this article is about mechanical robots

7/31/2019 This Article is About Mechanical Robots

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This article is about mechanical robots. For other uses of the term, seerobot (disambiguation). For

software agents, seeBot.

TOPIO, ahumanoid robot, playedping pongat TokyoInternational Robot Exhibition(IREX) 2009.[1][2]

ASIMO(2000) at theExpo 2005,ahumanoidrobot

A robot is amechanicalintelligent agentwhich can perform tasks on its own, or with guidance. In practice

a robot is usually anelectro-mechanical machinewhich is guided by computer and electronic

programming. Robots can beautonomousor semi-autonomous and come in those two basic types: those

which are used for research into human-like systems, such asASIMOandTOPIO, as well as those into

more defined and specific roles, such asNano robotsandSwarm robots; and helper robots which are

used to make or move things or perform menial or dangerous tasks, such asIndustrial

robotsormobileorservicing robots. Another common characteristic is that, by its appearance or

movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it hasintentoragencyof its own.

When societies first began developing, nearly all production and effort was the result of human labour, as

well as with the aid of semi- and fully domesticated animals. As mechanical means of performing

functions were discovered, and mechanics and complex mechanisms were developed, the need for

human labour was reduced. Machinery was initially used for repetitive functions, such as lifting water and
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grinding grain. With technological advances more complex machines were slowly developed, such as

those invented byHero of Alexandria(in Egypt) in the 1st century AD, and the first half of the second

millennium AD, such as the Automata ofAl-Jazariin the 12th century AD (inmedieval Iraq). They were

not widely adopted as human labour, particularly slave labour, was still inexpensive compared to the

capital-intensive machines. Men such asLeonardo Da Vinciin 1495 through toJacques de Vaucansonin

1739, as well as rediscovering theGreek engineeringmethods, have made plans for and built automata

and robots leading to books of designs such as the Japanese Karakuri zui(Illustrated Machinery) in 1796.

As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age we find more practical applications such

asNikola Teslain 1898, who designed a radio-controlled torpedo, and theWestinghouse Electric

Corporationcreation of Televox in 1926. From here we also find a moreandroiddevelopment as

designers tried to mimic more human-like features including designs such as those of biologist Makoto

Nishimura in 1929 and his creationGakutensoku, which cried and changed its facial expressions, and the

more crudeElektrofrom Westinghouse in 1938.

Electronics then became the driving force of development instead of mechanics, with the advent of the

first electronicautonomous robotscreated byWilliam Grey WalterinBristol,England, in 1948. The first

digital and programmable robot was invented byGeorge Devolin 1954 and was ultimately called

theUnimate. Devol sold the first Unimate toGeneral Motorsin 1960 where it was used to lift pieces of hot

metal fromdie castingmachines in a plant inTrenton, New Jersey. Since then we have seen robots finally

reach a more true assimilation of all technologies to produce robots such asASIMOwhich can walk and

move like a human. Robots have replaced slaves in the assistance of performing those repetitive and

dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do due to size limitations, or even those

such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea where humans could not survive the extreme

environments.

Man has developed an awareness of the problems associated with autonomous robots and how they may

act in society. Fear of robot behaviour, such asShelley'sFrankensteinand theEATR, drive current

practice in establishing what autonomy a robot should and should not be capable of. Thinking has

developed through discussion of robot control and artificial intelligence (AI) and how its application should

benefit society, such as those based around Asimov's three laws. Practicality still drives development

forwards and robots are used in an increasingly wide variety of tasks such as vacuuming floors, mowing

lawns, cleaning drains, investigating other planets, building cars, in entertainment and in warfare.

Contents

[hide]

1 History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_iraq#Arab_conquest_and_Abbasid_Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_iraq#Arab_conquest_and_Abbasid_Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_iraq#Arab_conquest_and_Abbasid_Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakutensokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_iraq#Arab_conquest_and_Abbasid_Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria


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o 1.1 Ancient beginnings

o 1.2 Early modern developments

o 1.3 Modern developments

2 Etymology

3 Definitions

o 3.1 Defining characteristics

4 Modern robots

o 4.1 Mobile robot

o 4.2 Industrial robots (manipulating)

o 4.3 Service robot

5 Robots in society

o 5.1 Regional perspectives

o 5.2 Autonomy and ethical questions

o 5.3 Military robots

6 Contemporary uses

o 6.1 General-purpose autonomous robots

o 6.2 Factory robots

o 6.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks

o 6.4 Military robots

o 6.5 Schools

o 6.6 Healthcare

o 6.7 Research robots

7 Future development

o 7.1 Technological trends

o 7.2 Technological development

o 7.3 Reading robot

8 Problems with implementing robots in society

o 8.1 Dangers and human harm

o 8.2 Robotic devices

o 8.3 Relationship to unemployment

9 Robots in popular culture

o 9.1 Literature

o 9.2 Problems depicted in popular culture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Ancient_beginningshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Ancient_beginningshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Early_modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Early_modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Definitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Definitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Defining_characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Defining_characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Industrial_robots_.28manipulating.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Industrial_robots_.28manipulating.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Regional_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Regional_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Autonomy_and_ethical_questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Autonomy_and_ethical_questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Contemporary_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Contemporary_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#General-purpose_autonomous_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#General-purpose_autonomous_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Factory_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Factory_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dirty.2C_dangerous.2C_dull_or_inaccessible_taskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dirty.2C_dangerous.2C_dull_or_inaccessible_taskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robots_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robots_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Research_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Research_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Future_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Future_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Reading_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Reading_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_with_implementing_robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_with_implementing_robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dangers_and_human_harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dangers_and_human_harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robotic_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robotic_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Relationship_to_unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Relationship_to_unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_depicted_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_depicted_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_depicted_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Relationship_to_unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robotic_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dangers_and_human_harmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_with_implementing_robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Reading_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Technological_trendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Future_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Research_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robots_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Dirty.2C_dangerous.2C_dull_or_inaccessible_taskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Factory_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#General-purpose_autonomous_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Contemporary_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Military_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Autonomy_and_ethical_questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Regional_perspectiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Robots_in_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Industrial_robots_.28manipulating.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Defining_characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Definitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Early_modern_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Ancient_beginnings


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10 See also

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

History

Main article:History of robots

The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and

inventors from ancient civilizations, includingAncient China,[3]

Ancient Greece, andPtolemaic

Egypt,[4]

attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early

descriptions of automata include the artificial doves ofArchytas,[5]

the artificial birds ofMoziandLu

Ban,[6]

a "speaking" automaton byHero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton byPhilo of Byzantium, and

a human automaton described in the Lie Zi.[3]

Timeline of robot and automata development

Date Significance Robot name Inventor

1st centuryAD andearlier

Descriptions of over a hundred machines andautomata, including afire engine, wind organ, coin-operated machine, and steam-poweredaeliopile, in Pneumatica andAutomata byHeron

Ctesibius,Philo,Heron,and others

1206 Early programmable automata Robot band[7] Al-Jazari

c. 1495 Designs for a humanoid robotMechanicalknight

Leonardo da Vinci

1738 Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete Digesting Duck Jacques de Vaucanson

19th

centuryJapanese mechanical toys that served tea, fired arrows, and painted Karakuri toys Hisashige Tanaka

1898radio controlled robot boats, Tesla demonstrated the vessels to acrowd in an indoor pool at Madison Square Garden in New York

City.

Telautomatons Nikola Tesla

1921 First fictional automata called "robots" appear in the playR.U.R.Rossum's

Karel apek
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Problems_depicted_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-RoboticHistory1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-RoboticHistory1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-RoboticHistory1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Banhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Banhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Banhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeliopilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeliopilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeliopilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashige_Tanakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashige_Tanakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashige_Tanakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucansonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeliopilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Banhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Banhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-RoboticHistory1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#See_also


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Universal Robots

1928Humanoid robot, based on a suit of armor with electrical actuators,exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society inLondon

Eric W. H. Richards

1930s Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940World's Fairs Elektro Westinghouse ElectricCorporation

1948 Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors[8] Elsie and Elmer William Grey Walter

1956First commercial robot, from the Unimation company foundedbyGeorge DevolandJoseph Engelberger, based on Devol's patents[9]

Unimate George Devol

1961 First installed industrial robot Unimate George Devol

1963 First palletizing robot[10] Palletizer Fuji Yusoki Kogyo

1973 First robot with six electromechanically driven axes[11] Famulus KUKA Robotics

1975 Programmable universal manipulation arm, a Unimation product PUMA Victor Scheinman

Ancient beginnings

Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek

godHephaestus[12]

(Vulcanto the Romans), the claygolemsof Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse

legend, andGalatea, the mythical statue ofPygmalionthat came to life.

Since cerca 400 BCE, myths of Crete that were incorporated into Greek mythology includeTalos, a man

of bronze who guarded the Cretian island of Europa from pirates.

In ancient Greece, the Greek engineerCtesibius(c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and

hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures."[13][14]In the 4th century BC,

theGreekmathematicianArchytasof Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called

"The Pigeon".Hero of Alexandria(1070 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous

user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and

water.[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUKAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scheinmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scheinmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scheinmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUKAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Engelbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Devolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporationhttp://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In ancient China, the 3rd century BC text of the Lie Zidescribes an account of humanoid automata,

involving a much earlier encounter betweenKing Mu of Zhou(Chinese emperor 10th century BC) and a

mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size,

human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs.[3]

There

are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Ziand other texts, which attributes the 5th century

BCMohistphilosopherMoziand his contemporaryLu Banwith the invention of artificial wooden birds

(ma yuan) that could successfully fly.[6]

In 1066, the Chinese inventorSu Songbuilt awater clockin the

form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours. The beginning of automata

is associated with the invention of earlySu Song's astronomical clock towerfeatured mechanical figurines

that chimed the hours.[16]

In the medieval Islamic world,Al-Jazari(11361206), aMuslim inventorduring theArtuqid dynasty,

designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical

automata powered by water, and programmable automata.[7][17]The robots appeared as four musicians

on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable

drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into littleleversthat operated percussion instruments. The

drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to

different locations.[7][17]

Washstandautomatonreconstruction, as described byPhilo of Byzantium(Greece, 3rd century BC).

Al-Jazari'sprogrammable automata
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Tea-servingkarakuriwith mechanism. (Tokyo National Science Museum).

Su Song's astronomical clock towershowing the mechanical figurines which chimed the hours.

Early modern developments

InRenaissanceItaly,Leonardo da Vinci(14521519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495.

Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contain detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now

known asLeonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw.[18]

The design was

probably based on anatomical research recorded in hisVitruvian Man. It is not known whether he

attempted to build it.

In Japan, complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries, with many

described in the 18th century Karakuri zui(Illustrated Machinery, 1796). One such automaton was

thekarakuri ningy, a mechanizedpuppet.[19]Different variations of the karakuri existed: the Butai

karakuri, which were used intheatre, the Zashiki karakuri, which were small and used in homes, and

the Dashi karakuriwhich were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform

reenactments of traditionalmythsandlegends.

In France, between 1738 and 1739,Jacques de Vaucansonexhibited several life-sized automatons: aflute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and

swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter

stored in a hidden compartment.[20]

Modern developments
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The Japanese craftsmanHisashige Tanaka(17991881), known as "Japan's Edison" or "Karakuri

Giemon", created an array of extremely complex mechanical toys, some of which served tea, fired arrows

drawn from a quiver, and even painted a Japanese kanjicharacter.[21]

In 1898Nikola Teslapublicly

demonstrated a radio-controlledtorpedo.[22]

Based on patents for "teleautomation", Tesla hoped to

develop it into aweapon systemfor theUS Navy.[23][24]

In 1926,Westinghouse Electric Corporationcreated Televox, the first robot put to useful work. They

followed Televox with a number of other simple robots, including one called Rastus, made in the crude

image of a black man. In the 1930s, they created a humanoid robot known as Elektro for exhibition

purposes, including the 1939 and 1940World's Fairs.[25][26]

In 1928, Japan's first robot,Gakutensoku, was

designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura.

The first electronic autonomous robots were created byWilliam Grey Walterof the Burden Neurological

Institute at Bristol, England in 1948 and 1949. They were named Elmerand Elsie. These robots could

sense light and contact with external objects, and use these stimuli to navigate.[27]

The first truly modern robot, digitally operated and programmable, was invented by George Devol in 1954

and was ultimately called the Unimate. Devol sold the first Unimate toGeneral Motorsin 1960, and it was

installed in 1961 in a plant inTrenton, New Jerseyto lift hot pieces of metal from adie castingmachine

and stack them.[28]

Devols patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the

foundation of the modern robotics industry.[29]

Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with

greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty,

dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and

packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass

production of consumer and industrial goods.[30]

Etymology

See also:Glossary of robotics

A scene fromKarel apek's 1920 playR.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), showing three robots
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The word robotwas introduced to the public by theCzechinterwar writerKarel apekin his playR.U.R.

(Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920.[31]

The play begins in a factory that makes artificial

people called robots, though they are closer to the modern ideas ofandroids, creatures who can be

mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is

whether the robotsare beingexploitedand the consequences of their treatment.

Karel apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to anetymologyin

theOxford English Dictionaryin which he named his brother, the painter and writerJosef apek, as its

actual originator.[31]

In an article in the Czech journalLidov novinyin 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call

the creatures laboi ("workers", fromLatinlabor) or dlasi (from Czech dlnci - "workers"). However, he

did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti". The

word robotameans literally "corve", "serf labor", and figuratively "drudgery" or "hard work" inCzechand

also (more general) "work", "labor" in manySlavic languages(e.g.:Slovak,Polish, archaicCzech).

Traditionally the robotawas the work period a serf (corve) had to give for his lord, typically 6 months of

the year. The origin of the word is theOld Church Slavonicrabota"servitude" ("work" in

contemporaryBulgarianand Russian), which in turn comes from theIndo-Europeanroot *orbh-

.[32]

Serfdomwas outlawed in 1848 inBohemia, so at the time apek wroteR.U.R., usage of the

term robotahad broadened to include various types of work, but the obsolete sense of "serfdom" would

still have been known.[33]

It is not clear from which language apek took the radix "robot(a)". This

question is not irrelevant, because its answer could help to reveal an original apeks conceptionof

robots. If from the modernCzechlanguage, the notion of robot should be understood as an

automaticserf (it means a subordinated creature without own will). If

fromPolish,RussianorSlovak(Karel apek and his brother were frequent visitors ofSlovakiawhich in

this time was a part ofCzechoslovakia, because their father MUDr. Antonn apek from 1916 worked as

a physician inTrenianske Teplice.[34]), the word robotwould simply mean a worker what is a more

universal and neutral notion. The aspect of pronunciation probably also played a role in ap ek's final

decision: In non-Slavic languages it is more easily to pronounce a word robotthan dlas or labo.

The wordrobotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writerIsaac

Asimov. Asimov and John W. Campbell created the "Three Laws of Robotics" which are a recurringtheme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fact and fiction.

Introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" the Laws state the following:

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come toharm.
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i/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C4%8Dianske_Teplicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_novinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-KapekWebsite-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-KapekWebsite-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R._(Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R._(Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs


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2. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would

conflict with the First Law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the

First or Second Law.

Definitions

The word robotcan refer to both physical robots andvirtualsoftware agents, but the latter are usually

referred to asbots.[35]

There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general

agreement among experts, and the public, that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move

around, operate a mechanical limb, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent

behavior especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals.

There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone and many people have their own.[36]

For

exampleJoseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: "I can't define a robot, but I

know one when I see one."[37]

According to theEncyclopaedia Britannicaa robot is "any automatically

operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance

or perform functions in a humanlike manner".[38]

Merriam-Websterdescribes a robot as a "machine that

looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being", or

a "device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks", or a "mechanism guided by

automatic controls".[39]

The various types of robots
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KITT(a fictitious robot) is mentally anthropomorphic

ASIMO is physically anthropomorphic

Defining characteristics

While there is no single correct definition of "robot,"[40]

a typical robot will have several, or possibly all, of

the following characteristics.

It is an electric machine which has some ability to interact with physical objects and to be given electronic

programming to do a specific task or to do a whole range of tasks or actions. It may also have some

ability to perceive and absorb data on physical objects, or on its local physical environment, or to process

data, or to respond to various stimuli. This is in contrast to a simple mechanical device such as agearor

ahydraulic pressor any other item which has no processing ability and which does tasks through

purelymechanicalprocesses and motion.[citation needed]

Mental agency

For robotic engineers, the physical appearance of a machine is less important than the way its actions

arecontrolled. The more the control system seems to haveagencyof its own, the more likely the machine

is to be called a robot. An important feature of agency is the ability to make choices. Higher-level

cognitive functions, though, are not necessary, as shown byant robots.[citation needed]

Aclockworkcar is never considered a robot.[citation needed]

A mechanical device able to perform some preset motions but with no ability to adapt (anautomaton)

is rarely considered a robot.[citation needed]

A remotely operated vehicle is sometimes considered a robot (ortelerobot).[41]

A car with an onboard computer, likeBigtrak, which could drive in a programmable sequence, might

be called a robot.[citation needed]

Aself-controlled carwhich could sense its environment and make driving decisions based on this

information, such as the 1990sdriverless carsofErnst Dickmannsor the entries in theDARPA

Grand Challenge, would quite likely be called a robot.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asimo_look_new_design.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challengehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Dickmannshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigtrakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleroboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITT


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Asentientcar, like the fictionalKITT, which can make decisions, navigate freely and converse

fluently with a human, is usually considered a robot.[citation needed]

Physical agency

However, for manylaymen, if a machine appears able to control its arms or limbs, and especially if it

appearsanthropomorphicorzoomorphic(e.g.ASIMOorAibo), it would be called a robot.[citation needed]

Aplayer pianois rarely characterized as a robot.[42]

ACNCmilling machine is very occasionally characterized as a robot.[citation needed]

Afactory automation armis almost always characterized as an industrial robot.[citation needed]

An autonomous wheeled or tracked device, such as a self-guided rover or self-guided vehicle, is

almost always characterized as a mobile robot or service robot.[citation needed]

Azoomorphicmechanical toy, likeRoboraptor, is usually characterized as a robot.[43]

A mechanical humanoid, likeASIMO, is almost always characterized as a robot, usually as a service

robot.[citation needed]

Even for a 3-axis CNC milling machine using the same control system as a robot arm, it is the arm which

is almost always called a robot, while the CNC machine is usually just a machine. Having eyes can also

make a difference in whether a machine is called a robot, since humans instinctively connect eyes with

sentience. However, simply being anthropomorphic is not a sufficient criterion for something to be called

a robot. A robot must do something; an inanimate object shaped like ASIMO would not be considered a

robot.[citation needed]

Modern robots

Alaparoscopicrobotic surgery machine

Mobile robot

Main articles:Mobile robotandAutomated guided vehicle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymanhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboraptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboraptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboraptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboraptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMOhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoomorphichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience


13/31

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical

location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided

vehicleor automatic guided vehicle(AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the

floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article.[citation needed]

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as

consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are

the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that

focus on mobile robot research.[citation needed]

Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as onassembly linesbecause

they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely encounter

robots. Howeverdomestic robotsfor cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around

homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found inmilitaryapplications.[citation needed]

Industrial robots (manipulating)

Main articles:Industrial robotandManipulator

Industrial robots usually consist of ajointed arm(multi-linked manipulator) and anend effectorthat is

attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is agripperassembly.

TheInternational Organization for Standardizationgives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot

inISO 8373:

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more

axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."[44]

This definition is used by theInternational Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research

Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.[45]

A Pick and Place robot in a factory

Service robot

Main article:Service robot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointed_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointed_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointed_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8373http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8373http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8373http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8373http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_end_effectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jointed_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for production

and distribution of goods. The term "service robot" is less well-defined. IFR has proposed a tentative

definition, "A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to perform services

useful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding manufacturing operations."[citation needed]

Robots in society

Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1%

inAustralasiaand 1% in Africa.[46]

30% of all the robots in the world are inJapan,[47]

making Japan the

country with the highest number of robots.

Regional perspectives

In Japan andSouth Korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive, and the start of the pro-

robotic society there is thought to be possibly due to the famous 'Astro Boy'. Asian societies such as

Japan, South Korea, and more recently, China, believe robots to be more equal to humans, having them

care for old people, play with or teach children, or replace pets etc.[48]

The general view in Asian cultures

is that the more robots advance, the better.

"This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co-exist," says Japanese firm

Mitsubishi about one of the many humanistic robots in Japan.[49]

South Korea aims to put a robot in every

house there by 2015-2020 in order to help catch up technologically with Japan.[50][51]

Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robotics, through much

media output in movies and literature that they will replace humans. Some believe that the West regards

robots as a 'threat' to the future of humans, partly due to religious beliefs about the role of humans and

society.[52][53]

Obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significant difference between the

two cultural viewpoints.

Autonomy and ethical questions

Main articles:RoboethicsandEthics of artificial intelligence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-SKrobot-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-SKrobot-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-SKrobot-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-planettokyo.com-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-planettokyo.com-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-planettokyo.com-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboethicshttp

this article is about mechanical robots

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