this is the progeny of foundation seed (up tocropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning... ·...

2008Global

StrategicPlanningCertified Seed

This is the progeny of foundation seed (up tothree generations) of a cultivar within a seedcertification scheme.

The seeds are produced according to anofficially approved and monitored program.Certified seed produced from certified seed isnot eligible for further seed increase.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningCommercial Seed

This is the stock of seed produced fromfoundation seed, but not within the framework ofa seed certification scheme.The majority of vegetable seeds used by farmersare in this category.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningBotanical classification of vegetables

AlliaceaeAllium cepa (onion)Allium porrum (leek)Allium sativum var. sativum(garlic)Allium cepa var. aggregatum(shallot)

SolanaceaeSolanum tuberosum(potato)Solanum melongena (eggplant)Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Capsicum annuum (bell pepper,chili)Capsicum frutescens (tabasco)Capsicum chinense (habanero)Physalis peruviana (capegooseberry)Physalis philadelphica (Mexicanhusk tomato)Cyphomandra betacea (treetomato)Solanum quitoense (naranjilla)Solanum sessiliflorum (cocona)

Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae

2008Global

StrategicPlanningClassification based on nature of pollination

1. Wind-pollinated:amaranths, spinach(Spinacia oleracea), leaf,garden, sugar beet(Beta vulgaris)

2. Insect-pollinated:all cucurbits,all cole crops (Brassicaoleracea),radish (Raphanussativus),carrot (Daucus carota)onion (Allium cepa)

Lima bean (P. lunatus)

Eggplant (Solanummelongena)

Okra (Abelmoschusesculentus)

Chili, sweet pepper(Capsicum spp.)

Asparagus bean(V. unguiculata subsp.sesquipedalis)Cluster bean (Cyamopsistetragonoloba)French bean (Phaseolusvulgaris)Hyacinth bean (Lablabpurpureus)Cowpea (Vigna unguiculatasubsp. unguiculata)Garden pea (Pisumsativum)Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)Tomato (S. lycopersicum)

Highly cross-pollinatedUp to 100% CP

Often cross-pollinatedCross poll. > 4%

Highly self-pollinated90-100% selfing

2008Global

StrategicPlanningGrouping based on planting response

Survive transplanting easily:all cole crops, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, tomato,eggplant, Capsicum spp.Need care in transplanting:onion, leek, celery, parsley (Petroselinum crispum), amaranths,cardamomNot suited for transplanting:garden pea, radish, carrot, spinach, gourds, garden beetSuits both transplanting and direct seeding:Chinese cabbage, chili, amaranthsPolypack planting:most cucurbits, cucumber, bitter gourd, squashes,melons, pumpkins, tomato hybrids

2008Global

StrategicPlanningGrouping based on growth cycle

Annual:tomato, eggplant, Capsicum spp., garden pea,amaranth, all cucurbits, celery, parsley, taro,cocoyam (Colocasia)Biennial:Cole crops, Chinese cabbage, onion, carrotgarden beet, leek, radish, spinachPerennial:Asparagus, chayote (Sechium edule), ginger,cardamom, turmeric (Curcuma longa)

2008Global

StrategicPlanningGrouping based on climate

Temperate:Cabbage, kale, Brussels sprout, broccoli, sugarbeet, chicory, potato, amaranths, temperatevarieties of radish, carrot, garden pea, tomatoSub-temperate/sub-tropical:late cauliflower, spinach, celery, parsley,asparagus, chayote, sub-temperate varieties ofradish, carrotTropical:eggplant, okra, Capsicum spp., all cucurbits,ginger, turmeric, cardamom, sweet potato,Colocasia, tomato

2008Global

StrategicPlanningFactors affecting seed quality

During seed productionClimateCultural practicesIsolation distance and rogueingSeed maturityFruit and seed position on mother plantInsect pests and diseases

During seed storageSeed moistureStorage temperatureRelative HumidityOxygenStorage insect pests and diseases

2008Global

StrategicPlanningEffect of climate on seed quality

TemperatureRelativehumidityRainfallSunshine hoursWind velocity

Determine growth,development and healthof plants

Excess rain or drought during flowering affect seedset and result in low seed yields. Seed quality isalso affected by environmental stress during seedfilling stages

2008Global

StrategicPlanningEffect of climate on seed quality…..cont.

Cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, Brussels sprout) needvernalization for bolting (, 10 oC for six weeks)Onions need cool weather during initial stages of crop growth, butrequire warm and dry conditions for seed maturation and harvesting.Plants grown at 15-16 oC yielded more high quality seed than thosegrown at 22-23 oC.Tomato plants grow well at temperatures of 18-27 oC; fruit and seedsetting is affected by high temperature and low humidity.Temperatures above 38 oC affect fruit set.Small radishes grow better under cooler climate, large ones withstandfluctuations of temperatureCarrot seeds are produced at higher altitudes and in cooler regionsFrench bean and peas produce quality seeds under cooler conditionsCucumber, melon and gourds prefer hot and dry or humid climate forgrowthMuskmelon seeds produced in humid conditions are of inferior quality.

2008Global

StrategicPlanning

31

damaged flowers of CA4normal flower

parthenocarpic fruits of CLN2498E

CA4 CL5915S. lycop. S. lyc. introgr.

Searching for Heat Tolerance

no fruit set in CA4

2008Global

StrategicPlanningEffect of cultural practices on seed quality

Seeds are either sown directly in the field or seedlings are raised in anursery and transplanted after 4-6 weeks at appropriate spacing inthe field.Well drained humus-rich and fertile soils are most suited forvegetable cultivationSupport is provided to the young plant if needed (tomato, eggplant,beans)Timely weeding, irrigation (fruit set and seed filling are criticalstages), and adequate fertilizers must be providedN+P applications improve seed vigor (constituents of proteins andphospholipids for cell membrane integrity)Deficiency of calcium affects seed quality in muskmelonPlants must be protected against insects and pathogens

2008Global

StrategicPlanningEffect of cultural practices … cont.

Crop rotationCrop rotation ensures the maintenance of goodsoil structure and fertility.It will affect the incidence of soil-borne pests anddiseases which will affect growth of plants andseed yield.It also affects the occurrence of volunteer plantswhich reduce the quality of the seeds produced.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningEffect of isolation (by distance, time, barriers) & rogueing

Genetic purity is an important parameter of seed quality.It is affected by genetic contaminations and genetic driftin the field.Pollen contamination is prevented by removing weeds orrelated plants and by providing isolation distance.The isolation distance is about 50 m for self-pollinatedcrops (tomato, garden peas, French bean) and 1,000 to1,600 m for cross-pollinated crops (cole crops, onion,cucurbits).Contamination is relevant during flowering: frequentinspection and removal of off-types can help maintaingenetic purity.Rogueing can be done at vegetative, flowering andmautrity stage of plants.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningPollination behavior of some vegetable crops

Isolation 100 m;bagging; net cage

InsectsMainly SPPhaseolus vulgarisCommon bean

SPCicer arietinumChickpea


InsectsMainly CPBrassica oleraceavar. botrytis

Cauliflower

Isolation 1000 m;Net cage w/ pollinator

InsectsCP; protandrousDaucus carotaCarrot

Isolation 1000 m;Net cage w/ pollinator

InsectsCPBrassica oleraceavar. capitata

Cabbage


InsectsMainly SP; 4-14% CP

Brassica junceaBrown mustard

Bagging & handpollination; net c.

InsectsCP, monoeciousLagenaria sicerariaBottle gourd

SPVigna mungoBlack gram

Isolation 2000 mWindCPBeta vulgarisBeet


WindCPAmaranthus spp.Amaranth

Method usedPollinationmechanism

Pollinat. typeSpeciesCrop

2008Global



InsectsMainly SP; 1-6% outcrossing

Lactuca sativaLettuce

SPLens culinarisLentil

Isolation 500 m;InsectsPartially CP;Dolichos lablabHyacinth bean

Bagging; Net cageSP; significantlevels of CP

Lathyrus sativusGrass pea


InsectsMainly SP; 4-8% outcrossing

Vicia fabaFaba bean

Isolation 600 mSPCichorium endivaEndive

Net cage; supple-mentary handpollination

InsectsPartial SP; 0-8%nat. outcrossing(AVRDC)

Solanum melongenaEggplant

Isolation 1000 m;bagging & handpollination; net cage

InsectsCP; monoeciousCucumis sativusCucumber

Mainly SPVigna unguiculataCowpea



2008Global



InsectsCP; monoeciousCucurbita moschataPumpkin

Isolation 500 m;bagging, net cage

InsectsNormally SP;nat. outcrossing5-40%

Cajanus cajanPigeonpea


InsectsOften CPCapsicum annuumChili, sweetpepper

Isolation 100 mMainly SPPisum sativumGarden pea

Isolation 600 m; netcage w/ pollinator

InsectsMainly CP;protandrous

Allium cepaOnion


InsectsPartial SP; out-crossing 4-19%

Abelmoschusesculentus

Okra

SPVigna radiataMungbean

Isolation 1000 mInsectsCPCucumis meloMelon

Isolation; net cageInsectsMainly SP; up to18% outcrossing

Phaseolus lunatusLima bean



2008Global



InsectsCP; monoeciousCitrullus lanatusWatermelon

Isolation 50 m; netcage w/ suppl.pollination, ifnecessary

Normally SP;some speciesself-incompatible

Solanumlycopersicum

Tomato

Isolation 100 mMainly SPCanavalia gladiataSword bean

Isolation 2000 m; netcage

WindCP; dioeciousSpinacea oleraceaSpinach

SPGlycine maxSoybean

InsectsMainly SP; up to5% CP

Sesamum indicumSesame

SPCarthamus tinctoriusSafflower

Isolation 600 m; netcage w/ pollinator

InsectsCP; self-incompatible

Raphanus sativusRadish



2008Global

StrategicPlanningFactors affecting seed quality

During seed productionClimateCultural practicesIsolation distance androgueingSeed maturityFruit and seed position onmother plantInsect pests and diseases

During seed storageSeed moistureStorage temperatureRelative HumidityOxygenStorage insect pests anddiseases

2008Global

StrategicPlanningSeed maturity affects seed quality

Seed viability and vigor are highest at the mature fruit stage and arelower with early or late harvest of the cropIn onion, seed maturity is associated with rapid reduction inchlorophyll and water content, increase in dry weight, as well asgerminationPepper seeds are allowed to mature for up to one week within redfruits after harvest for maxim germinationFruit cracks in okra indicate maximum seed germination and vigorTomato and pepper: fruits must be fully redIn cucurbits (watermelon), fruits are kept on the vine for some timeto allow for complete maturity of the seedsSeed maturity can be estimated by measuring chlorophyllfluorescence: the amount of chlorophyll is directly related to thedegreening process and maturity.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningFruit and seed position on mother plant

In muskmelon, fruit position on mother plant influences seed qualityWith increasing fruit numbers per plant, there is a reduction in fruitweight, seed weight and viabilitySeeds from early pickings of tomatoes show higher seed qualityPepper seeds from fruits formed on main stem, first and sec.branches have high seed weight and germination; plants from theseseeds are more productive and have better disease resistance thanplants from seeds on 3rd or 4th order branches appearing later.Okra, eggplant: best quality seeds obtained from fruits borne atlower nodesSeed position in fruit: In pepper and eggplant, seed from the basalportion showed higher viability and vigor than those from middle andtip portion of fruit (source-sink relationship)

2008Global

StrategicPlanningInsect pests and diseases

Seed carry pathogens internally or externally; these multiply onsowing, affecting crop productivity and seed qualityInsects and pathogens on seeds cause shriveling, discoloration,decay, low germination and vigorPathogens thrive on injured seed, with high seed moisture content,high storage temperature, and with good aeration in field or storageInsects are often found in seeds of pod vegetables such as cowpea,French bean, and pea.Seeds extracted from infected, rotten fruits are of inferior qualityThe microorganisms produce heat and toxins during storage, andinduce biochemical changesFungal pathogens (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicellium,Cladosporium) are mainly responsible for seed deterioration andreduced viability.

2008Global

StrategicPlanningCaging of shallot before flowering

2008Global

StrategicPlanningSeed regeneration of onion in net cage

2008Global

StrategicPlanningRegeneration of amaranth

2008Global

StrategicPlanning

Drill hole, 75- 80 cm deep, for the installation of the ironsupport pipesPrepare raised transplanting bedsThe bed is covered with 1.5m wide black polyethylenemulch

Land preparation for snow pea regeneration

2008Global

StrategicPlanningHarvest and post-harvest of yardlong beans

Pre-drying of mature pods inthe screenhouse

Harvesting of mature pods

2008Global

StrategicPlanning

Quality vegetables from quality seed

this is the progeny of foundation seed (up tocropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/images/file/learning... ·...

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