Events Can Be Reliably Linked to Global Warming.” Nature 489: 335-36[doi:10.1038/489335b].

Nebeker, Frederik (1989). “The 20th-Century Transformation of Meteorology.” PhD Thesis,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

Nebeker, Frederik (1995). Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century. NewYork: Academic Press.

Needell, Allan A. (2000). Science, Cold War and the American State: Lloyd V. Berkner and theBalance of Professional Ideals. Amsterdam, New York: Harwood Academic.

NEEM Community Members (2013). “Eemian Interglacial Reconstructed from a GreenlandFolded Ice Core.” Nature 493: 489-494 [doi:10.1038/nature11789].

Neff, U., et al. (2001). “Strong Coherence between Solar Variability and the Monsoon in Omanbetween 9 and 6 Kyr Ago.” Nature 411: 290-93 [doi:10.1038/35077048].

Neftel, A., et al. (1982). “Ice Core Sample Measurements Give Atmospheric Content During thePast 40,000 Yr.” Nature 295: 220-23.

Negri, Andrew J., Robert F. Adler, Liming Xu, et al. (2004). “The Impact of AmazonianDeforestation on Dry Season Rainfall.” Journal of Climate 17: 1306–19.

Nelkin, Dorothy (1987). Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology. NewYork: W.H. Freeman.

Nelson, Bob (1997). “Willson: The Sun May Be Factor in Global Warmup.” ColumbiaUniversity Record 23(5) (online at http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/23/05/14.html.)

Neumann, J. (1985). “Climatic Change as a Topic in the Classical Greek and Roman Literature.”Climatic Change 7: 441-54.

Newell, Homer (1980). Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science. Washington, DC:NASA SP-4211.

Newell, P. (2000). Climate for Change: Non-State Actors and the Global Politics of theGreenhouse. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Newell, R.E., and T.G. Dopplick (1979). “Questions Concerning the Possible Influence of

2Anthropogenic CO on Atmospheric Temperature.” J. Applied Meteorology 18: 822-25.Newell, Reginald E. (1971). “The Amazon Forest and Atmospheric General Circulation.” In

Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP)Report], edited by William H. Matthews, et al., pp. 457-59. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.


Newell, Reginald E. (1974). “Changes in the Poleward Energy Flux by the Atmosphere andOcean as a Possible Cause for Ice Ages.” Quaternary Research 4: 117-127.

Newsweek (1953). “Notes of the Week.” Newsweek, 18 May, p. 75.Newsweek (1975). “The Cooling World.” Newsweek, 28 April, p. 64.Ney, E.P. (1959). “Cosmic Radiation and the Weather.” Nature 183: 451-52.NGRIP see North Greenland.Nghiem, S. V., et al. (2006). “Depletion of Perennial Sea Ice in the East Arctic Ocean.”

Geophysical Research Letters 33: L17501 [doi:10.1029/2006GL027198].Nielsen, Rolf Haugaard (2004). “Not Quite the Day after Tomorrow.” New Scientist, 11 Sept.,

pp. 6-7.Nierenberg, Nicolas , et al. (2010). “Early Climate Change Consensus at the National Academy:

The Origins and Making of ‘Changing Climate’.” Historical Studies in the NaturalSciences 40: 318-49.

Ninkovich, Dragoslav, and William L. Donn (1976). “Explosive Cenozoic Volcanism and ItsClimatic Implications.” Science 194: 899-994.

Nisbet, E.G. (1990). “Climate Change and Methane.” Nature 347: 23.Nisbet, E.G. (1990). “The End of the Ice Age.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 148-57

[doi:10.1139/e90-012].

4Nisbet, E.G. (1992). “Sources of Atmospheric CH in Early Postglacial Time.” Journal ofGeophysical Research 97(D12): 12,859-67.

Nisbet, Euan (2007). “Cinderella Science.” Nature 450: 789-90.Nissani, Moti (1999). “Media Coverage of the Greenhouse Effect.” Population and Environment

21: 27-43.Nof, Doron (2008). “Simple Versus Complex Climate Modeling.” Eos, Transactions of the

American Geophysical Union 89: 544-45.Nolin, Jan (1999). “Global Policy and National Research: The International Shaping of Climate

Research in Four European Union Countries.” Minerva 37: 125-40.Nordhaus, William D. (1974). “Resources as a Constraint on Growth.” American Economic

Review 64: 22-26.Norgaard, Kari Marie (2011). Living in Denial. Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Norris, Joel R., and Anthony Slingo (2009). “Trends in Observed Cloudiness and Earth’s

Radiation Budget: What Do We No Know and What Do We Need to Know?” In Cloudsin the Perturbed Climate System, edited by Heintzenberg, Jost, and Robert J. Charlson,pp. 17-36. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Norris, Richard D., and Ursula Röhl (1999). “Carbon Cycling and Chronology of ClimateWarming During the Palaeocene/Eocene Transition.” Nature 401: 775-78.

North, G.R., and James A. Coakley, Jr. (1979). “Differences between Seasonal and Mean EnergyBalance Model Calculations of Climate Sensitivity.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 36: 1189-1204.

North, Gerald R. (1975). “Analytical Solution to a Simple Climate Model with Diffusive HeatTransport.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 32: 1301-07.

North, Gerald R., et al. (1981). “Energy Balance Climate Models.” Reviews of Geophysics and


Space Physics 19: 91-121.North, Gerald R. (1984). “The Small Ice Cap Instability in Diffusive Models.” J. Atmospheric

Sciences 41: 3390-95.North Greenland Ice Core Project members (NGRIP, K.K. Andersen, et al.) (2004). “High-

Resolution Record of Northern Hemisphere Climate Extending into the Last InterglacialPeriod.” Nature 431: 147-51 [doi:10.1038/nature02805].

Norton, Stephen D., and Frederick Suppe (2001). “Why Atmospheric Modeling Is GoodScience.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge and EnvironmentalGovernance, edited by Clark A. Miller and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 67-105. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.

Nunes, Flavia, and Richard D. Norris (2006). “Abrupt Reversal in Ocean Overturning During thePalaeocene/Eocene Warm Period.” Nature 439: 60-63 [doi: 10.1038/nature04386].

Nye, J.F. (1960). “The Response of Glaciers and Ice-Sheets to Seasonal and Climatic Changes.”Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A256: 559-84.

Nyhart, Lynn K., and Thomas H. Broman (Eds.) (2002). Science and Civil Society (Osiris 2ndSer., Vol. 17). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Oberthür, Sebastian, and Hermann E. Ott (1999). The Kyoto Protocol. International ClimatePolicy for the 21st Century. Berlin: Springer.

(Obituary) (1965). “Mr. G.S. Callendar.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 91: 112.O’Connor, Fiona M., et al. (2010). “Possible Role of Wetlands, Permafrost, and Methane

Hydrates in the Methane Cycle under Future Climate Change: A Review.” Reviews ofGeophysics 48: RG4005 [doi:10.1029/2010RG000326].

Oechel, Walter C., et al. (1993). “Recent Change of Arctic Tundra from a Net Carbon DioxideSink to a Source.” Nature 361: 520-23.

Oerlemans, Johannes (1994). “Quantifying Global Warming from the Retreat of Glaciers.”Science 264: 243-45.

Oerlemans, Johannes (2005). “Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records.” Science308: 675-77.

Oeschger, Hans, et al. (1975). “A Box Diffusion Model to Study the Carbon Dioxide Exchangein Nature.” Tellus 27: 168-92.

Oeschger, Hans, et al. (1984). “Late Glacial Climate History from Ice Cores.” In ClimateProcesses and Climate Sensitivity. (Geophysical Monograph 29, Maurice Ewing Vol. 5),edited by James E. Hansen and Taro Takahashi, pp. 299-306. Washington, DC: AmericanGeophysical Union.

Officer, Charles B., et al. (1987). “Late Cretaceous and Paroxysmal Cretaceous/TertiaryExtinctions.” Nature 326: 143-49.

Ohring, George, et al. (2008). “Global Dimming and Brightening.” Eos, Transactions of theAmerican Geophysical Union 23: 212.

Ohmura, Atsumu and Herbert Lang (1989). In Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation,edited by J. Lenoble and J. F. Geleyn, 298-301. Hampton, VA: Deepak.

Ohmura, Atsumu, and Martin Wild (2002). “Is the Hydrological Cycle Accelerating?” Science298: 1345-46.

Oldroyd, David (1990). “David Hull’s Evolutionary Model for the Progress and Process of


Science.” Biology and Philosophy 5: 473-87.O’Neill, Saffron J., et al. (2013 ). “On the Use of Imagery for Climate Change Engagement.”

Global Environmental Change 23: 413-21 [doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.006]Oort, A.H., and T.H. Vonder Haar (1976). “On the Observed Annual Cycle in the Ocean-

Atmosphere Heat Balance over the Northern Hemisphere.” Journal of PhysicalOceanography 6: 781-800.

Öpik, Ernst J. (1957). “Ice Ages.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by D.R. Bates, pp.152-73. New York: Basic Books.

Öpik, Ernst J. (1958). “Climate and the Changing Sun.” Scientific American, June, pp. 85-92.Öpik, Ernst J. (1965). “Climatic Change in Cosmic Perspective.” Icarus 4: 289-307.Oppenheimer, Michael (1998). “Global Warming and the Stability of the West Antarctic Ice

Sheet.” Nature 393: 325-32.Oppenheimer, Michael, et al. (2007). “The Limits of Consensus.” Science 317: 1505-06

[doi:10.1126/science.1144831].O’Reilly, Jessica, et al. (2012 ). “The Rapid Disintegration of Projections: The West Antarctic

Ice Sheet and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” Social Studies ofScience 42: 709-31 [doi:10.1177/0306312712448130].

Oreskes, Naomi, et al. (1994). “Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Modelsin the Earth Sciences.” Science 263: 641-46.

Oreskes, Naomi (2004). “Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on ClimateChange.” Science 306: 1686 [doi: 10.1126/science.1103618].

Oreskes, Naomi (2007). “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We KnowWe’re Not Wrong?” In Climate Change, edited by DiMento, Joseph F.C., and PamelaDoughman, pp. 65-99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Oreskes, Naomi, et al. (2008a). “From Chicken Little to Dr. Pangloss: William Nierenberg,Global Warming, and the Social Deconstruction of Scientific Knowledge.” HistoricalStudies in the Natural Sciences 38: 109-52 [doi:10.1525/hsns.2008.38.1.109].

Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik Conway (2008b). “Challenging Knowledge: How Climate ScienceBecame a Victim of the Cold War.” In Agnotology: The Cultural Production ofIgnorance, edited by Robert Proctor and Londa Schiebinger. Stanford: StanfordUniversity Press.

Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of ScientistsObscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York:Bloomsbury.

O’Riordan, Tim, and Jill Jäger (1996). “The History of Climate Change Science and Politics.” InPolitics of Climate Change: A European Perspective, edited by Tim O’Riordan and JillJäger, pp. 1-31. London: Routledge.

Orszag, S.A. (1970). “Transform Method for Calculation of Vector-Coupled Sums: Applicationto the Spectral Form of the Vorticity Equation.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 27: 890-95.

Otto, F. E. L., et al. (2012). “Reconciling Two Approaches to Attribution of the 2010 RussianHeat Wave.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L04702 [doi:10.1029/2011GL050422].

Overland, James E., et al. (2012). “The Recent Shift in Early Summer Arctic AtmosphericCirculation.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L19804 [doi:10.1029/2012GL053268].


Overpeck, J.T., et al. (1997). “Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries.”Science 278: 1251-56.

Overpeck, J.T., et al. (2005). “Arctic System on Trajectory to New, Seasonally Ice-Free State.”Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 309, 312-13.

2Owen, Tobias, et al. (1979). “Enhanced CO Greenhouse to Compensate for Reduced SolarLuminosity on Early Earth.” Nature 277: 640-42 [doi:10.1038/277640a0].

Oyama, Marcos Daisuke, and Carlos Afonso Nobre (2003). “A New Climate-VegetationEquilibrium State for Tropical South America.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 2199[doi:10.1029/2003GL018600].

Pacala, Stephen, and Robert Socolow (2004). "Stabilization Wedges: Solving the ClimateProblem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies." Science 305: 968-72[doi:10.1126/science.1100103].

Pagani, Mark, et al. (2005). "Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ConcentrationsDuring the Paleogene." Science 309: 600-603 [DOI:10.1126/science.1110063].

Pagani, Mark, et al. (2010). “High Earth-System Climate Sensitivity Determined from PlioceneCarbon Dioxide Concentrations.” Nature Geoscience 3: 27-30 [doi:10.1038/ngeo724].

PAGES 2k Consortium SEE Ahmed et al. (2013).PALAEOSENS Project Members (2012). “Making Sense of Palaeoclimate Sensitivity.” Nature

491: 683-91 [doi:10.1038/nature11574].Palfreman, Jon (2006). “A Tale of Two Fears: Exploring Media Depictions of Nuclear Power

and Global Warming.” Review of Policy Research 23: 23-43.Pälike, Heiko, et al. (2006). “The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System.” Science 314:

1894-98 [doi:10.1126/science/1133822].Pall, Pardeep, et al. (2011). “Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in

England and Wales in Autumn 2000.” Nature 470: 382-85 [doi:10.1038/nature09762].Pallé, E. (2001). “Possible Satellite Perspective Effects on the Reported Correlations between

Solar Activity and Clouds.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: 1-4 (L03802).Palmer, Trevor (1999). Controversy, Catastrophism and Evolution: The Ongoing Debate. New

York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum.Pan, Yude, et al. (2011). “A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests.” Science

333 988-93 [doi:10.1126/science.1201609].Parker, David E. (2010). “Urban Heat Island Effects on Estimates of Observed Climate Change.”

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 123-33 [doi:10.1002/wcc.021].Parker, E.N. (1999). “Sunny Side of Global Warming.” Nature 399: 416-17.Parmesan, Camille (1996). "Climate and Species' Range." Nature 382: 765-66.Parmesan, Camille, et al. (1999). "Poleward Shifts in Geographical Ranges of Butterfly Species

Associated with Regional Warming." Nature 399: 579-83 [doi: 10.1038/21181].Parson, Edward A. (2003). Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. New York:

Oxford University Press.

2Pastor, John, and W.M. Post (1988). “Response of Northern Forests to CO -Induced ClimateChange.” Nature 334: 55-58.

Payne, Antony J., et al. (2004). “Recent Dramatic Thinning of Largest West Antarctic Ice StreamTriggered by Oceans.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L23401


[doi:10.1029/2004GL021284].Pearce, Fred (1989). Turning up the Heat—Our Perilous Future in the Global Greenhouse.

Bodley Head.Pearce, Fred (2002). “Dr. Doom-Monger I Presume.” New Scientist, July 13, pp. 50-51.Pearce, Fred (2003). “Heat Will Soar as Haze Fades.” New Scientist, June 7, 7.Pearce, Fred (2005a). “Climate Warming as Siberia Melts.” New Scientist no. 2512 (13 August),

p. 12.Pearce, Fred (2005b). “The Gathering Storm.” New Scientist no. 2528 (3 December), pp. 36-41.Pearce, Fred (2005c). “The Week the Climate Changed.” New Scientist 188, no. 2521 (15

October), pp. 52-53.Pearce, Fred (2006). “”One Degree and We’re Done for”.” New Scientist 191, no. 2571 (Sept.

30), pp. 8-9.Pearce, Fred (2007a). “Climate Report ‘Was Watered Down’.” New Scientist (March 10), p. 10.Pearce, Fred (2007b). “But Here’s What They Didn’t Tell Us.” New Scientist (Feb. 10), pp. 7-8.Pearce, Fred (2007c). With Speed and Violence. Why Scientists Fear Tipping Points in Climate

Change. Boston: Beacon.Pearce, Fred (2010). The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth About Global Warming.

London: Guardian Books/Random House (UK).Pearson, Paul N., et al. (2001). “Warm Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures in the Late

Cretaceous and Eocene Epochs.” Nature 413: 481-87.Pearson, Ronald (1978). Climate and Evolution. London: Academic Press.Penck, Albrecht, and Eduard Brückner (1901-1909). Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter (3 Vols.). Leipzig:

Tauchnitz.Penn, M.J., and W. Livingston (2006). “Temporal Changes in Sunspot Umbral Magnetic Fields

and Temperatures.” Astrophysical J. 649: L45-L48.Penner, J.E., et al. (1992). “Effects of Aerosol from Biomass Burning on the Global Radiation

Budget.” Science 256: 1432-34.Perry, John S. (1975). “The Global Atmospheric Research Program.” Reviews of Geophysics and

Space Physics 13: 661-67.Perry, John S., and Thomas H.R. O’Neill (1979). “The Global Atmospheric Research Program.”

Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 17: 1753-62.Peterson, James T., et al. (1981). “Atmospheric Turbidity over Central North Carolina.” J.

Applied Meteorology 20: 229-41.Peterson, Thomas C., et al. (2008). “The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific

Consensus.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89: 1325-37.Peterson, Thomas C., et al. (2012). “Explaining Extreme Events of 2011 from a Climate

Perspective.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93: 1041-67[doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00021.1] online at http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/bams-sotc/2011-peterson-et-al.pdf.

Petit, J.R., et al. (1999). “Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 Years from theVostok Ice Core, Antarctica.” Nature 399: 429-36 [doi:10.1038/20859].

Pfeffer, W. T. , et al. (2008). “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-CenturySea-Level Rise.” Science 321: 1340-43 [doi:10.1126/science.1159099].


Phillips, Norman A. (1951). “A Simple Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Large-ScaleExtra-Tropical Flow Patterns.” J. Meteorology 8: 381-94.

Phillips, Norman A. (1956). “The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A NumericalExperiment.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 82: 123-64.

Phillips, Norman A. (1959). “An Example of Non-Linear Computational Instability.” In TheAtmosphere and the Sea in Motion, edited by Bert Bolin, pp. 501-04. New York:Rockefeller Institute Press.

Phillips, Oliver L., et al. (2009). “Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest.” Science 323:1344-47 [doi:10.1126/science.1164033].

Phillips, Thomas, et al. (2013). “Evaluation of Cryo-Hydrologic Warming as an Explanation forIncreased Ice Velocities in the Wet Snow Zone, Sermeq Avannarleq, West Greenland.”Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118: ?GET pp. published online July‘13 [doi:10.1002/jgrf.20079].

Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2004). “Warming the World.” Nature 432: 677.Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2011). Principles of Planetary Climate. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.Piani, C., et al. (2005). “Constraints on Climate Change from a Multi-Thousand Member

Ensemble of Simulations.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L23825 [doi:10.1029/2005GL024452].

Pielke, Roger A., Sr. (2005). “Land Use and Climate Change.” Science 310: 1625-26 [doi:10.1126/science.1120529].

Pilewskie, Peter, and Francisco P.J. Valero (1995). “Direct Observations of Excess SolarAbsorption by Clouds.” Science 267: 1626-29.

Pilson, M. E. (2006). “‘We Are Evaporating Our Coal Mines into the Air.’.” Ambio 35: 130-33.Piltz, Rick S. (2005). “Toward a Second U.S. Climate Change Assessment.” Eos, Transactions

of the American Geophysical Union 86: 550-51.Pinker, R.T., et al. (2005). “Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?” Science

308: 850-54.Pisias, Nicklas G., and Nicholas J. Shackleton (1984). “Modelling the Global Climate Response

to Orbital Forcing and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Changes.” Nature 310: 757-59.Pisias, Niklas G., and T.C. Moore, Jr. (1981). “The Evolution of Pleistocene Climate: A Time

Series Approach.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 52: 450-58.Pittock, A. Barrie (2006). “Are Scientists Underestimating Climate Change?” Eos, Transactions

of the American Geophysical Union 87: 340.Pittock, Barrie (2009). “Can Solar Variations Explain Variations in Earth’s Climate?” Climactic

Change 96: 483-87 [doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9645-8].Plass, G.N. (1956a). “The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change.” Tellus 8: 140-54.Plass, G.N. (1956b). “The Influence of the 15ì Band on the Atmospheric Infra-Red Cooling

Rate.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 82: 310-29.Plass, G.N. (1956c). “Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere.” American J. Physics 24: 303-21.Plass, G.N. (1956d). “Carbon Dioxide and the Climate.” American Scientist 44: 302-16, online

with commentary at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2010/1/carbon-dioxide-and-the-climate/1


Plass, G.N. (1956e). “Effect of Carbon Dioxide Variations on Climate.” American J. Physics 24:376-87.

Plass, G.N. (1959). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate.” Scientific American, July, pp. 41-47.Plass, G.N., and L.D. Kaplan (1961). “Exchange of Letters.” Tellus 13: 296-302.Platzman, G.W. (1960). “The Spectral Form of the Vorticity Equation.” J. Meteorology 17: 653-

44.Platzman, G.W. (1979). “The Eniac Computations of 1950 -- Gateway to Numerical Weather

Prediction.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60: 302-12.Pollack, Henry N., and David S. Chapman (1993). “Underground Records of Changing

Climate.” Scientific American, June, pp. 46-52.Pollack, Henry N., et al. (1998). “Climate Change Record in Subsurface Temperatures: A Global

Perspective.” Science 282: 279-81.Pollack, Henry N., and Shaopeng Huang (2000). “Climate Reconstruction from Subsurface

Temperatures.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28: 339-65.Pollack, Henry N., and J.E. Smerdon (2004). “Borehole Climate Reconstructions: Spatial

Structure and Hemispheric Averages.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D11106[doi:10.1029/2003JD004163].

Pollack, James B. (1971). “A Nongrey Calculation of the Runaway Greenhouse: Implications forVenus’ Past and Present.” Icarus 14: 295-306.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1975). “A Determination of the Composition of the Venus Clouds fromAircraft Observations in the near Infrared.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32: 376-90.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1976a). “Volcanic Explosions and Climatic Change: A TheoreticalAssessment.” J. Geophysical Research 81: 1071-83.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1976b). “Estimates of the Climatic Impact of Aerosols Produced bySpace Shuttles, SST’s, and Other High Flying Aircraft.” J. Applied Meteorology 15: 247-58.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1983). “Environmental Effects of an Impact-Generated Dust Cloud:Implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.” Science 219: 287-89.

Pomerance, Rafe (1989). “The Dangers from Climate Warming: A Public Awakening.” In TheChallenge of Global Warming, edited by Dean Edwin Abrahamson, pp. 259-69.Washington, DC: Island Press.

Ponte, Lowell (1976). The Cooling. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Pool, Robert (1990). “Struggling to Do Science for Society.” Science 248: 672-73.Pooley, Eric (2007). “The Last Temptation of Al Gore.” Time 169, no. 22 (May 28), pp. 31-39.Pooley, Eric (2010). The Climate War. True Believers, Power Brokers, and the Fight to Save the

Earth. New York: Hyperion.Poortinga, Wouter, and Nick F. Pidgeon (2003). “Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk

Regulation.” Risk Analysis 23: 961-72 [doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00373].Porter, Stephen C. (1979). “Hawaiian Glacial Ages.” Quaternary Research 12: 161-87.Potter, Gerald L., et al. (1981). “Climate Change and Cloud Feedback: The Possible Radiative

Effects of Latitudinal Redistribution.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 489-93.Pouillet, Claude (1838). “Mémoire Sur La Chaleur Solaire...” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie


des Sciences 7: 24-65.Poulsen, Christopher J. (2004). “A Balmy Arctic.” Nature 432: 814-15.Poundstone, William (1999). Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos. New York: Holt.Prather, Michael J. (2002). “Citation for Award of 2001 Roger Revelle Medal to James E.

Hansen.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 83(17): 187.Preining, Othmar, and E. James Davis, Eds. (2000). History of Aerosol Science. Proceedings of

the Symposium... Vienna, Austria, 1999. Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften.Prentice, I. Colin, and Jon Lloyd (1998). “C-Quest in the Amazon Basin.” Nature 396: 619-20.President’s Science Advisory Committee (1965). Restoring the Quality of Our Environment.

Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel. Washington, DC: The White House.Price, George McReady (1995). Illogical Geology. The Weakest Point in the Evolution Theory,

Edited by Ronald L. Numbers, Creationism in Twentieth-Century America Vol. 7. NewYork: Garland (originally published Los Angeles: The Modern Heretic, 1906).

Pritchard, Hamish D. , et al. (2009). “Extensive Dynamic Thinning on the Margins of theGreenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.” Nature 461: [doi:10.1038/nature08471].

Pudovkin, M.I., and S.V. Verentenenko (1995). “Cloudiness Decreases Associated with Forbush-Decreases of Galactic Cosmic Rays.” J. Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 57: 1349-55.

Pudovkin, M.I., and S.V. Veretenenko (1996). “Variations of the Cosmic Rays as One of thePossible Links between the Solar Activity and the Lower Atmosphere.” Advances inSpace Research 17: 161-64.

Pumphrey, Carolyn, Ed. (2008) Global Climate Change: National Security Implications.Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, online athttp://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB862.pdf.

Purdom, James F.W., and W. Paul Menzel (1996). “Evolution of Satellite Observations in theUnited States and Their Use in Meteorology.” In Historical Essays on Meteorology1919-1995, edited by James Rodger Fleming, pp. 99-155. Boston: AmericanMeteorological Society.

Quinn, P. K., and T. S. Bates (2011). “The Case against Climate Regulation Via OceanicPhytoplankton Sulphur Emissions.” Nature 480: 51-56 [doi:10.1038/nature10580].

Rabe, Barry George (2004). Statehouse and Greenhouse: The Emerging Politics of AmericanClimate Change Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Radke, L. F., et al. (1989). “Direct and Remote Sensing Observations of the Effects of Ships onClouds.” Science 246: 1146-49.

Rahmstorf, Stefan (1999). “Shifting Seas in the Greenhouse?” Nature 399: 523-24.Rahmstorf, Stefan (2002). “Ocean Circulation and Climate During the Past 120,000 Years.”

Nature 419: 207-14.Rahmstorf, Stefan (2007). “A Semi-Empirical Approach to Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise.”

Science 315: 368-70 [doi:10.1126/science.1135456].Rahmstorf, Stefan, et al. (2007). “Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections.”

Science 316: 709 [doi:10.1126/science.113643].Rahmstorf, Stefan, and Dim Coumou (2011 ). “Increase of Extreme Events in a Warming

World.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 17905-09


[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101766108].Raich, J.W., and W.H. Schlesinger (1992). “The Global Carbon Dioxide Flux in Soil Respiration

and Its Relationship to Vegetation and Climate.” Tellus 44B: 81-99.Rainger, Ronald (2000a). “Science at the Crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American

Oceanography in the 1940s.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 30(2): 349-71.Rainger, Ronald (2000b). “Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and

Oceanography at the Scripps Institution.” Earth Sciences History 19: 58-89.Rainger, Ronald (2002, 2004). “<A Wonderful Oceanographic Tool’: The Atomic Bomb,

Radioactivity and American Oceanography in the 1950s.” In The Machine in Neptune’sGarden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment, edited byHelen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren, pp. 96-132. Sagamore Beach, MA:Science History Publications/USA.

Rakipova, L.R. (1966). “Climate Change When Influencing the Arctic Basin (in Russian).”Meteorologiia I Gidrologiia 9: 9.

Ralph, Elizabeth K., and Henry N. Michael (1974). “Twenty-Five Years of Radiocarbon Dating.”American Scientist 62(5): 553-60.

Ram, M., et al. (2009). “The Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Flux: Its Importance for Climate.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 397-98.

Ramanathan, V. (1975). “Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: ClimaticImplications.” Science 190: 50-52.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1976). “Sensitivity of Surface Temperature and AtmosphericTemperature to Perturbations in the Stratospheric Concentration of Ozone and NitrogenDioxide.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 33: 1092-1112.

Ramanathan, V., and James A. Coakley, Jr. (1978). “Climate Modeling through RadiativeConvective Models.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 16: 465-89.

Ramanathan, V. (1980). “Climatic Effects of Anthropogenic Trace Gases.” In Interactions ofEnergy and Climate, edited by W. Bach, et al., pp. 269-80. Dordrecht: Reidel.

2Ramanathan, V. (1981). “The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the CO ClimateProblem.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 918-30.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1983). “The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model toRefinements in Radiative Processes.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 40: 605-30.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1985). “Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change.”J. Geophysical Research 90: 5547-66.

Ramanathan, V. (1987). “The Role of Earth Radiation Budget Studies in Climate and GeneralCirculation Research.” Journal of Geophysical Research 92: 4075-95.

Ramanathan, V. (1988). “The Greenhouse Theory of Climate Change: A Test by InadvertentGlobal Experiment.” Science 240: 293-99.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1989a). “Climate and the Earth’s Radiation Budget.” Physics Today,May, pp. 22-32.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1989b). “Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the EarthRadiation Budget Experiment.” Science 243: 57-63.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1995). “Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing: AMissing Physics?” Science 267: 499-503.


Ramanathan, V., and Andrew M. Vogelman (1997). “Greenhouse Effect, Atmospheric SolarAbsorption and the Earth’s Radiation Budget: From the Arrhenius-Langley Era to the1990s.” Ambio 26: 38-46.

Ramanathan, V., and G. Carmichael (2008). “Global and Regional Climate Changes Due toBlack Carbon.” Nature Geoscience 1: 221-27 [doi:10.1038/ngeo156].

Randall, David A., Ed. (2000). General Circulation Model Development. San Diego, CA:Academic Press.

Randall, Douglas A., et al. (2007). “Climate Models and Their Evaluation.” In Climate Change2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to theFourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 589-662.Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Online at http://www.ipcc.ch/.

Rapp, R.R. (1970). “Climate Modification and National Security”. Santa Monica, CA, RandCorporation. Paper P-4476

Raschke, E., et al. (1973). “The Annual Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere SystemDuring 1969-1970 from Nimbus 3 Measurements.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 30: 341-64.

Rasmussen, R.A., and M.A.K. Khalil (1981a). “Preliminary Communication: Increase in theConcentration of Atmospheric Methane.” Atmospheric Environment 15: 883-86.

Rasmussen, R.A., and M.A.K. Khalil (1981b). “Atmospheric Methane: Trends and SeasonalCycles.” J. Geophysical Research 86: 9826-32.

Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, and Catheryn de Bergh (1970). “The Runaway Greenhouse and the

2Accumulation of CO in the Venus Atmosphere.” Nature 226: 1037-39.Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, and Stephen H. Schneider (1971). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and

Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate.” Science 173: 138-141.Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, et al. (1983). “On Predicting Calamities [with Reply].” Climatic Change 5:

201-04.Raval, A., and V. Ramanathan (1989). “Observational Determination of the Greenhouse Effect.”

Nature 342: 758-61 [doi:10.1038/342758a0].

4 4Raynaud, D., et al. (1988). “Climatic and CH Cycle Implications of Glacial-Interglacial CHChange in the Vostok Ice Core.” Nature 333: 655-57.

Read, Daniel, et al. (1994). “What Do People Know About Climate Change? 2. Survey Studiesof Educated Lay People.” Risk Analysis 14: 971-82.

Ready, Kevin E. (1998). Gaia Weeps. Oxnard, CA: Saint Gaudens.Redfield, Alfred C. (1958). “The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment.”

American Scientist 46: 205-21.

2Reich, Peter B., and Sarah E. Hobbie (2012). “Decade-Long Soil Nitrogen Constraint on the COFertilization of Plant Biomass.” Nature Climate Change 2 doi:10.1038/nclimate1694.

Reid, G. (1991). “Solar Total Irradiance Variations and the Global Sea Surface TemperatureRecord.” Journal of Geophysical Research 96(D2): 2835-44.

Reid, R.O., et al. (1975). Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation. Washington, DC:National Academy of Sciences.

Reiners, William A. (1973). “Terrestrial Detritus and the Carbon Cycle.” In Carbon and theBiosphere, edited by George M. Woodwell and Erene V. Pecan, pp. 303-27. Washington,DC: Atomic Energy Commission (National Technical Information Service, CONF-


7502510).Reusswig, F., et al. (2004). Double Impact—the Climate Blockbuster ‘the Day after Tomorrow'

and Its Impact on the German Cinema Public (Pik Report No.92), Potsdam, PotsdamInstitute for Climate Impact Research pp. 65, online at http://www.pik-potsdam.de/forschung/publikationen/pik-reports/resolveuid/8cee9abdb3b33e0a48cbed761a834ced.

Revelle, Roger, and Arthur E. Maxwell (1952). “Heat Flow through the Floor of the EasternNorth Pacific Ocean.” Nature 170: 199-200.

Revelle, Roger, and Rhodes Fairbridge (1957). “Carbonates and Carbon Dioxide.” Memoirs ofthe Geological Society of America 67:1: 239-95.

Revelle, Roger, and Hans E. Suess (1957). “Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Atmosphere and

2Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO During the Past Decades.”Tellus 9: 18-27.

Revelle, Roger (1966). “The Role of the Oceans.” Saturday Review, 7 May, p. 41?Revelle, Roger (1983). “Probable Future Changes in Sea Level Resulting from Increased

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” In Changing Climate, edited by National ResearchCouncil Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, pp. 433-48. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy of Sciences.

Revelle, Roger, and P. E. Waggoner (1983). "Effects of a Carbon Dioxide-Induced ClimaticChange on Water Supplies in the Western United States." In Changing Climate, edited byCarbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, National Research Council, pp. 419-32.Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Revelle, Roger (1987). “How I Became an Oceanographer and Other Sea Stories.” AnnualReview of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15: 1-23.

Revkin, Andrew C. (1988). “Endless Summer: Living with the Greenhouse Effect.” Discover 9,no. 10 (Oct.), pp. 51-61.

Reynolds, Richard W., et al. (1989). “Biases in Satellite-Derived Sea-Surface-TemperatureData.” Nature 341: 728-31.

Richardson, Katherine, et al. (2009). Synthesis Report from Climate Change: Global Risks,Challenges & Decisions, Conference, 10-12 March. Copenhagen: University ofCopenhagen.

Richardson, Lewis F. (1922). Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press (reprinted NY, Dover, 1965).

Rignot, Eric (1998). "Fast Recession of a West Antarctic Glacier." Science 281 549-51[doi:10.1126/science.281.5376.549].

Rignot, Eric, and Robert H. Thomas (2002). “Mass Balance of Polar Ice Sheets.” Science 297:1502-06.

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2004). “Accelerated Ice Discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula Followingthe Collapse of Larsen B Ice Shelf.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L18401[doi:10.1029/2004GL020697].

Rignot, Eric, and Panir Kanagaratnam (2006). “Changes in the Velocity Structure of theGreenland Ice Sheet.” Science 311: 986-90 [doi: 10.1126/science.1121381].

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2008). “Recent Antarctic Ice Mass Loss from Radar Interferometry and


Regional Climate Modelling.” Nature Geoscience 1: 106-10 [doi:10.1038/ngeo102].Rigor, I.G., and J.M. Wallace (2004). “Variations in the Age of Arctic Sea-Ice and Summer Sea-

Ice Extent.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L09401 [doi:10.1029/2004GL019492].Rind, D., and D. Peteet (1985). “Terrestrial Conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum and

CLIMAP Sea-Surface Temperature Estimates: Are They Consistent?” QuaternaryResearch 24: 1-22.

Rind, D., et al. (1986). “The Impact of Cold North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures onClimate: Implications for the Younger Dryas.” Climate Dynamics 1: 3-33.

Rind, D., et al. (1990). “Potential Evapotranspiration and the Likelihood of Future Drought.” J.Geophysical Research 95: 9983-10004.

Rind, D., et al. (1991). “Positive Water Vapour Feedback in Climate Models Confirmed bySatellite Data.” Nature 349: 500-03.

Rind, David, and Nambath K. Balachandran (1995). “Modeling the Effects of UV Variabilityand the Qbo on the Troposphere–Stratosphere System. Part II: The Troposphere.”Journal of Climate 8: 2080-95.

Roan, S. (1989). Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency. NewYork: Wiley.

Robbins, Jhan and June (1956). “100 Years of Warmer Weather.” Science Digest, Feb., pp. 82-85.

Robert, A.J. (1968). “The Integration of a Spectral Model of the Atmosphere by the ImplicitMethod.” In WMO IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction, edited by WorldMeteorological Organization and International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Vol.7, pp. 9-24. Tokyo, Japan: Meteorological Society of Japan.

Roberts, L. (1989). “Global Warming: Blaming the Sun.” Science 246: 992-93.Roberts, Walter Orr (1967). “Climate Control.” Physics Today, Aug., pp. 30-36.Roberts, Walter Orr, and Roger H. Olson (1975). “Great Plains Weather.” Nature 254: 380.Robin, Gordon de Q. (1962). “The Ice of the Antarctic.” Scientific American, Sept., pp. 132-46.Robin, Gordon de Q., and Raymond J. Adie (1964). “The Ice Cover.” In Antarctic Research. A

Review of British Scientific Achievement in Antarctica, edited by Raymond Priestley, etal., pp. 100-117. London: Butterworths.

Robinson, G.D. (1967). “Some Current Projects for Global Meteorological Observation andExperiment.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 98: 409-18.

Robinson, G.D. (1971). “Review of Climate Models.” In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study ofCritical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by William H. Matthews, et al.,pp. 205-15. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Robinson, Kim Stanley (1994). Green Mars. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Robinson, Kim Stanley (2004). Forty Signs of Rain. New York: Spectra Books.Robinson, Kim Stanley (2005). Fifty Degrees Below. New York: BantamRobock, Alan, and Alan E. Strong (1989). “Satellite Data Contamination (Exchange of Letters).”

Nature 341: 695.Robock, Alan, and Owen Brian Toon (2010). “Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering.” Scientific

American 302: 74-81.Roderick, Michael L., Graham D. Farquhar (2002). “The Cause of Decreased Pan Evaporation


over the Past 50 Years.” Science 298: 1410-11.Rodhe, Henning (1990). “A Comparison of the Contribution of Various Gases to the Greenhouse

Effect.” Science 248: 1217-19 [doi:10.1126/science.248.4960.1217].Rodhe, Henning, and Robert J. Charlson, Eds. (1998). The Legacy of Svante Arrhenius.

Understanding the Greenhouse Effect. Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Roe, Gerard H., and Marcia B. Baker (2007). “Why Is Climate Sensitivity So Unpredictable?”

Science 318: 629-32 [doi:10.1126/science.1144735].Rohde, Robert , et al. (2012). “A New Estimate of the Average Earth Surface Land Temperature

Spanning 1753 to 2011.” Geoinformatics & Geostatistics: An Overview 1(1) online athttp://www.scitechnol.com/GIGS/GIGS-1-101.pdf.

Romm, Joseph (2011). “Desertification: The Next Dust Bowl.” Nature 478: 450-51 [doi:10.1038/478450a].

Rooth, C. (1982). “Hydrology and Ocean Circulation.” Progess in Oceanography 11: 131-49.Rosenberg, Stacy, et al. (2009). “Climate Change: A Profileof US Climate Scientists’

Perspective.” Climactic Change 101: 311-29 [doi:1007/s10584-009-9709-9].Rosenfeld, Daniel (2000). “Suppression of Rain and Snow by Urban and Industrial Air

Pollution.” Science 287: 1793-96.

2Rosenzweig, Cynthia (1985). “Potential CO -Induced Climate Effects on North AmericanWheat-Producing Regions.” Climatic Change 4: 367-89.

Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel (1998). Climate Change and the Global Harvest:Potential Effects of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Rossby, C.-G. (1956). “Aktuella Meteorologiska Problem.” Svensk Naturvetenskap: 15-80.Rossby, C.-G. (1959). “Current Problems in Meteorology.” In The Atmosphere and the Sea in

Motion, edited by Bert Bolin, pp. 9-50. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.Rothrock, D.A., et al. (1999). “Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover.” Geophysical Research

Letters 26: 3469-72.Rotstayn, Leon D, and Ulrike Lohmann (2002). "Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect

Aerosol Effect." Journal of Climate 15: 2103–16.Rott, H., et al. (1996). “Rapid Collapse of Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica.” Science 271:

788-92.Rowntree, P.R. (1989). “Progress and Future Developments in Modelling the Climate System

with General Circulation Models.” In Understanding Climate Change (GeophysicalMonograph 52, IUGG Volume 7), edited by A. Berger, et al., pp. 163-75. Washington,DC: American Geophysical Union.

Royal Society, The (2009). Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty,London, The Royal Society pp. 82.

2Royer, D.L., et al. (2001). “Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO Change: Evaluating Geochemical andPaleobiological Approaches.” Earth Sciences Rev. 54: 349-92.

2Royer, Dana L., et al. (2007). “Climate Sensitivity Contrained by CO Concentrations over thePast 420 Million Years.” Nature 446: 530-32 [doi:10.1038/nature05699].

Royte, Elizabeth (2001). “The Gospel According to John [Christy].” Discover, Feb., pp. 66-73.Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1973). “Time-Transgressive Deglacial Retreat of


Polar Waters from the North Atlantic.” Quaternary Research 3: 117-30.Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1981a). “The North Atlantic Ocean During the

Last Deglaciation.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 145-214.Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1981b). “The Mode and Mechanism of the Last

Deglaciation: Oceanic Evidence.” Quaternary Research 16: 125-34.Ruddiman, William F., et al. (1986). “Matuyama 41,000-Year Cycles: North Atlantic Ocean and

Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80: 117-29.Ruddiman, William F., J.S. Thomson (2001). “The Case for Human Causes of Increased

4Atmospheric CH over the Last 5000 Years.” Quaternary Science Reviews 20 : 1769-77.Ruddiman, William F. (2005, 2010). Plows, Plagues and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control

of Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

2Ruddiman, William F. (2006). “On ‘The Holocene CO Rise: Anthropogenic or Natural?”.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 352-53.

Ruggie, John Gerard (1975). “International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends.”International Organization 29: 557-83 [doi:10.1017/S0020818300031696].

Rumney, G.R. (1968). Climatology and the World’s Climate. London: Macmillan.Rusin, N., and L. Flit (1960). Man Versus Climate. Moscow: Peace.Russell, Richard J. (1941). “Climatic Change through the Ages.” In Climate and Man. Yearbook

of Agriculture, edited by United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC: USGovt. Printing Office.

Saad, Lydia (2007a). Did Hollywood's Glare Heat up Public Concern About Global Warming?,Princeton, NJ, Gallup News Service pp. Online athttp://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=26932.

Saad, Lydia (2007b). “To Americans, the Risks of Global Warming Are Not Imminent.” (March12), Gallup Report http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=26842.

Sabine, Christopher L., Richard A. Feely, Nicolas Gruber, et al. (2004). “The Oceanic Sink for

2.Anthropogenic CO ” Science 305: 367-71.Sachs, Harvey Maurice, et al. (1977). “Paleoecological Transfer Functions.” Annual Review of

Earth and Planetary Sciences 5: 159-78.Sagan, Carl (1960a). “The Radiation Balance of Venus”. Pasadena, CA, California Institute of

Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory: 34 pp. Technical Report no. 32-34Sagan, Carl (1960b). “The Surface Temperature of Venus (Abstract).” Astronomical J. 65: 352-

53.Sagan, Carl (1961). “The Planet Venus.” Science 133: 849-58.Sagan, Carl (1971). “The Long Winter Model of Martian Biology: A Speculation.” Icarus 15:

511-14.Sagan, Carl, and George Mullen (1972). “Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and

Temperatures.” Science 177: 52-56.Sagan, Carl, et al. (1973). “Climate Change on Mars.” Science 181: 1045-49.Sagan, Carl, et al. (1979). “Anthropogenic Albedo Changes and the Earth’s Climate.” Science

206: 1363-68.Salati, Enias, P.B. Vose (1984). “Amazon Basin: A System in Equilibrium.” Science 225: 129-

38.


Salinger, Jim (2010). “The Climate Journey over Three Decades.” Climactic Change 100: 49-57.Salinger, M.J., and J.M. Gunn (1975). “Recent Climatic Warming around New Zealand.” Nature

256: 396-98.Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (1995). “Towards the Detection and Attribution of an Anthropogenic

Effect on Climate.” Climate Dynamics 12: 77-100 [doi:10.1007/BF00223722].Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (1996). “A Search for Human Influences on the Thermal Structure of

the Atmosphere.” Nature 382: 39-46.Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2000). “Interpreting Differential Temperature Trends at the Surface

and in the Lower Troposphere.” Science 287: 1227-31.Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2002). “Accounting for the Effects of Volcanoes and Enso in

Comparisons of Modeled and Observed Temperature Trends.” J. Geophysical Research106(D22): 28,033-60.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2003). “Influence of Satellite Data Uncertainties on the Detection ofExternally Forced Climate Change.” Science 300: 1280-84.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2007). “Identification of Human-Induced Changes in AtmosphericMoisture Content.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 15248-53[doi:10.1073/pnas.0702872104].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2008). “Consistency of Modelled and Observed Temperature Trendsin the Tropical Troposphere.” International Journal of Climatology 28: 1703-22[doi:10.1002/joc.1756].

Sapolsky, Harvey (1990). Science and the Navy: The History of the Office of Naval Research.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger Pielke, Jr. (2000). “Breaking the Global-Warming Gridlock.”Atlantic Monthly, July, pp. 55-64.

Sarmiento, J.L., and R. Toggweiler (1984). “A New Model for the Role of the Oceans inDetermining Atmospheric Pco2.” Nature 308: 621-24.

Satheesh, S.K., and V. Ramanathan (2000). “Large Differences in Tropical Aerosol Forcing atthe Top of the Atmosphere and Earth’s Surface.” Nature 405: 60-63.

Sawyer, J.S. (1972). “Man-Made Carbon Dioxide and the ‘Greenhouse’ Effect.” Nature 239: 23-26.

Scambos, T. A., et al. (2004). “Glacier Acceleration and Thinning after Ice Shelf Collapse in theLarsen B Embayment, Antarctica.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L18402[doi:10.1029/2004GL020670].

SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research), Standing Scientific Group on PhysicalSciences (2009). Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE). Online athttp://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/SCAR_ssg_ps/ACCE.htm.

SCEP (Study of Critical Environmental Problems) (1970). Man’s Impact on the GlobalEnvironment. Assessment and Recommendation for Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schaefer, Clemens (1905). “Über das Ultrarote Absorptionsspektrum der Kohlensaüre in SeinerAbhängigkeit vom Druck.” Annalen der Physik 16: 93-105.

Schaefer, Kevin, et al. (2011). “Amount and Timing of Permafrost Carbon Release in Responseto Climate Warming.” Tellus 63B: 165-80 [doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x].

Schär, Christoph, and Gerd Jendritzky (2004). “Hot News from Summer 2003.” Nature 432:


559-60.Scheffer, Marten, et al. (2006). “Positive Feedback between Global Warming and Atmospheric

2CO Concentration Inferred from Past Climate Change.” Geophysical Research Letters 3:L10702 [doi:10.1029/2005GL025044,2006].

Schell, I.I. (1957). “Theory of Ice Ages.” (Letter) Science 125: 235.Scherhag, R. (1937). “Die Erwärmung der Arktis.” J. du Conseil International pour

l’Exploration de la Mer 12: 263-76.Schiermeier, Quirin (2004a). “A Rising Tide.” Nature 428: 114-15.Schiermeier, Quirin (2004b). “Global Warming Anomaly May Succumb to Microwave Study.”

Nature 429: 7.Schiermeier, Quirin (2004c). “Disaster Movie Highlights Transatlantic Divide.” Nature 431: 4.Schiermeier, Quirin (2007). “Churn, Churn, Churn.” Nature 447: 522-24.Schiermeier, Quirin (2010). “The Real Holes in Climate Science.” Nature 463: 284-87

[doi:10.1038/463284a].Schimel, D.S., et al. (2001). “Recent Patterns and Mechanisms of Carbon Exchange by

Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Nature 414: 169-72.Schimel, David, and Elizabeth Sulzman (1995). “Variability in the Earth Climate System:

Decadal and Longer Timescales. In US National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994.” Reviewsof Geophysics 33 suppl.: see www.agu.org/revgeophys/schime01/schime01.html.

Schindler, David W. (1999). “The Mysterious Missing Sink.” Nature 398: 105-106.

2Schlesinger, Michael E. (1984). “Climate Model Simulations of CO -Induced Climatic Change.”Advances in Geophysics 26: 141-235.

Schlesinger, Michael E., and J.F.B. Mitchell (1987). “Climate Model Simulations of theEquilibrium Response to Increased Carbon Dioxide.” Reviews of Geophysics 25: 760-98.

2Schlesinger, Michael E., et al. (1985). “The Role of the Ocean in CO -Induced Climate Change:Preliminary Results from the OSU Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General CirculationModel.” In Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models (Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 40), edited byJ.C.J. Nihoul, pp. 447-78. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier.

Schlesinger, Michael E., and Navin Ramankutty (1994). “An Oscillation in the Global ClimateSystem of Period 65-70 Years.” Nature 367: 723-26 [doi:10.1038/367723a0 Letter].

Schmittner, Andreas, et al. (2008). “Future Changes in Climate, Ocean Circulation, Ecosystems,

2and Biogeochemical Cycling Simulated for a Business-as-Usual CO Emission Scenariountil Year 4000 Ad.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: GB1013[doi:10.1029/2007GB002953].

Schneider, Stephen H., and R. Dickinson (1974). “Climate Modelling.” Reviews of Geophysicsand Space Physics 12: 447-93.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1972). “Cloudiness as a Global Climate Feedback Mechanism: TheEffects of Radiation Balance and Surface Temperature of Variations in Cloudiness.” J.Atmospheric Sciences 29: 1413-22.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1975). “On the Carbon Dioxide–Climate Confusion.” Journal of theAtmospheric Sciences 32: 2060-66.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass (1975a). “Volcanic Dust, Sunspots, and TemperatureTrends.” Science 190: 741-46.


Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass (1975b). “Volcanic Dust, Sunspots and Long-TermClimate Trends: Theories in Search of Verification.” In Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAPSymposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421),edited by World Meteorological Organization (WMO), pp. 365-72. Geneva: WorldMeteorological Organization.

Schneider, Stephen H., and with Lynne E. Mesirow. (1976). The Genesis Strategy: Climate andGlobal Survival. New York: Plenum Press.

Schneider, Stephen H., et al. (1980). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate (Exchange of Letters).”Science 210: 6.

2Schneider, Stephen H., and S. L. Thompson (1981). “Atmospheric CO and Climate: Importanceof the Transient Response.” J. Geophysical Research 86(C4): 3135–47.

2Schneider, Stephen H. (1984). “<Natural Experiments’ and CO -Induced Climate Change: TheControversy Drags on (Editorial).” Climatic Change 6: 317-21.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Randi Londer (1984). The Co-Evolution of Climate and Life. SanFrancisco: Sierra Club Books.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1987). “An International Program on <Global Change’: Can It Endure?”Climatic Change 10: 211-18.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1988a). “The Greenhouse Effect and the U.S. Summer of 1988: Causeand Effect or Media Event?” Climatic Change 13: 113-15.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1988b). “Whatever Happened to Nuclear Winter?” Climatic Change 12:215-19.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1989a). Global Warming: Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century?San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1989b). “The Greenhouse Effect: Science and Policy.” Science 243: 771-82.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1991). “Editorial.” Climatic Change 19(4): v-vi.Schneider, Stephen H. (1992). “Introduction to Climate Modeling.” In Climate System Modeling,

edited by Kevin E. Trenberth, pp. 3-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Schneider, Stephen H. (1994). “Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any

<Fingerprints’?” Science 263: 341-47.Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). “Earth Systems Engineering and Management.” Nature 409: 417-

21.Schneider, Stephen H. (2004). “Abrupt Non-Linear Climate Change, Irreversibility and

Surprise.” Global Environmental Change 14: 245-58.Schneider, Stephen H. (2009). Science as a Contact Sport. Inside the Battle to Save the Earth’s

Climate. Washington, DC: National Geographic.Schneider, Stephen H. (2010). “Climatic Change 100th Volume:Be Careful What You Wish For!

—What If You Get It?” Climactic Change 100: 1-5.Schnitker, Detmar (1979). “The Deep Waters of the Western North Atlantic During the Past

24,000 Years, and the Reinitiation of the Western Boundary Undercurrent.” MarineMicropaleontology 4: 265-80.

Schnitker, Detmar (1982). “Climate Variability and Deep Ocean Circulation: Evidence from theNorth Atlantic.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 40: 213-34.


Schoof, Christian (2007). “Ice Sheet Grouding Line Dynamics: Steady States, Stability, andHysteresis.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S28 [doi:10.1029/2006JF000664].

Schott, W. (1935). Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition Vermess.Forschungsschiff “Meteor” 1925-1927 3(3): 43-134.

Schove, D. Justin (1955). “The Sunspot Cycle, 649 B.C. To A.D. 2000.” J. GeophysicalResearch 60: 127-45.

Schrag, Daniel P., et al. (1996). “Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and OxygenIsotopic Composition of the Glacial Ocean.” Science 272: 1930-32.

Schrope, Mark (2000). “Trouble in the Greenhouse.” Nature 407: 10-12.Schuster, Ute, and Andrew J. Watson (2007). “A Variable and Decreasing Sink for Atmospheric

2CO in the North Atlantic.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112: C11006[doi:10.1029/2006JC003941].

Schuur, Edward A. G., et al. (2009). “The Effect of Permafrost Thaw on Old Carbon Releaseand Net Carbon Exchange from Tundra.” Nature 459: 556-59 [doi:10.1038/nature08031].

Schuur, Edward A. G., and Benjamin Abbott (2011). “Climate Change: High Risk of PermafrostThaw.” Nature 480: 32-33 [doi:10.1038/480032a].

Schwartz, Peter, and Douglas Randall (2003). “An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and ItsImplications for United States National Security.” Emeryville, CA, Global BusinessNetwork: 22 pp. (online athttp://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/3566_AbruptClimateChange.pdf)

Schwartz, Stephen E. (1988). “Are Global Cloud Albedo and Climate Controlled by MarinePhytoplankton?” Nature 336: 441-45.

Schwartz, Stephen E., and Meinrat O. Andreae (1996). “Uncertainty in Climate Change Causedby Aerosols.” Science 272: 1121-22.

Schwartz, Stephen E., et al. (2007). “Quantifying Climate Change—Too Rosy a Picture?”Nature Reports: Climate Change 2: 23-24 [doi:10.1038/climate.2007.22.]; Discussion,Piers Foster et al., ibid. vol. 4, pp. 63-64 [doi:10.1038/climate.2007.46b].

Schwarzbach, M. (1963). Climates of the Past. London: Van Nostrand.

2Science News (1977). “DOE Sets Interagency CO Research Priorities.” Science News, 3 Dec.,p. 375.

Science Newsletter (1940). Science Newsletter, 17 Feb., p. 103.Science Newsletter (1952). Science Newsletter 61 (7 June): 537.Science Newsletter (1956). Science Newsletter 61 (30 June): 402.Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research see SCARSCOPE (1979 ff). See Bolin et al; Kates, et al.Seabrook, John (2000). “Selling the Weather.” New Yorker, 3 April, pp. 44-53.Seager, Richard, et al. (2002). “Is the Gulf Steam Responsible for Euope’s Mild Winters?”

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 128: 2563-86.Sears, Paul B. (1953). “Climate and Civilization.” In Climatic Change, edited by Harlow

Shapley, pp. 35-50. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Seidel, Stephen, and Dale Keyes (1983). Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? (2nd,

Corrected Ed.). Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.Seiler, Wolfgang, and Paul J. Crutzen (1980). “Estimates of Gross and Net Fluxes of Carbon


between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere from Biomass Burning.” Climatic Change 2:207-47.

Seitz, Frederick, et al., Eds. (1989). Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem.Washington, DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Seitz, Frederick, Ed. (1990). Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? Washington,DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Seitz, Frederick, Ed. (1992). Global Warming Update: Recent Scientific Findings. Washington,DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Self, Will (2006). The Book of Dave. A Novel. New York: Bloomsbury USASellers, William D. (1965). Physical Climatology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Sellers, William D. (1969). “A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the

Earth-Atmosphere System.” J. Applied Meteorology 8: 392-400.Sellers, William D. (1973). “A New Global Climatic Model.” J. Applied Meteorology 12: 241-

53.Senior, C.A., and J. F. B. Mitchell (1993). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate: The Impact of Cloud

Parameterization.” Journal of Climate 6: 393-418.Sergin, Vladimir Ya. (1979). “Numerical Modeling of the Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Global

System.” J. Geophysical Research 84: 3191-3204.Serreze, Mark C., and Ignatius Rigor (2006). “The Cryosphere and Climate Change: Perspectives

on the Arctic’s Shrinking Sea-Ice Cover.” In Glacier Science and EnvironmentalChange, edited by Peter G. Knight, pp. 120-25. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., et al. (1998). “Timing of Abrupt Climate Change at the End of theYounger Dryas Interval from Thermally Fractionated Gases in Polar Ice.” Nature 391:141-46.

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. (2009). “Southern See-Saw Seen.” Nature 457: 1093-94.

2Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., et al. (2009). “Oxygen-18 of O Records the Impact of Abrupt ClimateChange on the Terrestrial Biosphere.” Science 324: 1431-34[doi:10.1126/science.1169473].

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1965). “The High-Precision Isotopic Analysis of Oxygen and Carbon inCarbon Dioxide.” J. Scientific Instruments 42: 689-92.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1967). “Oxygen Isotope Analyses and Pleistocene Temperatures Re-Assessed.” Nature 215: 15-17.

Shackleton, Nicholas J., and Neil D. Opdyke (1973). “Oxygen Isotope and PaleomagneticStratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238: Oxygen Isotope Temperatures and IceVolumes on a 10 Year and 10 Year Scale.” Quaternary Research 3: 39-55.5 6

Shackleton, Nicholas J., et al. (1983a). “Carbon Isotope Data in Core V19-30 Confirm ReducedCarbon Dioxide Concentration in the Ice Age Atmosphere.” Nature 306: 319-22[doi:10.1038/306319a0].

Shackleton, Nicholas J., et al. (1983b). “Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Record of East Pacific CoreV19-30: Implications for the Formation of Deep Water in the Late Pleistocene NorthAtlantic.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 65: 233-44.

Shackleton, Nicholas J., and N.G. Pisias (1985). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Orbital Forcing

2and Climate.” In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO : Natural Variations Archean


to Present (Geophysical Monograph 32), edited by E. T. Sundquist and Wallace S.Broecker, pp. 303-17. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (2000). “The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to LagTemperature, Carbon Dioxide and Orbital Eccentricity.” Science 289: 1897-1902.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (2003). “Shackleton Receives 2002 Maurice Ewing Medal.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 84(8): 72.

Shackley, Simon, et al. (1998). “Uncertainty, Complexity and Concepts of Good Science inClimate Change Modelling: Are GCMs the Best Tools?” Climatic Change 38: 159-205.

Shackley, Simon, et al. (1999). “Adjusting to Policy Expectations in Climate Change Modeling.An Interdisciplinary Study of Flux Adjustments in Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean GeneralCirculation Models.” Climatic Change 43: 413-54.

Shakun, Jeremy D., and Anders E. Carlson (2010). “A Global Perspective on Last GlacialMaximum to Holocene Climate Change.” Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1-16[doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016].

Shakun, Jeremy D., et al. (2012). “Global Warming Preceded by Increasing Carbon DioxideConcentrations During the Last Deglaciation.” Nature 484: 49-54[doi:10.1038/nature10915].

Shapley, Deborah (1974). “Weather Warfare: Pentagon Concedes 7-Year Vietnam Effort.”Science 184: 1059-61.

Shapley, Harlow, Ed. (1953). Climatic Change. Evidence, Causes, and Effects. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1976). “Properties of the Background Global Aerosol and Their Effects onClimate.” Science 192: 1334-36.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1980). “Transport of Asian Desert Aerosol to the Hawaiian Islands.” J. AppliedMeteorology 19: 1254-59.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1982). “Atmospheric Turbidity in the Polar Regions.” J. Applied Meteorology21: 1080-88.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1983). “Bio-Controlled Thermostasis Involving the Sulfur Cycle.” ClimaticChange 5: 297-303.

Sheffield, Justin, et al. (2012). “Little Change in Global Drought over the Past 60 Years.” Nature491: 435-38 [doi:10.1038/nature11575].

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2001). “Inland Thinning of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica.”Science 291: 862-64 [doi:10.1126/science.291.5505.862].

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2004). “Warm Ocean Is Eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet.”Geophysical Research Letters 31: L23402 [doi: 10.1029/2004GL021106].

Shepherd, Andrew P., and Duncan Wingham (2007). “Recent Sea-Level Contributions of theAntarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets.” Science 315: 1529-32[doi:10.1126/science.1136776].

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2012). “A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance.” Science338 1183-89 [doi:10.1126/science.1228102].

Shepherd, John (2009). “Do Mention the ‘G’ Word.” New Scientist (Sept.), pp. 24-25.Sheppard, P.A. (1962). “Properties and Processes at the Earth’s Surface in Relation to the

General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” Advances in Geophysics 9: 77-96.


Sherwood, Steven C., et al. (2005). “Radiosonde Daytime Biases and Late-20th CenturyWarming.” Science 309: 1556-59 [doi: 10.1126/science1115640].

Sherwood, Steven C., et al. (2014). “Spread in Model Climate Sensitivity Traced to AtmosphericConvective Mixing.” Nature 505: 37-42 [doi:10.1038/nature12829].

Shevliakova, Elena, et al. (2013 ). “Historical Warming Reduced Due to Enhanced Land CarbonUptake.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 110 16730-35[doi:10.1073/pnas.1314047110].

Shindell, Drew, et al. (1999). “Solar Cycle Variability, Ozone, and Climate.” Science 284: 305-08.

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2001). “Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During theMaunder Minimum.” Science 294: 2149-52, [doi:10.1126/science.1064363].

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2003). “Volcanic and Solar Forcing of Climate Change During the Pre-Industrial Era.” Journal of Climate 16: 4094-4107.

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2005). “An Emissions-Based View of Climate Forcing by Methane andTropospheric Ozone.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L04803[doi:10.1029/2004GL021900].

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2009). “Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions.”Science 329: 716-18 [doi:10.1126/science.1174760].

Shine, K.P., and A. Henderson-Sellers (1983). “Modelling Climate and the Nature of ClimateModels: A Review.” J. Climatology 3: 81-94.

Shiu, C.-J., et al. (2012). “How Much Do Precipitation Extremes Change in a WarmingClimate?” Geophysical Research Letters 39 [doi:10.1029/2012GL052762].

Showstock, Randy (1999). “Report Suggests Some Public Attitudes About Geophysical andEnvironmental Issues.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80(24):269, 276.

Shukla, J., and Y. Mintz (1982). “Influence of Land-Surface Evapotranspiration on the Earth’sClimate.” Science 215: 1498-1500.

Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the BushAdministration. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Shute, Nancy (2001). “The Weather Turns Wild.” U.S. News & World Report, 5 Feb., pp. 44-52.Siegenthaler, U., et al. (1984). “Lake Sediments as Continental Delta O Records from the18

Glacial/Post-Glacial Transition.” Annals of Glaciology 5: 149-52.

2Siegenthaler, U., and Th. Wenk (1984). “Rapid Atmospheric CO Variations and OceanCirculation.” Nature 308: 624-26.

Siegert, Martin J., et al. (2004). “Ice Flow Direction Change in Interior West Antarctica.”Science 305: 1948-51 [doi: 10.1126/science.1101072].

Sigman, Daniel M., and Edward A. Boyle (2000). “Glacial/Interglacial Variations inAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Nature 407: 859-69.

2Sigman, Daniel M., et al. (2010). “The Polar Ocean and Glacial Cycles in Atmospheric COConcentration.” Nature 466: 47-55 [doi:10.1038/nature09149].

Silberman, I.S. (1954). “Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere.” J. Meteorology 11: 27-34.Sill, Godfrey T. (1972). “Sulfuric Acid in the Venus Clouds.” Communications of the Lunar and

Planetary Laboratory 9: 191-98.


Silverberg, Robert (1994). Hot Sky at Midnight. New York: Bantam.Simonite, Tom (2005). “Drowning Polar Bears Worry Researchers.” Nature news, published

online 20 December [doi:10.1038/news0051219-6].Simpson, George C. (1928a). “Some Studies in Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal

Meteorological Society 2(16): 69-95.Simpson, George C. (1928b). “Further Studies in Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal

Meteorological Society 3(21): 1-26.Simpson, George C. (1929a). “The Distribution of Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal

Meteorological Society 23(23): 53-78.Simpson, George C. (1929b). “Discussion of Memoirs.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological

Society 55: 73-79.Simpson, George C. (1934). “World Climate During the Quaternary Period.” Quarterly J. Royal

Meteorological Society 60: 425-71.Simpson, George C. (1937). “Ice Ages.” Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain

30: 125-142.Simpson, George C. (1939-40). “Probable Causes of Change in Climate and Their Limitations.”

Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 152: 190-219.Simpson, Isobel J., et al. (2012). “Long-Term Decline of Global Atmospheric Ethane

Concentrations and Implications for Methane.” Nature 488: 490-94[doi:10.1038/nature11342].

Singer, S. Fred (1970). Global Effects of Environmental Pollution. New York: Springer-Verlag.Singer, S. Fred, Ed. (1992) The Greenhouse Debate Continued: An Analysis and Critique of the

IPCC Climate Assessment. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.Singer, S. Fred (1998). Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate. Oakland,

CA: Independent Institute.Singer, S. Fred (1999). “Human Contribution to Climate Change Remains Questionable.” Eos,

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80(16): 183-87.Singer, S. Fred (2001). Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate. Oakland,

CA: The Independent Institute.Singer, S. Fred, and Dennis T. Avery (2007). Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years.

Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Sitch, S., et al. (2007). “Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate Change through Ozone Effects on

the Land-Carbon Sink.” Nature 448: 791-94 [doi:10.1038/nature06059].Six, Katharina D., et al. (2013). “Global Warming Amplified by Reduced Sulphur Fluxes as a

Result of Ocean Acidification.” Nature Climate Change 3: 975-78[doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1981].

Skinner, Luke (2012). “A Long View on Climate Sensitivity.” Science 337: 917-18 [doi:10.1126/science.1224011].

Skirrow, Geoffrey (1965). “The Dissolved Gases -- Carbon Dioxide.” In ChemicalOceanography, edited by John P. Riley and Geoffrey Skirrow, pp. 227-322. London:Academic Press.

Skodvin, Tora (2000). “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” In Science inInternational Environmental Regimes: Between Integrity and Involvement, edited by


Andresen, Steinar, et al., pp. 146-80. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Slade, David H. (1990). “A Survey of Informal Opinion Regarding the Nature and Reality of a

<Global Greenhouse Warming’.” Climatic Change 16: 1-4.Slocum, Giles (1955). “Has the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Changed

Significantly since the Beginning of the Twentieth Century?” Monthly Weather Review,Oct., pp. 225-31.

Sluijs, Appy, et al. (2006). "Subtropical Arctic Ocean Temperatures During thePalaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum." Nature 441: 610-13 [doi:10.1038/nature04668].

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1963). “General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations. I.The Basic Experiment.” Monthly Weather Review 41: 99-164.

Smagorinsky, Joseph, et al. (1965). “Numerical Results from a Nine-Level General CirculationModel of the Atmosphere.” Monthly Weather Review 93: 727-68.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1970). “Numerical Simulation of the Global Circulation.” In GlobalCirculation of the Atmosphere, edited by G.A. Corby, pp. 24-41. London: RoyalMeteorological Society.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1972). “The General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” In MeteorologicalChallenges: A History, edited by D.P. McIntyre, pp. 3-41. Ottawa: Information Canada.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1983). “The Beginnings of Numerical Weather Prediction and GeneralCirculation Modeling: Early Recollections.” Advances in Geophysics 25: 3-37.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1991). “Climate’s Scientific Maturity.” In Climate in Human Perspective:A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by F. Baer, et al. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Smetacek, Victor, et al. (2012). “Deep Carbon Export from a Southern Ocean Iron-FertilizedDiatom Bloom.” Nature 487: 313-19 [doi:10.1038/nature11229].

Smith, R.N., et al. (1968, 2nd ed.). Detection and Measurement of Infra-Red Radiation. Oxford:Clarendon.

Soden, Brian J., et al. (2002). “Global Cooling after Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A Test ofClimate Feedback by Water Vapor.” Science 296: 727-30.

Soden, Brian J., et al. (2005). “The Radiative Signature of Upper Tropospheric Moistening.”Science 310: 841-44 [doi: 10.1126/science.1115602].

Sokolov, A.P., et al. (2009). “Probabilistic Forecast for 21st Century Climate Based onUncertainties in Emissions (without Policy) and Climate Parameters.” Journal ofClimate: [doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2863.1].

Solanki, S.K., et al. (2004). “Unusual Activity of the Sun During Recent Decades Compared tothe Previous 11,000 Years.” Nature 431: 1084-87 [doi: 10.1038/nature02995].

Solomon, A.M., and A.P. Kirilenko (1997). “Climate Change and Terrestrial Biomass: What IfTrees Do Not Migrate?” Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters 6: 139-48

Solomon, Susan, et al., Eds. (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of ClimateChange. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC.Online at http://www.ipcc.ch/.

Solomon, Susan, et al. (2010). “Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changesin the Rate of Global Warming.” Science 327: 1219-23[doi:0.1126/science.224.4654.1210].

Solomon, Susan, et al. (2011). “The Persistently Variable “Background” Stratospheric Aerosol


Layer and Global Climate Change.” Science 333: 866-70 [doi: 10.1126/science.1206027].Somerville, R., et al. (2007). “Historical Overview of Climate Change Science.” In Climate

Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Susan Solomon, et al., pp. 93-127 (online at http://www.ipcc.ch/).

Soon, Willie, Sallie Baliunas (2003). “Proxy Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past1000 Years.” Climate Research 23: 89-110.

2Sorenson, Raymond P. (2011). “Eunice Foote’s Pioneering Research on CO and ClimateWarming.” Search and Discovery: Article #70092 online athttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2011/70092sorenson/ndx_sorenson.pdf.

Sörlin, Sverker (2011). “The Anxieties of a Science Diplomat. Field Coproduction of ClimateKnowledge and the Rise and Fall of Hans Ahlmann’s ‘Polar Warming’.” Osiris 26: 66-88.

Spencer, R.W., and J.R. Christy (1992). “Precision and Radiosonde Validation of SatelliteGridpoint Temperature Anomalies. Part II: A Tropospheric Retrieval and Trends During1979-1990.” J. Climate 5: 856-66.

Spencer, Roy W., and John R. Christy (1990). “Precise Monitoring of Global TemperatureTrends from Satellites.” Science 247: 1558-62.

Speth, James G. (2004). Red Sky at Morning. America and the Crisis of the Global Environment.New Haven: Yale University Press.

Spielhagen, Robert F., et al. (2010). "Enhanced Modern Heat Transfer to the Arctic by WarmAtlantic Water." Science 331: 450-53 [doi:10.1126/science.1197397].

Squires, P. (1958). “The Microstructure and Colloidal Stability of Warm Clouds.” Tellus 10.Sriver, Ryan L. (2010). “Tropical Cyclones in the Mix.” Nature 463: 1032-33.Stainforth, D.A., et al. (2005). “Uncertainty in Predictions of the Climate Response to Rising

Levels of Greenhouse Gases.” Nature 433: 403-06.Stamm, Keith R., et al. (2000). “Mass Communication and Public Understanding of

Environmental Problems: The Case of Global Warming.” Public Understanding ofScience 9: 219-37.

Stanhill, Gerald (1999). “Climate Change Science Is Now Big Science.” Eos, Transactions of theAmerican Geophysical Union 80(35): 396-97.

Stanhill, Gerald (2001). “The Growth of Climate Change Science: A Scientometric Study.”Climatic Change 48: 515-24.

Stanhill, Gerald, and Shabtai Cohen (2001). “Global Dimming: A Review of the Evidence for aWidespread and Significant Reduction in Global Radiation with Discussion of ItsProbable Causes and Possible Agricultural Consequences.” Agricultural and ForestMeteorology 107: 255-78.

Stanhill, Gerald (2007). “A Perspective on Global Warming, Dimming, and Brightening.” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 88: 58.

2Starr, Chauncey (1993). “Atmospheric CO Residence Time and the Carbon Cycle.” Energy 18:1297-1310.

Stauffer, B., et al. (1988). “Methane Concentration in the Glacial Atmosphere Was Only HalfThat of the Preindustrial Holocene.” Nature 332: 812-14.


Stebbing, E.P. (1935). “The Encroaching Sahara: The Threat to the West African Colonies.”Geographical J. 85: 506-24.

Steffensen, Jørgen Peder, et al. (2008). “High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show AbruptClimate Change Happens in Few Years.” Science 321: 680-84[doi:10.1126/science.1157707].

Stehr, Nico, and Hans von Storch, Eds. (2000). Edward Brückner -- the Sources andConsequences of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Historical Times.Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Stehr, Nico, et al. (1995). "The 19th Century Discussion of Climate Variability and ClimateChange: Analogies for Present Debate?" World Resources Review 7: 589-604

Steig, Eric J., et al. (2009). "Warming of the Antarctic Ice-Sheet Surface since the 1957International Geophysical Year." Nature 457: 459-462 [doi: 10.1038/nature07669].

Stepanova, Nina A. (1952). “A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Carbon Dioxide in theAtmosphere.” Meteorological Abstracts 3: 137-170.

Stephens, Britton B., et al. (2007). "Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake

2from Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric CO ." Science 316: 1732-35[doi:10.1126/science.1137004].

Sterling, Bruce (1995). Heavy Weather. London: Gollancz.Stern, Nicholas (2006). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press and HM Treasury (online at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm).

Steurer, Pete (2007). Managing Legacy Climate Data in the 20th Century, online athttp://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/climate_data/welcome.html, NOAA

Stevens, Bjorn, and Graham Feingold (2009). “Untangling Aerosol Effects on Clouds andPrecipitation in a Buffered System.” Nature 461: 607-13 [doi:10.1038/nature08281].

Stevens, Bjorn, and Sandrine Bony (2013). “What Are Climate Models Missing?” Science 340:1053-54 [doi:10.1126/science.1237554].

Stevens, Mark (2004). “Boro Hell.” New York Magazine, May 10, 60.Stevens, William K. (1999). The Change in the Weather. People, Weather and the Science of

Climate. New York: Delacorte Press.Stipp, David (2004). “The Pentagon's Weather Nightmare.” Fortune, 9 February, pp. 105-08.

2Stocker, Thomas F., and Andreas Schnitter (1997). “Influence of CO Emission Rates on theStability of the Thermohaline Circulation.” Nature 388: 862-65.

Stocker, Thomas F. (1998). “The Seesaw Effect.” Science 282: 61-62[doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.61].

Stocker, Thomas F. (1999). “Hans Oeschger (1927-98).” Nature 397: 396.Stocker, Thomas F., and Sigfùs J. Johnsen (2003). “A Minimum Thermodynamic Model for the

Bipolar Seesaw.” Paleoceanography 18: 1087 [doi:10.1029/2003PA000920].Stokstad, Erik (2004). “Three Degrees of Consensus.” Science 305: 932-33.Stolarski, Richard A., and Ralph J. Cicerone. (1974). “Stratospheric Chlorine: A Possible Sink

for Ozone.” Canadian J. Chemistry 52: 1610-15.Stoll-Kleeman, S., et al. (2001). “The Psychology of Denial Concerning Climate Mitigation


Measures: Evidence from Swiss Focus Groups.” Global Environmental Change 11: 107-17 [doi:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00061-3].

Stommel, Henry (1961). “Thermohaline Convection with Two Stable Regimes of Flow.” Tellus13: 224-30.

Stommel, Henry (1970). “Future Prospects for Physical Oceanography.” Science 168: 1531-38.Stommel, Henry (1987). A View of the Sea. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Stone, Richard (2008). “Have Desert Researchers Discovered a Hidden Loop in the Carbon

Cycle?” Science 320: 1409-10.Storey, Michael, et al. (2007). “Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and the Opening of the

Northeast Atlantic.” Science 316: 58-89 [doi:10.1126/science.1135274].Stothers, R. B. (1984). “The Great Tambora Eruption of 1815 and Its Aftermath.” Science 224:

1191-98.Stott, Peter A., et al. (2000). “External Control of 20th Century Temperature by Natural and

Anthropogenic Forcing.” Science 290: 2133-37.Stott, Peter A., et al. (2004). “Human Contribution to the European Heatwave of 2003.” Nature

432: 611-14 [doi: 10.1038/nature03089].Stouffer, R.J., et al. (1989). “Interhemispheric Asymmetry in Climate Response to a Gradual

2Increase of Atmospheric CO .” Nature 342: 660-62Stradling, David (1999). Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers and Air

Quality in America, 1881-1951. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Stringer, E. T. (1972). Foundations of Climatology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Stroeve, J.C., et al. (2005). “Tracking the Arctic’s Shrinking Ice Cover: Another Extreme

Minimum in 2004.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L04501[doi:10.1029/2004GL021302].

Stroeve, Julienne, et al. (2007). “Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Faster Than Forecast.” GeophysicalResearch Letters 34: L09501 [doi:10.1029/2007GL029703].

Strong, Aaron, et al. (2009). “Ocean Fertilization: Time to Move On.” Nature 461: 347-48.Study of Critical Envirionmental Problems see SCEPStuiver, Minze (1961). “Variations in Radiocarbon Concentration and Sunspot Activity.” J.

Geophysical Research 66: 273 -76.Stuiver, Minze (1965). “Carbon-14 Content of 18th- and 19th-Century Wood Variations

Correlated with Sunspot Activity.” Science 149: 533-34.Stuiver, Minze, and Hans E. Suess (1966). “On the Relationship between Radiocarbon Dates and

True Sample Ages.” Radiocarbon 8: 534-40.Stuiver, Minze (1978). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Reservoir Changes.” Science

199: 253-58.Stuiver, Minze, and Paul D. Quay (1980). “Changes in Atmospheric Carbon-14 Attributed to a

Variable Sun.” Science 207: 11-19.Stumm, Werner, Ed. (1977). Global Chemical Cycles and Their Alterations by Man (Report of

Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, Nov. 1976). Physical and Chemical Sciences ResearchReports Vol. 2. Berlin: Abakon.

Stute, Martin, et al. (1995). “Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5EC) During the Last GlacialMaximum.” Science 269: 379-83.


Suess, Hans E. (1953). “Natural Radiocarbon and the Rate of Exchange of Carbon Dioxidebetween the Atmosphere and the Sea.” In Nuclear Processes in Geologic Settings, editedby National Research Council Committee on Nuclear Science, pp. 52-56. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Suess, Hans E. (1954). “Natural Radiocarbon Measurements by Acetylene Counting.” Science120: 5-7.

Suess, Hans E. (1955). “Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood.” Science 122: 415-17.Suess, Hans E. (1956). “Absolute Chronology of the Last Glaciation.” Science 123: 355-57.Suess, Hans E. (1965). “Secular Variations of the Cosmic-Ray-Produced Carbon-14 in the

Atmosphere and Their Interpretation.” J. Geophysical Research 70: 5937-52.Suess, Hans E. (1968). “Climatic Changes, Solar Activity, and the Cosmic-Ray Production Rate

of Natural Radiocarbon (in Mitchell, Ed., Causes of Climate Change, 1965 Conf.).”Meteorological Monographs 8(30): 146-50.

Sullivan, Walter (1961). Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year. NewYork: McGraw-Hill.

Sun, De-Zheng, and Isaac M. Held (1996). “A Comparison of Modeled and ObservedRelationships between Interannual Variations of Water Vapor and Temperature.” J.Climate 9: 665-75.

2Sundquist, Eric T. (1987). “Ice Core Links CO to Climate.” Nature 329: 389-90.Sutcliffe, R. C. (1963). “Theories of Recent Changes of Climate.” In Changes of Climate.

Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by UNESCO and the WorldMeteorological Organization, 1961 (UNESCO Arid Zone Research Series, 20) pp. 277-280. Paris: UNESCO.

Svensmark, Henrik, and Eigil Friis-Christensen (1997). “Variation of Cosmic Ray Flux andGlobal Cloud Coverage--a Missing Link in Solar-Climate Relationships.” J. Atmosphericand Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59: 1225-32.

Svensmark, Henrik, et al. (2007). “Experimental Evidence for the Role of Ions in ParticleNucleation under Atmospheric Conditions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A 463:385-96 [doi:10.1098/rspa.2006.1773].

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, et al. (1942). The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and GeneralBiology. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik (1957). “Oceanography.” In Geophysik II (Vol. 48 of Handbuch derPhysik), edited by J. Bartels, pp. 608-70. Berlin: Springer.

Sykes, Martin T., and I. Colin Prentice (1996). “Climate Change, Tree Species Distributions andForest Dynamics: A Case Study in the Mixed Conifer/Northern Hardwoods Zone ofNorthern Europe.” Climactic Change 34: 161-77 [doi:10.1007/BF00224628]

Taba, H. (1991). “The Bulletin Interviews: Professor H.E. Landsberg.” In Climate in HumanPerspective: A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by F. Baer, et al., pp. 97-109.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic (Reprinted from WMO Bulletin 33, no. 2, 1984).

Takano, K. (1975). “A Numerical Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation: PreliminaryResults.” In Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation, edited by R.O. Reid, et al.,pp. 121-29. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

2Tans, P. P., et al. (1990). “Observational Constraints on the Global Atmospheric CO Budget.”


Science 247: 1431-38.Taylor, Billie L., et al. (1980). “Volcanic Eruptions and Long-Term Temperature Records: An

Empirical Search for Cause and Effect.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 106:175-99.

Taylor, K.C., et al. (1993). “Electrical Conductivity Measurements from the GISP2 and GRIPGreenland Ice Cores.” (Letter to Editor) Nature 366: 549-52.

Taylor, K.C., et al. (1997). “The Holocene/Younger Dryas Transition Recorded at Summit,Greenland.” Science 278: 825-27.

Taylor, K.E., and J.E. Penner (1994). “Response of the Climate System to Atmospheric Aerosolsand Greenhouse Gases.” Nature 369: 734-37.

Telegdas, K., and J. London (1954). “A Physical Model of the Northern HemisphereTroposphere for Winter and Summer.” New York, New York University. Science Report1

Tett, Simon F.B., et al. (1999). “Causes of Twentieth-Century Temperature Change near theEarth’s Surface.” Nature 399: 569-72.

Thomas, Chris D., et al. (2004). “ Extinction Risk from Climate Change.” Nature 427: 145-48[doi:10.1038/nature02121].

Thomas, Robert H. (1973a). “The Creep of Ice Shelves: Theory.” J. Glaciology 312: 45-53.Thomas, Robert H. (1973b). “The Creep of Ice Shelves: Interpretation of Observed Behavior.” J.

Glaciology 12: 55-70.Thomas, Robert H., and Charles R. Bentley (1978). “A Model for Holocene Retreat of the West

Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Quaternary Research 10: 150-70.Thomas, Robert H., et al. (1979). “Effect of Climatic Warming on the West Antarctic Ice

Sheet.” Nature 277: 355-58.Thomas, Robert H. (1993). “Ice Sheets.” In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global

Climate Change, edited by R.J. Gurney, et al., pp. 385-400. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Thomas, Robert H., et al. (2004). “Accelerated Sea-Level Rise from West Antarctica.” Science306: 255-58 [doi: 10.1126/science.1099650].

Thomas, William (2014). “Research Agendas in Climate Studies: The Case of West AntarcticIce Sheet Research.” Climatic Change 122: 299-311 [doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0981-3].

Thompson, B.J., et al. (2001). “The Origins, Development and Conduct of WOCE.” In OceanCirculation and Climate. Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, edited by GeroldSiedler, et al., pp. 31-43. San Diego: Academic Press.

Thompson, David W. J., and Susan Solomon (2005). “Recent Stratospheric Climate Trends asEvidenced in Radiosonde Data: Global Structure and Tropospheric Linkages.” Journal ofClimate 18: 4785-95.

Thompson, David W. J., et al. (2008). “A Large Discontinuity in the Mid-Twentieth Century inObserved Global-Mean Surface Temperature.” Nature 453: 646-48[doi:10.1038/nature06982].

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1985). “A 1500-Year Record of Tropical Precipitation in Ice Coresfrom the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru.” Science 229: 971-73.

Thompson, Lonnie G. (1986). “The Little Ice Age as Recorded in the Stratigraphy of the


Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap.” Science 234: 361-64.Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1993). “<Recent Warming’: Ice Core Evidence from Tropical Ice

Cores, with Emphasis on Central Asia.” Global and Planetary Change 7: 145-56.Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1995). “Late Glacial Stage and Holocene Tropical Ice Core

Records from Huascarán, Peru.” Science 269: 46-50.Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (2009). “Glacier Loss on Kilimanjaro Continues Unabated.”

Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 109: [19770-75[doi:10.1073/pnas.0906029106].

Thompson, Michael, and Steve Rayner (1998). “Cultural Discourses.” In Human Choice andClimate Change. The Societal Framework, edited by Steve Rayner and Elizabeth L.Malone, Vol. 1, pp. 265-343. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.

Thompson, Philip Duncan (1983). “History of Numerical Weather Prediction in the UnitedStates.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64: 755-69.

Thompson, Starley L., and Stephen H. Schneider (1986). “Nuclear Winter Reappraised.”Foreign Affairs 64(5): 981-1005.

Thompson, W. G., and S.L. Goldstein (2005). “Open System Coral Ages Reveal PersistentSuborbital Sea-Level Cycles.” Science 308: 401-404 [doi: 10.1126/science.1104035].

Thorne, Peter W., et al. (2011). “Tropospheric Temperature Trends: History of an OngoingControversy.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2: 66-88.

Time (1939). “Warmer World.” Time, 2 Jan., p. 27.Time (1951). “Retreat of the Cold.” Time, 29 Oct., p. 76.Time (1972). “Another Ice Age?” Time, 13 Nov., p. 81.Time (1974a). “Another Ice Age?” Time, 26 June, p. 86.Time (1974b). “Weather Change: Poorer Harvests.” Time, 11 Nov., pp. 80-83.Time (2001). “Feeling the Heat.” Time, 9 April, pp. 22-39.Tinsley, Brian A., et al. (1989). “Solar Variability Influences on Weather and Climate: Possible

Connections through Cosmic Ray Fluxes and Storm Intensification.” J. GeophysicalResearch 94: 14783-92.

Tinsley, Brian A. (1996). “Solar Wind Modulation of the Global Electric Circuit and ApparentEffects on Cloud Microphysics, Latent Heat Release, and Tropospheric Dynamics.”Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity 48: 165-75.

Tinsley, Brian A. (2000). “Influence of Solar Wind on the Global Electric Circuit, and InferredEffects on Cloud Microphysics, Temperature, and Dynamics in the Troposphere.” SpaceScience Reviews 94: 231-58 [doi:10.1023/A:1026775408875].

Toggweiler, J.R., and Joellen Russell (2008). “Ocean Circulation in a Warming Climate.”Nature 451: 286-88 [doi:10.1038/nature06590].

Tollefson, Jeff (2009). “Instant Climate Model Gears Up.” Nature 461 581.Tollefson, Jeff (2014). “Climate Change: The Case of the Missing Heat.” Nature 505: 276-78

[doi:10.1038/505276a].Tolman, Cyrus F., Jr. (1899). “The Carbon Dioxide of the Ocean and Its Relations to the Carbon

Dioxide of the Atmosphere.” J. Geology 7: 585-620.Toon, Owen B., et al. (1975). “Climatic Change on Mars and Earth.” In Proceedings of the

WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975


(WMO Doc. 421) pp. 495-503. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.Toon, Owen B., and James B. Pollack (1976). “A Global Average Model of Atmospheric

Aerosols for Radiative Transfer Calculations.” J. Applied Meteorology 15: 225-46.Toon, Owen B. (2000). “How Pollution Suppresses Rain.” Science 287: 1763-66.Toon, Owen B., et al. (2008). “Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War.” Physics Today

61: 37-42.Trenberth, Kevin E. (1999). “Global Climate Project Shows Early Promise.” Eos, Transactions

of the American Geophysical Union 80(24): 269, 274-75.Trenberth, Kevin E. (2005). “Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming.” Science 308:

1753-54 [doi: 10.1126/science.1112551].Trenberth, Kevin E., et al. (2010). “Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature

and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation,.” Geophysical Research Letters: L03702[doi:10.1029/2009GL042314].

Trenberth, Kevin E., and J. T. Fasullo (2012). “Climate Extremes and Climate Change: TheRussian Heat Wave and Other Climate Extremes of 2010.” Journal of GeophysicalResearch 117: D17103 [doi:10.1029/2012JD018020].

Trewartha, Glenn T. (1943, 2nd ed.). An Introduction to Weather and Climate. New York:McGraw-Hill.

Trewartha, Glenn T., and Lyle H. Horn (1980, 5th ed.). An Introduction to Climate. New York:McGraw-Hill.

2Tripati, Aradhna K., et al. (2009). “Coupling of CO and Ice Sheet Stability over Major ClimateTransitions of the Last 20 Million Years.” Science 326: 1394-97[doi:10.1126/science.1178296].

Truffer, Martin, and Mark Fahnestock (2007). “Rethinking Ice Sheet Time Scales.” Science 315:1508-10 [doi:10.1126/science.1140469].

Trumbo, Craig (1996). “Constructing Climate Change: Claims and Frames in US NewsCoverage of an Environmental Issue.” Public Understanding of Science 5: 269-83.

Turco, R.P., et al. (1983). “Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple NuclearExplosions.” Science 222: 1283-92.

Turner, George (1988). Drowning Towers, Arbor House [originally published in the UK as TheSea in Summer (1987); reissued Avon (1996)].

Turney, Chris S.M., and Richard T. Jones (2010). “Does the Agulhas Current Amplify GlobalTemperatures During Super-Interglacials?” Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 839-43[doi:10.1002/jqs.1423].

Twomey, Sean A. (1974). “Pollution and the Planetary Albedo.” Atmospheric Environment 8:1251-56.

Twomey, Sean A. (1977a). “The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds.” J.Atmospheric Sciences 34: 1149-52.

Twomey, Sean A. (1977b). Atmospheric Aerosols. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Twomey, Sean A. (1977c). “The Effect of Cloud Scattering on the Absorption of Solar Radiation

by Atmospheric Dust.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 29: 1156-59.Twomey, Sean A. (1980). “Cloud Nucleation in the Atmosphere and the Influence of Nucleus

Concentration Levels in Atmospheric Physics.” J. Physical Chemistry 84: 1459-63.


Twomey, Sean A., et al. (1984). “An Assessment of the Impact of Pollution on Global CloudAlbedo.” Tellus 36B: 356-66.

Tyndall, John (1861). “On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours...”Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 22: 169-94, 273-85. Online athttp://wiki.nsdl.org/index.php/PALE:ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming/Article3

Tyndall, John (1863a). “On Radiation through the Earth’s Atmosphere.” PhilosophicalMagazine ser. 4, 25: 200-206.

Tyndall, John (1863b). “On the Relation of Radiant Heat to Aqueous Vapor.” PhilosophicalMagazine ser. 4, 26: 30-54.

Tyndall, John (1873a). Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat. NewYork: Appleton.

Tyndall, John (1873b). “Further Researches on the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by GaseousMatter (1862).” In Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heatpp. 69-121. New York: Appleton.

Tzedakis, P. C., et al. (2012). “Determining the Natural Length of the Current Interglacial.”Nature Geoscience 5: 138-41 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1358].

U.S. News & World Report (1976). “Even U.S. Farms May Be Hit by Cooling Trend.” U.S.News & World Report, 31 May, p. 56.

U.S. News & World Report (1977). “Is Energy Use Overheating the World?” U.S. News &World Report, 25 July.

Ulam, S.M. (1976). Adventures of a Mathematician. New York: Scribner’s.Underwood, Anne (2007). “Mayors Take the Lead.” Newsweek (April 16), pp. 68-70.Ungar, Sheldon (1992). “The Rise and (Relative) Decline of Global Warming as a Social

Problem.” Sociological Quarterly 33(4): 483-501.Ungar, Sheldon (1995). “Social Scares and Global Warming: Beyond the Rio Convention.”

Society and Natural Resources 8: 443-56.Ungar, Sheldon (2000). “Knowledge, Ignorance and the Popular Culture: Climate Change

Versus the Ozone Hole.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 297-312.United States, Central Intelligence Agency (1974, 1977). “Potential Implications of Trends in

World Population, Food Production, and Climate,” OPR-401, Aug. 1974. Published asAppendix II of Impact Team (1977). The Weather Conspiracy. New York: Ballantine.

United States Congress (85:2), House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations (1957).Report on the International Geophysical Year. Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office.

United States Congress (94:2), House of Representatives, Committee on Science andTechnology, Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere (1976). TheNational Climate Program Act: Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice.

United States Congress (95:1), Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space (1977). The National ClimateProgram Act: Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Congress (97:1), House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee onNatural Resources, Agricultural Research and Environment (1981). Carbon Dioxide and


Climate: The Greenhouse Effect. Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice.

United States Congress (107:1), Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs (2001). TheClimate Change Strategy and Technology Innovation Act of 2001: Hearings.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (online athttp://www.access.gpo.gov/congress).

United States, Department of Commerce, Advisory Committee on Weather Services (1953).Weather Is the Nation’s Business. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense ResearchCommittee (D. Sinclair ed.) (1950). Handbook on Aerosols. Chapters from the SummaryTechnical Report of Division 10, National Defense Research Committee, Selected andPublished by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. PrintingOffice.

United States, Environmental Protection Agency (Joel B. Smith and Dennis Tirpak, eds.) (1989).The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States (EPA-230-05-89-050), Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency.

Union of Concerned Scientists (2007a). Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air: How Exxonmobil Uses BigTobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science, Cambridge, MA,Union of Concerned Scientists 68 pp. (online athttp://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf).

Union of Concerned Scientists, Government Accountability Project (Timothy Donaghy, et al.),(2007b). Atmosphere of Pressure: Political Interference in Federal Climate Science,Cambridge, MA, 92 pp. (online athttp://www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/interference/atmosphere-of-pressure.html).

Urey, Harold C. (1947). “The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances.” J. ChemicalSociety 1947: 562-81.

Urey, Harold C., et al. (1950). “Paleotemperatures of the Upper Cretaceous.” Science 111: 462-63.

Vaks, A., et al. (2013). “Speleothems Reveal 500,000-Year History of Siberian Permafrost.”Science 340: 183-86 [doi:10.1126/science.1228729].

Valdes, Paul (2011). “Built for Stability.” Nature Geoscience 4: 414-16 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1200].van de Wal, R.S.W., et al. (2008). “Large and Rapid Melt-Induced Velocity Changes in the

Ablation Zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 321: 111-13[doi:10.1126/science.1158540].

van der Sluijs, Jeroen, et al. (1998). “Anchoring Devices in Science for Policy: The Case ofConsensus around Climate Sensitivity.” Social Studies of Science 28: 291-323.

Van der Veen, C.J. (1985). “Response of a Marine Ice Sheet to Changes at the Grounding Line.”Quaternary Research 24: 257-67.

Van der Veen, C.J., and J. Oerlemans, Eds. (1987). Dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Utrecht, May 6-8, 1985. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Van der Veen, C.J. (1988). “Projecting Future Sea Level.” Surveys in Geophysics 9: 389-418.van Keuren, David K. (2000). “Building a New Foundation for the Ocean Sciences: The

National Science Foundation and Oceanography, 1951-1965.” Earth Sciences History 19:


90-109.van Loon, H., and D. Shea (2000). “The Global 11-Year Solar Signal in July-August.”

Geophysical Research Letters 27: 2965-68.van Mantgem, Phillip J., et al. (2009). “Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the

Western United States.” Science 323: 521-24 [doi:10.1126/science.1165000].van Woerkom, A.J.J. (1953). “The Astronomical Theory of Climate Change.” In Climatic

Change, edited by Harlow Shapley, pp. 147-57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress.

Vaughan, David G., and C.S.M. Doake (1996). “Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat ofIce Shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula.” Nature 379: 328-31 [doi:10.1038/379328a0].

Vaughan, David G., and Robert Arthern (2007). “Why Is It Hard to Predict the Future of IceSheets?” Science 315: 1503-04 [doi:10.1126/science.1141111].

Vaughan, David G. (2008). “West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse -- the Fall and Rise of aParadigm.” Climatic Change 91: 65-79 [doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9448-3].

Velders, Guus J. M. , et al. (2009). “The Large Contribution of Projected Hfc Emissions toFuture Climate Forcing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10949-54[doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902817106].

Velicogna, I. (2009). "Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic IceSheets Revealed by Grace." Geophysical Research Letters 36: L19503[doi:10.1029/2009GL040222].

Velikovsky, Immanuel (1955). Earth in Upheaval. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Vellinga, M., and R.A. Wood (2002). “Global Climatic Impacts of a Collapse of the Atlantic

Thermohaline Circulation.” Climatic Change 54(251-67).Vermeer, Martin, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2009). “Global Sea Level Linked to Global

Temperature.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 21527-32[doi:10.1073/pnas0907765106.

Vernadsky, V.I. (1924). La Géochimie. Paris: Félix Alcan.Vernadsky, V.I. (1929). La Biosphère. Paris: Félix Alcan. English translation as The Biosphere:

The Complete Annotated Edition. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1998.Vernadsky, V.I. (1945). “The Biosphere and the Noösphere.” American Scientist, Jan., pp. 1-12.Victor, David G. (2001). The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global

Warming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Volk, Tyler, and Martin I. Hoffert (1985). “Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of Relative Strengths

2and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO Changes.” In The Carbon Cycle and

2Atmospheric CO : Natural Variations Archaean to Present, edited by E.T. Sundquist andWallace S. Broecker, pp. 99-110. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

von Neumann, John (1955). “Can We Survive Technology?” Fortune, June, pp. 106-108, 151-52.

von Schuckmann, K., et al. (2009). “Global Hydrographic Variability Patterns During2003–2008.” Journal of Geophysical Research 114: C09007[doi:10.1029/2008JC005237].

von Storch, Hans, et al. (2004). “Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data.” Science 306:679-682 [doi: 10.1126/science.1096109].


Vonder Haar, Thomas H., and Verner E. Suomi (1971). “Measurements of the Earth’s RadiationBudget from Satellites During a Five-Year Period. Part 1: Extended Time and SpaceMeans.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 28: 305-14.

Vonder Haar, T.H., et al. (1981). “Measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget from SatellitesDuring the First GARP Global Experiment.” Advances in Space Research 1: 285-97.

2Wade, Nicholas (1979). “CO in Climate: Gloomsday Predictions Have No Fault.” Science 206:912-13.

Wahl, Eugene R., et al. (2006). “Comment on ‘Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data’.”Science 312: 529b [doi: 10.1126/science.1120866].

Wahl, Eugene R , and Caspar M. Ammann (2007). “Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, HughesReconstruction of Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperatures: Examination ofCriticisms Based on the Nature and Processing of Proxy Climate Evidence.” ClimaticChange 85: 33-69 [doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9105-7] Online athttp://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/ammann/millennium/refs/Wahl_ClimChange2007.pdf.

Wait, G.R. (1946). “Some Experiments Relating to the Electrical Conductivity of the LowerAtmosphere.” J. Washington Academy of Sciences 36: 321-43.

Walker, Gabrielle (1999). “Great Rivers of Ice!” New Scientist, 17 April, pp. 54-58.Walker, Gabrielle (2000). “The Ice Man (Interview with Jean-Robert Petit).” New Scientist, 29

January, pp. 40-43.Walker, Gabrielle (2007). “The Team Captain [R. Pachauri].” Nature 450: 1150-55.Walker, James C.G., et al. (1981). “A Negative Feedback Mechanism for the Long-Term

Stabilization of Earth’s Surface Temperature.” J. Geophysical Research 86: 9776-82.Wallace, John M., and David W. J. Thompson (2002). “Annular Modes and Climate Prediction.”

Physics Today, Feb., pp. 28-33.Wallén, C.C. (1963). “Aims and Methods in Studies of Climatic Fluctuations.” In Changes of

Climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by UNESCO and the WorldMeteorological Organization, 1961 (UNESCO Arid Zone Research Series, 20) pp. 467-73. Paris: UNESCO.

Walter, K.M., et al. (2006). “Methane Bubbling from Siberian Thaw Lakes as a PositiveFeedback to Climate Warming.” Nature 443: 71-75 [doi:10.1038/nature05040].

Wang, Kaicun, et al. (2009). “Clear Sky Visibility Has Decreased over Land Globally from 1973to 2007.” Science: 1468-79 [doi:10.1126/science.1167549].

Wang, W., and G.M. Domoto (1974). “The Radiative Effect of Aerosols in the Earth’sAtmosphere.” J. Applied Meteorology 13: 521-34.

Wang, W.C., et al. (1976). “Greenhouse Effects Due to Man-Made Perturbations of TraceGases.” Science 194: 685-90.

Wang, X., and J. Key (2003). “Recent Trends in Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Propertiesfrom Space.” Science 299: 1725-28.

Wang, Y.-M. , et al. (2005). “Modeling the Sun’s Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713.”Astrophysical J. 625: 522-38.

Wang, Yongjin, et al. (2005). “The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and NorthAtlantic Climate.” Science 308: 854-57 [doi:10.1126/science.1106296].

Ward, Peter D., and Donald Brownlee (2000). Rare Earth. Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in


the Universe. New York: Copernicus - Springer.Wark, D.Q, and D.T. Hilleary (1969). “Atmospheric Temperature: Successful Test of Remote

Probing.” Science 165: 1256-58.Warren, Bruce A., and Carl Wunsch, Eds. (1981). Evolution of Physical Oceanography:

Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Warren, Bruce A. (1983). “Why Is No Deep Water Formed in the North Pacific?” J. Marine

Research 41: 327-47.Warren, Stephen G., and Stephen H. Schneider (1979). “Seasonal Simulation as a Test for

Uncertainties in the Parameterization of a Budyko-Sellers Zonal Climate Model.” J.Atmospheric Sciences 36: 1377-91.

Washington, Warren M., et al. (1980). “A General Circulation Experiment with a CoupledAtmosphere, Ocean and Sea Ice Model.” J. Physical Oceanography 10: 1887-1908.

Washington, Warren M., and Gerald A. Meehl (1984). “Seasonal Cycle Experiments on Climate

2Sensitivity Due to a Doubling of CO with an Atmospheric General Circulation ModelCoupled to a Simple Mixed Layer Ocean Model.” J. Geophysical Research 89 (D6):9475-9503.

Washington, Warren M., and Gerald A. Meehl (1989). “Climate Sensitivity Due to Increased

2CO : Experiments with a Coupled Atmosphere and Ocean General Circulation Model.”Climate Dynamics 4: 1-38 [doi:10.1007/BF00207397].

Washington, Warren M. (2007). Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and AdvisingFive Presidents. Lulu.com.

Watson, Robert T., et al., Eds. (1997) The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessmentof Vulnerability. A Special Report of IPCC Working Group II. Summary forPolicymakers, 1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online athttp://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm

Weare, B.C., et al. (1974). “Aerosols and Climate: Some Further Considerations.” Science 186:827-28.

Weart, Spencer R. (1983). “The Discovery of Fission and a Nuclear Physics Paradigm.” In OttoHahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, edited by William Shea, pp. 91-133. Dordrecht:Reidel.

Weart, Spencer R. (1988). Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.

Weart, Spencer R. (1997). “Global Warming, Cold War, and the Evolution of Research Plans.”Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 27(2): 319-56.

Weart, Spencer R. (1998). Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another. NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press.

Weart, Spencer R. (2003). "The Discovery of Rapid Climate Change." Physics Today 56, no. 8(Aug.), pp. 30-36, online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1611350.

Weart, Spencer R. (2005). “Gallery: Spencer Weart on Depicting Global Warming.”Environmental History 10: 770-75.

Weart, Spencer R. (2008, 2nd ed.). The Discovery of Global Warming. (2nd ed.) Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press. Translations published in Spanish, Italian, Arabic,Japanese.


Weaver, Andrew J., et al. (2003). “Meltwater Pulse 1a from Antarctica as a Trigger of theBølling-Allerød Warm Interval.” Science 299: 1709-13 [doi:10.1126/science.1081002].

Weaver, Andrew J., Claude Hillaire-Marcel (2004). “Global Warming and the Next Ice Age.”Science 304: 400-02.

Webb, G. (1986). “Solar Physics and the Origins of Dendrochronology.” Isis 77: 292-301.Webb, George E. (2002). Science in the American Southwest. A Topical History. Tucson:

University of Arizona Press.Webb, Thompson, III, and Reid A. Bryson (1972). “Late- and Postglacial Climatic Change in the

Northern Midwest, USA: Quantitative Estimates Derived from Fossil Pollen Spectra byMultivariate Statistical Analysis.” Quaternary Research 2: 70-115.

Webb, Thompson, III (1980). “The Reconstruction of Climatic Sequences from Botanical Data.”J. Interdisciplinary History 10(4): 749-72.

Webb, Thompson, III (1986). “Is Vegetation in Equilibrium with Climate? How to InterpretLate-Quaternary Pollen Data.” Plant Ecology (Vegetatio) 67: 75-91[doi:10.1007/BF00037359].

Webb, Thompson, III (2007). “COHMAP: Origins, Development, and Key Results.” In ClimateVariability and Changes: Past, Present and Future. John E. Kutzbach Symposium, editedby Kutzbach, Gisela, pp. 105-17. Madison, WI: Center for Climatic Research, Universityof Wisconsin-Madison.

Weber, Elke U. (2006). “Experience-Based and Description-Based Perceptions of Long-TermRisk: Why Global Warming Does Not Scare Us (yet).” Climactic Change 77: 103-20[doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9060-3].

Weber, J.N., and P.M.J. Woodhead (1972). “Temperature Dependence of Oxygen-18Concentrations in Reef Coral Carbonates.” Journal of Geophysical Research 77: 463-73.

Weber, Louis Russell, and H.M. Randall (1932). “The Absorption Spectrum of Water VaporBeyond 10ì.” Physical Review 40: 835-47.

Webster, Paul (2004). “A Eurasian Tiger Threatens to Maul Kyoto.” Science 303: 1461-62.Webster, P.J., and N.A. Streten (1978). “Late Quaternary Ice Age Climates of Tropical

Australasia: Interpretations and Reconstructions.” Quaternary Research 10: 279-309.Webster, Peter J. (1984). “The Carbon Dioxide/Climate Controversy: Some Personal Comments

on Two Recent Publications.” Climatic Change 6: 377-90.Webster, P.J., et al. (2005). “Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a

Warming Environment.” Science 309: 1844-46 [doi: 10.1126/science.1116448].Weeks, Jennifer (2012 ). “Few a-List Novelists Tackling Climate Change in Their Plots.” The

Daily Climate (Dec. 28), http://wwwp.dailyclimate.org/tdc-newsroom/2012/12/kingsolver-climate-change-fiction.

Weertman, Johannes (1961). “The Stability of Ice-Age Ice Sheets.” J. Geophysical Research 66:3783-92.

Weertman, Johannes (1964). “Rate of Growth or Shrinkage of Nonequilibrium Ice Sheets.” J.Glaciology 38: 145-58.

Weertman, Johannes (1974). “Stability of the Junction of an Ice Sheet and an Ice Shelf.” J.Glaciology 13: 3-11.

Weertman, Johannes (1976a). “Milankovitch Solar Radiation Variations and Ice Age Ice Sheet


Sizes.” Nature 261: 17-20.Weertman, Johannes (1976b). “Glaciology’s Grand Unsolved Problem.” Nature 260: 284-86.Weinberg, Alvin (1974). “Global Effects of Man’s Production of Energy.” Science 186: 205.Weiner, Jonathan (1990). The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth.

New York: Bantam.Weingart, Peter, et al. (2000). “Risks of Communication: Discourses on Climate Change in

Science, Politics, and the Mass Media.” Public Understanding of Science 9l: 261-83.Weir, Gary E. (2001). An Ocean in Common. American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the

Ocean Environment. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Weiss, H., et al. (1993). “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millenium North Mesopotamian

Civilization.” Science 261: 995-1004.Weitzman, Martin L. (2007). “A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate

Change.” Journal of Economic Literature 45: 703-24 [doi:10.1257/jel.45.3.703].Weitzman, Martin L. (2009). “On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic

Climate Change.” Review of Economics and Statistics 91: 1-19 [doi:10.1162/rest.91.1.1]Online athttp://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/weitzman/files/REStatModeling.pdf.

Wendland, W.M., and Reid A. Bryson (1974). “Dating Climatic Episodes of the Holocene.”Quaternary Research 4: 9-24.

Wenk, Edward, Jr. (1972). The Politics of the Ocean. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Wentz, Frank J., and Matthias Schabel (1998). “Effects of Orbital Decay on Satellite-Derived

Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Trends.” Nature 394: 661-64.Wertenbaker, William (1974). The Floor of the Sea. Maurice Ewing and the Search to

Understand the Earth. Boston: Little, Brown.West, R.G. (1961). “Late- and Postglacial Vegetational History in Wisconsin, Particularly

Changes Associated with the Valders Readvance.” American J. Science 259: 766-83.Westra, Seth, et al. (2013). “Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation.”

Journal of Climate 26: pp. [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00502.1].Wexler, Harry (1952). “Volcanoes and World Climate.” Scientific American, April, pp. 74-80.Wexler, Harry (1953). “Radiation Balance of the Earth as a Factor in Climatic Change.” In

Climatic Change, edited by Harlow Shapley, pp. 73-105. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.

Wexler, Harry (1956). “Variations in Insolation, General Circulation and Climate.” Tellus 8:480-94.

Weyl, Peter K. (1968). “The Role of the Oceans in Climatic Change: A Theory of the Ice Ages.”Meteorological Monographs 8: 37-62.

White, Frank (1987). The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.

White, James (2005). “Early and Profound Human Impact?” [Review of Took, Plows, Plaguesand Petroleum.] Science 311, p. 472.

White, Oran R., Ed. (1977). The Solar Output and Its Variation. Boulder, CO: ColoradoAssociated University Press.

White, W.H. (1986). “On the Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Apportioning Extinction by


Aerosols: A Critical Review.” Atmospheric Environment 20: 1659-72.White, Warren B., et al. (1997). “Response of Global Upper Ocean Temperature to Changing

Solar Irradiance.” Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 3255–66.White, Warren B., et al. (1998). “Global Upper Ocean Heat Storage Response to Radiative

Forcing from Changing Solar Irradiance and Increasing Greenhouse Gas/AerosolConcentrations.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103: 21335-66.

White, Warren B. (2006). “Response of Tropical Global Ocean Temperature to the Sun’s Quasi-Decadal Uv Radiative Forcing of the Stratosphere.” Journal of Geophysical Research111: C09020 [doi:10.1029/2004JC002552].

Whitford, David (2007). “The Man Who Would Be Mr. Clean.” Fortune 156, no. 13 pp. 69-78.Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the

Machine. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press.Wiener, Norbert (1956a). “Nonlinear Prediction and Dynamics.” In Proceedings of the Third

Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, edited by JerzeyNeyman, Vol. 3, pp. 247-52. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Wiener, Norbert (1956b). I Am a Mathematician, the Later Life of a Prodigy. Garden City, NY:Doubleday.

2Wigley, T. M. L., and P. D. Jones (1981). “Detecting CO -Induced Climatic Change.” Nature292: 205-08.

Wigley, Tom M. L., and P.M. Kelly (1990). “Holocene Climatic Change, 14c Wiggles andVariations in Solar Irradiance.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lond.A330: 547-560.

Wigley, Tom M. L. (1994). “Outlook Becoming Hazier.” Nature 369: 709-10.Wigley, Tom M.L., et al. (1986). “Warm World Scenarios and the Detection of Climatic Change

Induced by Radiatively Active Gases.” In The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, andEcosystems. SCOPE Report No. 29, edited by Bert Bolin, et al., pp. 271-322. Chichester:John Wiley.

Wigley, Tom M.L., and S.C.B. Raper (1987). “Thermal Expansion of Sea Water Associated withGlobal Warming.” Nature 330: 127-31.

Wigley, Tom M.L. (2005). “The Climate Change Commitment.” Science 307: 1766-69.Wigley, Tom M. L., et al. (2005). “Effect of Climate Sensitivity on the Response to Volcanic

Forcing.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110: D09107 [doi:10.1029/2004JD005557].Wigley, Tom M.L. (2006). “A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate

Stabilization.” Science 314: 452-54 [doi: 10.1126/science.1131728].Wilcox, J. M., et al. (1973). “Solar Magnetic Sector Structure: Relation to Circulation in the

Earth’s Atmosphere.” Science 180: 185-86.Wild, Martin, et al. (2005). “From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation

at Earth’s Surface.” Science 308: 847-50.Wild, Martin (2009). “Global Dimming and Brightening: A Review.” Journal of Geophysical

Research 114: D00D16 [doi:10.1029/2008JD011470].Wildt, Rupert (1940). “Note on the Surface Temperature of Venus.” Astrophysical J. 91: 266-68.Wilkins, Lee, and Philip Patterson (1991). “Science as Symbol: The Media Chills the

Greenhouse Effect.” In Risky Business: Communicating Issues of Science, Risk, and


Public Policy, edited by Lee Wilkins and Philip Patterson, pp. 159-76. New York:Greenwood.

Wilkins, Lee (1993). “Between Facts and Values: Print Media Coverage of the GreenhouseEffect, 1987-1990.” Public Understanding of Science 2(2): 71-84.

Willett, H.C. (1949). “Long-Period Fluctuations of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.”J. Meteorology 6(34-50).

Willett, H.C. (1950). “Temperature Trends of the Past Century.” In Royal MeteorologicalSociety Centenary Proceedings pp. 195-206. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

Willis, Josh K., et al. (2007). “Correction to ‘Recent Cooling of the Upper Ocean’.” GeophysicalResearch Letters 34: L16601 [doi:10.1029/2007GL030323].

Willson, Richard C., et al. (1981). “Observations of Solar Irradiance Variability.” Science 211:700-702.

Willson, Richard C., and H.S. Hudson (1988). “Solar Luminosity Variations in Solar Cycle 21.”Nature 332: 810-12.

Willson, Richard C. (1997). “Total Solar Irradiance Trend During Solar Cycles 21 and 22.”Science 277: 1963-65.

Willson, Richard C., and Alexander V. Mordvinov (2003). “Secular Total Solar Irradiance TrendDuring Solar Cycles 21-23.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1199-1202.

Wilson, Alex T. (1964). “Origin of Ice Ages: An Ice Shelf Theory for Pleistocene Glaciation.”Nature 201: 147-49.

Wilson, Alex T. (1966). “Variation in Solar Insolation to the South Polar Region as a TriggerWhich Induces Instability in the Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Nature 210: 477-78.

Wilson, Alex T. (1969). “The Climatic Effects of Large-Scale Surges of Ice Sheets.” CanadianJ. Earth Sciences 6: 911-18.

Wilson, C. T. R. (1899). “On the Condensation Nuclei Produced in Gases by the Action ofRoentgen Rays, Uranium Rays, Ultra-Violet Light, and Other Agents.” Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of London 64: 127-29.

2Wilson, C.A., and J.F.B. Mitchell (1987). “A Doubled CO Climate Senstivity Experiment witha Global Climate Model Including a Simple Ocean.” J. Geophysical Research 92: 13315-13343.

Wilson, Carroll L., and William H. Matthews, Eds. (1971). Inadvertent Climate Modification.Report of Conference, Study of Man’s Impact on Climate (SMIC), Stockholm.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wilson, K.M. (1995). “Mass Media as Asources of Global Warming Knowledge.” Mass. Comm.Review 22: 75-89.

Wilson, Kris (2009). “Opportunities and Obstacles for Television Weathercasters to Report onClimate Change.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: 1457-65[doi:10.1175/2009bams2947.1] Online at http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/90/10/pdf/i1520-0477-90-10-1457.pdf.

Wilson, K.M. (2000). “Drought, Debate, and Uncertainty: Measuring Reporters’ Knowldge andIgnorance About Climate Change.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 1-13.

Wingham, D.J., et al. (1998). "Antarctic Elevation Change from 1992 to 1996." Science 282:456-58 [doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.45].


Wingham, D. J., et al. (2009). “Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Pine Island Glacier Thinning,1995–2006.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L17501 [doi:10.1029/2009LL039126].Winograd, Isaac J., et al. (1992). “Continuous 500,000-Year Climate Record from VeinCalcite in Devils Hole, Nevada.” Science 258: 255-60.

Witze, Alexandra (2006). “Tempers Flare at Hurricane Meeting.” Nature 441: 11.WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1975). Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP

Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421).Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1979). Declaration of the World ClimateConference. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. Online athttp://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC-3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1986). Report of the International Conference onthe Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases inClimate Variations and Associated Impacts, Villach, Austria, October 1985 (WMO Doc.661). Geneva: WMO/UNEP/ICSU.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1989). The Changing Atmosphere: Implicationsfor Global Security, Toronto, Canada, 27-30 June 1988: Conference Proceedings.Geneva: Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, online athttp://www.cmos.ca/ChangingAtmosphere1988e.pdf.

Woillard, Geneviève M., and Willem G. Mook (1982). “Carbon-14 Dates at Grande Pile:Correlation of Land and Sea Chronologies.” Science 215: 159-61.

Wolbach, W.S., et al. (1985). “Cretaceous Extinctions: Evidence for Wildfire and Search forMeteoritic Material.” Science 230: 167-70.

Wolf, Johanna, and Susanne C. Moser (2011). “Individual Understandings, Perceptions, andEngagement with Climate Change: Insights from in-Depth Studies across the World.”Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2 547-69 [doi:10.1002/wcc.120].

Wolkomir, Richard (1976). “Is a New Ice Age Coming?” Saturday Evening Post, March, pp. 50-51,78.

Wollin, Goesta, et al. (1971). “Variations in Magnetic Intensity and Climate Changes.” Nature232: 549-51.

Wood, R.W. (1909). “Note on Theory of the Greenhouse.” Philosophical Magazine ser. 6 Vol.17: 319-20.

Wood, Richard A., et al. (1999). “Changing Spatial Structure of the Thermohaline Circulation in

2Response to Atmospheric CO Forcing in a Climate Model.” Nature 399: 572-75.Woodman, A.G. (1904). “The Exact Estimation of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: A Brief

Survey.” The Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of the Society of Arts(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 17: 258-69.

Woodwell, George M, et al. (1983). “Global Deforestation: Contribution to Atmospheric CarbonDioxide.” Science 222: 1081-86.

Woodwell, George M., and R.A. Houghton (1977). “Biotic Influences on the World CarbonBudget.” In Global Chemical Cycles and Their Alterations by Man (Report of DahlemWorkshop, Berlin, Nov. 1976), edited by Werner Stumm, pp. 61-72. Berlin: Abakon.


Woodwell, George M. (1978). “The Carbon Dioxide Question.” Scientific American, Jan., pp.34-43.

Woodwell, George M., et al. (1978). “The Biota and the World Carbon Budget.” Science 199:141-46.

Woodwell, George M., et al. (1979). The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Implications for Policy inthe Management of Energy and Other Resources. A Report to the Council onEnvironmental Quality, reprinted Woods Hole, MA, 1988.

Woodwell, George M. (1991). “Forests in a Warming World: A Time for New Policies.”Climatic Change 19: 245-51.

Woodwell, George M., and F.T. Mackenzie (1995). Biotic Feedbacks in the Global ClimateSystem: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? New York: Oxford University Press.

World Meteorological Organization see WMOWoronko, S.F. (1977). “Comments on “a Non-Equilibrium Model of Hemispheric Mean Surface

Temperature”.” Journal of Atmospheric Science 34: 1820-21.Worthington, L.V. (1954). “A Preliminary Note on Th Time Scale in North Atlantic

Circulation.” Deep-Sea Research 1: 244-51.Worthington, L.V. (1968). “Genesis and Evolution of Water Masses.” Meteorological

Monographs 8: 63-67.Wu, Man-Chi, et al. (2006). “Trends in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity.” Eos,

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 537-38.Wunsch, Carl (1981). “Low-Frequency Variability of the Sea.” In Evolution of Physical

Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, edited by Bruce A.Warren and Carl Wunsch, pp. 342-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wunsch, Carl (2004). “Quantitative Estimate of the Milankovitch-Forced Contribution toObserved Quaternary Climate Change.” Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 1001-12.

Yoder, Hatten S., Jr. (1997). Planned Invasion of Japan, 1945: The Siberian Weather Advantage(Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 223). Philadelphia: AmericanPhilosophical Society.

Young, A.T. (1973). “Are the Clouds of Venus Sulfuric Acid?” Icarus 18: 564-82.Young, C.A. (1895). The Sun. Akron, Ohio: Werner.Young, N.W. (1979). “Responses of Ice Sheets to Environmental Changes.” In Sea Level, Ice

and Climatic Change. Proceedings of the Symposium... 7-8 December 1979, edited byIan Allison, pp. 331-60. Washington, DC: International Association of HydrologicalSciences, publication no. 131.

Young, William R. (2000). “The Future of Physical Oceanography.” In Fifty Years of OceanDiscovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by Ocean Studies BoardNational Research Council, pp. 165-71. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

2Zahn, Rainer (2009). “Climate Change: Beyond the CO Connection.” Nature 460: 335-36[doi:10.1038/460335a].

Zelazny, Roger (1969). Damnation Alley. New York: Putnam.Zeng, Ning (2003). “Drought in the Sahel.” Science 302: 999-1000.Zeng, Ning, et al. (2004). “How Strong Is Carbon Cycle-Climate Feedback under Global

Warming?” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L20203 [doi:10.1029/2004GL020904].


Zeng, Xubin (2010). “What Is the Atmosphere’s Effect on Earth’s Surface Temperature?” Eos,Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 91: 134-35.

Zhang, Julian (2007). “Increasing Antarctic Sea Ice under Warming Atmospheric and OceanicConditions.” Journal of Climate 20: 2515-29 [doi:10.1175/JCLI4136.1].

Zhang, Pingzhong, et al. (2008). “A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an1810-Year Chinese Cave Record.” Science 322: 940-942 [doi:10.1126/science.1163965].

Zeuner, F.E. (1946 [4th ed., 1958]). Dating the Past. London: Methuen.Zielinski, Sarah (2007). “IPCC: How It Happens.” Eos, Transactions of the American

Geophysical Union 88: 210.Ziman, John, Ed. (2000). Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.Zimmerman, P.R., et al. (1982). “Termites: A Potentially Large Source of Atmospheric

Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Molecular Hydrogen.” Science 218: 563-65.Zubakov, V.A., and I.I. Borzenkova (1990). Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic.

Amsterdam: Elsevier.Zwally, H. Jay, et al. (2002). “Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow.”

Science 297: 218-22 [doi: 10.1126/science.1072708].Zwally, H.J., et al. (2005). “Mass Changes of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and

Shelves and Contributions to Sea-Level Rise: 1992-2002.” Journal of Glaciology 51:509-27.