third world patterns presented by: adeesha hack january 20,1999
TRANSCRIPT
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Third World Patterns
Presented by: Adeesha Hack
January 20,1999
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Purpose of this Presentation
Democracy Inequality Economic growth Religious beliefs Political system
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Exploring different theories
Theory #1
Economic growth is positively related to democracy
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Category NLEAST DEV. (42)
DEVELOPING (75)
INDUSTRIAL (50)Missing Data ( 7)
ECON DEVEL -- LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (HDR, 1998)
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Rising economic growth
Africa– CAF $4.9b; Nigeria $5.7b; Togo $14.6b; Egypt
$8b; Kenya $4b S. Asia
– India $47.4b; Bangladesh $10.8b Latin America
– Argentina $18.4b; Mexico $32.3b; Columbia $19.5b
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Values N1 To 1 (30)2 To 3 (37)4 To 4 (21)5 To 6 (46)7 To 7 (37)
Missing Data ( 3)
DEMOCRACY -- EXTENT OF INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL FREEDOM: 7 = MOST DEMOCRATIC
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Democracy in the South
Most democratic nations:– Belize, Trinidad & Tobago, Malta (7)– Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana,
Panama, Venezuela (6) Least democratic nations:
– Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Rwanda (1)
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Is economic growth linked to democracy?Rating 1 (least democratic) to 7 (most democratic)
Bangladesh, Argentina (6) CAF, Columbia (5) India, Mexico (4) Egypt, Togo, Kenya (2) Nigeria (1)
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Theory #2
Income inequality has an impact on democracy over time
That is, as a developing nation initially experiences economic growth, inequality rises and democracy becomes unstable
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Measuring Income InequalityGINI index
What does the GINI index measure?- wealth gap- published annually in World Development Report (WB)
Is there a link between democracy, growth and inequality?
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Taking a closer look (1999)
Most unequal nations:50-60%
Brazil
South Africa
Columbia
Panama
Zimbabwe
Chile
Honduras
Guatemala
Niger
Most equal nations:28-32%
Bangladesh
Rwanda
India
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Egypt
Ghana
* Points of Reference: Canada 31.5%; Sweden 25%; USA 40%
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Take note
Country GNP (b$)GNP
(capita)Democracy GINI
Niger 1.9 (1.1%) 190 (4.3%) 5 50.5%
India 421.3 (6%) 430 (4.2%) 4 29.7
Egypt 79.2 (5.1%) 1290 (3.3%) 2 32%
Ghana 122.9 (4.6%) 390 (1.9%) 3 32.7%
Brazil 758 (0%)4570
(-1.4%)6 60.1%
Canada 612.2 (6.1%)20,0020(5.1%)
7 31.5%
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Theory #3
There are only 2 ways a nation’s economic growth can have a positive impact on democracy.
1) political culture (ie education)
2) social structure is altered
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Education vs. Democacy
Country GNP (b$)GNP
(capita)Democracy GINI
Educat.Spending
Niger 1.9 (1.1%) 190 (4.3%) 5 50.5% 3.1%
India 421.3 (6%) 430 (4.2%) 4 29.7 3.4%
Egypt79.2
(5.1%)1290
(3.3%)2 32% 4.8%
Ghana122.9(4.6%)
390 (1.9%) 3 32.7% 3.1%
Brazil 758 (0%)4570
(-1.4%)6 60.1% 5.5%
Canada612.2(6.1%)
20,0020(5.1%)
7 31.5% 7.0%
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Also...
CountryEducationSpending
Democracy
Nigeria 0.9% 1
Myanmar 1.2% 1
Madagascar 1.9% 6
Burkina Faso 1.5% 3
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Theory #4
Religion plays a part in democratic development. Specifically, Islamic nations are adverse to democracy. (Huntington)
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Islam and Democracy
7.0 (none)
6.0 Bangladesh
5.0 Algeria, Pakistan
4.0 Jordan, Comoros
3.0 Morocco, Iran
2.0 Maldives, Oman
1.0 Brunei, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania
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In conclusion
Lipset: relationship between democracy and economic development
Dahl: economic development and other factors increase democracy
Huntington: economic development and political leadership increase democracy
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More theories
Theory #5
Economic growth does not necessarily improve living conditions.
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A Look at Africa - HDI & GDP/capita
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Bots
wana
Gabon
Mauritiu
s
Nam
ibia
Seychelles
Sw
aziland
Botswana .652
Gabon .562
Mauritius .831
Namibia .570
Seychelles .845
Swaziland .582
Atlas $
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Good society: wealthy, just, democratic, orderly, control of affairs
Backward society: poor, inequitable, repressive, violent & dependent
Theory #6
Compatibility. A society could and has to make progress towards all goals simultaneously. They are supportive of each other.
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Locomotive Train Theory
Liberal: economic growth first
Marxist: equity first
Dependency: break chain of independence first
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In Conclusion...
What does this all mean?