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Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85

7th Standard

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in

producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which inturn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooksare prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the mediaof instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS,mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namelymathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• Connecting knowledge to life activities

• Learning to shift from rote methods

• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

• Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

• Making examinations flexible and integrating them withclassroom experiences

• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of thecountry.

• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.

• Softening the subject boundaries, integrated knowledgeand the joy of learning.

• The child is the constructor of knowledge.

The new books are produced based on three fundamentalapproaches namely Constructive approach, Spiral approach andIntegrated approach.

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities,master skills and competencies. The materials presented inthese books are integrated with values. The new books are not

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Prof. G. S. MudambadithayaCoordinator

Curriculum Revision andTextbook Preparation

Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka

help the learner in the total development of his/her personality,thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthysociety and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language arelistening, speaking, reading, writing and reference work. Theseskills have been given a lot of importance in all the languagetextbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills,fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciatebeauty and imbibe universal life values have been integrated inlanguage textbooks. When learners master these competencies,they would stop studying textbooks for the sake of passingexaminations. In order to help learners master thesecompetencies, a number of paired and group activities,assignments and project work have been included in thetextbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learnermaster communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected thatstudents master the art of learning to learn and make use ofthese competencies in real life.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to thechairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs andCTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers inhelping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. Afew works of some writers and poets have been included inthese textbooks. The textbook society is extremely grateful tothem for giving their consent for the inclusion of these piecesin the textbooks.

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AÜ`j:S>m°. E_. {d_bm, àmo\o$ga Ed§ AÜ`jm, {h§Xr {d^mJ, ~|Jbya {díd{dÚmb`, ~|Jbyé-560 056

gXñ` :S>m°. ~r. Eg. gwã~bú_r, {h§Xr àdŠVm (AdH$me àmá) 558, 7 "E' _w»` amñVm, "E' goŠQ>a,`bh§H$m Ý y Q>mD$Z, ~|Jbyé - 560 064.S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>,H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24S>m°. gm¡å`m OQ>bm, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m, H«$mB©ñQ> Oy{Z`a H$m°boO, ~|Jbyé - 560 029.lr. e{eYa qgh, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, {haoh{ëb H$moßnbw, hmoboZagrnwa (Vm),hmgZ ({Obm) 573211.lr_Vr gr. EZ. gwYm, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, hw>{bH§w$Q>o, Xmo‹S²>S>~ëbmnwa (Vm) ~|Jbyé J«m_m§Va ({Obm)lr. Or. EM. _§OwZmW, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, H$mobJr, {eH$marnwam (Vm) {ed_mo½Jm ({Obm)

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|JbyéS>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m ©H«$_ g§ moOH$ :lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²> nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V

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AZwH«$_{UH$m

H«$.g§. nmR> {dYm n¥.g§.goVw~§Y 1

1. n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡ H${dVm 42. AÜ`mnH$ Am¡a {dÚmWu dmVm©bmn 93. gwZmo _oar H$hmZr n`m©daU ~moY 154. _¢ ^r Zm_ H$_mVm H${dVm 235. {OgH$s _ohZV CgH$s OrV Zr{VnaH$ H$hmZr 286. h_mao amï´>r` àVrH$ gab {Z~§Y 347. agmoB©Ka H${dVm 418. {JZVr (50-70) 479. {Xëbr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWb-n[aM` 4910. _oar A{^bmfm h¡ H${dVm 5711. g_PXma amOy bKwH$Wm 6112. {_Ì Ho$ Zm_ nÌ nÌ-boIZ 6913. ~mob CR>r {~{Q>`m H${dVm 7414. AŠb Mbr, ~bm Q>br H$hmZr 7815. {JZVr (71-100) 8616. ~y±X-~±yX go gmJa H${dVm 8917. {gH§$Xa Am¡a nwê$adm EH$m§H$s 94

nyaH$ dmMZ

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ñda ì`§OZ ì`§OZ

goVw~§YI dU©_mbm {bImo:II ñda Am¡a ì`§OZm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {bImo:

A M Amo H$ _ VY ` I N> Q> D$U C X A… B fE Am¡ B© \$ Am KW n ^ e Eo L>S> J A§ F$ g P

III A§Va g_Pmo Am¡a Xmo ~ma {bImo:

I g 1. 2.

L> S> 1. 2.

M O 1. 2.

Q> T> 1. 2.

S> B 1. 2.

V Z> 1. 2.

Y K 1. 2.

n f 1. 2.

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^ _ 1. 2.

W ` 1. 2.

IV BZ Ajam| H$s ~mahI‹S>r {bImo:

1. J 2. M 3. U

4. X 5. ^

V C{MV {Mh²Z bJmH$a {bImo:

[( § q~Xþ), ( ± M§Ðq~Xþ), (: {dgJ©)]

1. ~Xa 2. nyN>

3. XþI> 4. gmn

5. AJya> 6. nwZ>

VI "a' H$s ghr _mÌm bJmAmo:

[( © ao\), nXoZ ( «) ( ´)]

1. IM 2. MH$> 3. amï>>

4. no_ 5. XnU> 6. _oQ>mo>

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VII Omo‹S>H$a g§`wŠVmja ~ZmAmo:

1. M² + Mm = 4. H²$ + f = 2. V² + Vm = 5. V² + a = 3. b² + br = 6. ² + ` =

VIII ghr Aja ^aH$a g_mZmW©H$ eãX ~ZmAmo:1. ~mbH$ =2. AmgmZ =3. bVm =4. OmoVZo H$m gmYZ =5. _oK =6. nmZr H$m Ord =

IX Imbr OJh ^amo:1. H$m±d-H$m±d H$aVm h¡&2. JwQ>aJy± H$aVm h¡&3. Hw$H$Sy>±-H±y$ H$aVm h¡&4. Hy$H$Vr h¡&5. qMKm‹S>Vm h¡&

X 1 go 50 VH$ A§H$m| Am¡a eãXm| _| {bImo&

bbbb

bb

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nmR>11111

n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡- M§Ðnmb qgh `mXd "_`§H$'

Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo n‹T>mB© Am¡a _ohZV H$m _hËd g_PVo h¢&

n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡h_H$mo D$na M‹T>Zm h¡&

Wmo‹S>o {XZ H$s ~mV Am¡a h¡O_H$a Iy~ n‹T>|Jo h_&BåVhmZ _| Vmb R>m|H$H$aHw$íVr Iy~ b‹S>|Jo h_&

nmg BåVhmZ H$aZm h¡,n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡&

{\$a Ja_r H$s Nw>Å>r hmoJr,hm|Jo _m¡O - _µOo Ho$ {XZ&{nŠMa hmoJr, {nH${ZH$ hmoJrhm|Jo V~ _ñVr Ho$ {XZ&

_ohZV go Š`m S>aZm h¡,n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡&

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nmnm-_å_r go boZo h¢,{\$a Vmo h_H$mo Iy~ BZm_&_ohZV H$aZodmbm| H$s Vmo,gXm _XX H$aVo ^JdmZ&

OrdZ nW na ~‹T>Zm h¡,n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡&

* * *H${d n[aM` :M§Ðnmb [g§h `mXd "_ §H$' AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {d»`mV H${d h¢&BZH$m OÝ_ 1 Zd§~a 1925 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ H$mZnwa _| hþAm Wm& BÝhm|ZoH$B© ~mbJrVm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& BZHo$ à_wI ~mbJrV h¢ - "ñHy$b IwbJ o', "Im bmo Am_', "EH$ aho h¢, EH$ ah|Jo', "Xrnmo§ H$s H$Vma',"OmJ¥{V-JrV', "{H$gmZ JrV', "XÿY _bmB©' Am{X& "_ §H$' H${d M§Ðnmb`mXd H$m H$mì`Zm_ h¡&eãXmW© :O_H$a - Ñ‹T>Vm go, pñWa hmoH$a; Iy~-~hþV, BåVhmZ-narjm, VmbR>m|H$Zm - b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmoZm, _ñVr-h±gr-_µOmH$, _ohZV -n[al_, BZm_ - nwañH$ma , _XX - ghm`Vm, nW - _mJ©, amñVm &

Aä`mgI AÜ`mnH$ Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV :

1. BåVhmZ _| nmg hmoZo Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?2. {H$ggo S>aZm Zht Mm{hE?3. _ohZV H$aZo dmbm| H$s H$m¡Z _XX H$aVo h¡§?

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4. BZm_ {H$Zgo boZm h¡?5. àñVwV H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

II H${dVm H§$R>ñW H$amo&III Xmo VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo:

1. ^JdmZ go Vw_ Š`m àmW©Zm H$amoJo?2. Nw>Q²>Qr Ho$ {XZ Vw_ Š`m-Š`m H$aVo hmo?

IV H${dVm n‹T>H$a nyam H$amo:1. Wmo‹S>o {XZ H$s ,

n‹T>|Jo h_&2. {\$a Ja_r H$s ,

_µOo Ho$ {XZ&3. _ohZV go ,

Or n‹T>Zm h¡&4. OrdZ nW ,

Or n‹T>Zm h¡&V H$ÞS> _| ^mdmW© {bImo:

nmnm - _å_r go boZo h¢,{\$a Vmo h_H$mo Iy~ BZm_&_ohZV H$aZodmbm| H$s Vmo,gXm _XX H$aVo ^JdmZ&

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1. _________________

2. _________________

3. _________________

4. _________________

5. _________________

VI Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma VwH$dmbo eãXm| H$mo {bImo:n‹T>Zm - M‹T>Zm

1. -2. -3. -4. -

VII Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ghr AW©dmbo eãXm| H$m {_bmZ H$amo :

_ohZV ghm`VmBZm_ _mJ©_XX n[al_BåVhmZ nwañH$manW narjm

VIII Bg_| nm±M Iobm| Ho$ Zm_ {N>no h¢& T>±y‹T>>H$a {bImo:

[H«$ M n J|È>r Ho$ Imo X~ Imo Q> ~H$ hm° H$s ëbm

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IX ZrMo N>… Eogo eãX {bImo {OZ_| VrZ-VrZ Aja hm| :

CXm - H$_b1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6.

H${dVm go AmJo-* H$ÞS> H$s {H$gr gab H${dVm H$jm _| gwZmAmo&* AI~ma _| N>nZodmbr N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r H${dVmE± n‹T>mo&* Vw_ BZ_| Š`m-Š`m n‹T>Zm MmhVo hmo? aoIm§{H$V H$amo:

g_mMma-nÌ, ~mb{_Ì, _hmZ ì`{ŠV`m| H$s OrdZr, ZmQ>H$,H${dVm, n§MV§Ì&

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nmR>22222

AÜ`mnH$ Am¡a {dX²`mWu

Bg nmR> _ | AÜ`mnH$ Am ¡a {dX ²`mWu H o $ ~rM àíZm oËVaMbVm h¡& gab dmŠ`m § o _ | MbZodmbm `h gdmb-Odm~Hw$eb g§dmX H$m EH$ Z_yZm h¡&

9

{dX²`mWr© : Z_ñVo JwéOr&AÜ`mnH$ : Z_ñH$ma& Vwåhmam Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?{dX²`mWr© : _oam Zm_ a_oe h¡Ÿ& `h _oar ~hZ h¡&AÜ`mnH$ : a_oe, Vwåhmar ~hZ H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?a_oe : _oar ~hZ H$m Zm_ amYm h¡Ÿ&AÜ`mnH$ : amYm, Vw_ H$hm± n‹T>Vr hmo ?

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amYm : _¢ gaH$mar ñHy$b _| n‹T>Vr h±y&

AÜ`mnH$ : `h Vwåhmam ^mB© h¡ Š`m a_oe ?

a_oe : hm±, `o _oao ~‹S>o ^mB© h¡§Ÿ&

AÜ`mnH$ : Š`m Zm_ h¡ BgH$m ?

a_oe : BZH$m Zm_ gwhmg h¡Ÿ&

AÜ`mnH$ : Vwåhmao {nVmOr Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ ?

a_oe : _oao {nVmOr dH$sb h¢Ÿ&

AÜ`mnH$ : Š`m do Bgr eha _| ahVo h¢ ?

a_oe : Or hm±, do Bgr eha _| ahVo h¢Ÿ& JwéOr, Š`m _¢ AmnH$mZm_ OmZ gH$Vm hÿ± ?

AÜ`mnH$ : hm± ! Adí`, _oam Zm_ ndZHw$_ma h¡Ÿ& a_oe, Vwåhmam KaH$hm± h¡?

a_oe : h_mam Ka {dO`ZJa _| h¡Ÿ& AmnH$m Ka H$hm± h¡ JwéOr?

AÜ`mnH$ : _oam Ka ^r {dO`ZJa _| h¡Ÿ& Vw_ H$^r _oao Ka AmZm,~oQ>m&

a_oe : hm± JwéOr, µOê$a AmD±$Jm&

AÜ`mnH$ : AÀN>m Mbmo, Xoa hmo ahr h¡&

a_oe : YÝ`dmX JwéOrŸ& Z_ñVo&

* * *

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Aä`mg

I. gmoMmo Am¡a ~VmAmo:1) a_oe H$s ~hZ H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?2) AÜ`mnH$ H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?3) a_oe H$m Ka H$hm± h¡ ?

II. CÎma {bImo:1) amYm H$hm± n‹T>Vr h¡ ?2) a_oe Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?3) AÜ`mnH$ H$m Ka H$hm± h¡ ?4) a_oe Ho$ {nVmOr Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ ?

III. n‹T>mo, g_Pmo Am¡a {bImo:Z_yZm : 1) AÜ`mnH$ - AÜ`m{nH$m AÜ`mnH$ AÜ`m{nH$m

2) ~mbH$ - ~m{bH$m3) ~hZ - ^mB©4) _mVm - {nVm5) _moa - _moaZr

IV. Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :Z_yZm : 1) JwéOr AñnVmb nmR>embm

2) dH$sb IoV3) {H$gmZ nmR>embm

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4) d¡X² Ý`m`mb`5) ì`mnmar goZm6) {gnmhr XwH$mZ

V. ghr dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo (✓) H$m {ZemZ Am¡a JbV dmŠ`m| Ho$AmJo (✗) H$m {ZemZ bJmAmo:1) JwéOr H$m Ka {dO`ZJa _| h¡& ( )2) a_oe Ho$ {nVmOr AÜ`mnH$ h¢& ( )3) gwhmg a_oe H$m N>moQ>m ^mB© h¡& ( )

VI. BZ eãXm| H$m AW© H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| {bImo :1) AÜ`mnH$ 4) Ka2) ^mB© 5) H$m_3) ~hZ 6) dH$sb

g§`wŠVmja1) V² + C + _² + h² + Am + a² + B© = Vwåhmar2) g² + H²$ + D$ + b² + A = ñHy$b3) H²$ + F$ + n² + Am + b² + C = H¥$nmbw4) H²$ + A + g² + Eo + b² + Am = H$g¡bm5) A§ + V² + A + V² + A… = A§VV…6) V² + a² + B + H²$ + Amo + U² + A = {ÌH$moU

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7) Am + e² + a² + A + ² + A = Aml`8) g² + V² + A§ + ^² + A = ñV§^9) _² + C + a² + J² + Am = _wJm©10) Y² + A + a² + _² + A = Y_©11) A + Y² + ² + Am + n² + A + H²$ + A = AÜ`mnH$12) d² + B + X² + ² + Am + a² + W² + B© = {dX² mWu

VII. dUm] H$mo Omo‹S>H$a eãX ~ZmAmo:1) ~² + Am + b² + A + H²$ + A =2) ² + D$ + I² + B© =3) ~² + C + ‹T> + B + ² + Am =4) V² + D$ + \²$ + Am + Z² + A =5) X² + A + ² + Am + b² + C =

^mfm - kmZ

VIII. BZ eãXm| na Ü`mZ Xmo :O¡go - amYma_oe - g[aVm - {dO`ZJa -Ka - [dÚmWu - dH$sb -

IX. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {bImo :1) ~hZ 3) {dX²`mWu2) {nVmOr 4) AÜ`mnH$

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X. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {bImo :1) Ka

3) n{ÌH$m

2) ~ÀMm

4) eha

XI. {dbmo_ eãX {bImo :1) ~‹S>m x 3) gwI x

2) AÀN>m x 4) Xÿa x

nmR> go AmJo -AÜ`mnH$ Am¡a {dX²`mWu Bgr àH$ma Xygao {df`m| Ho$ ~mao _|

~mVMrV H$a|Ÿ& O¡go,1) J«mhH$ Am¡a XþH$mZXma Ho$ ~rM ~mVMrV&2) N>mÌ AnZo ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ gmW ~mVMrV&

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nmR>33333

15

Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ no‹S>mo§ H$s Cn`mo{JVm Am¡a _hÎmm H$mog_P gH$Vo h¢& gmW hr, no‹S>mo§ H$s ajm H$aZo H$m {dMmaAnZm gH$Vo h¢&

AmAmo ~ÀMmo ! _oar N>m`m _| AmH$a IobmoŸ& Vwåh| XoIH$a _wPo~‹S>r àgÞVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _¢ Vwåh| AnZr H$hmZr gwZmVm hÿ±Ÿ&

gwZmo _oar H$hmZr

- g§H${bV

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XoImo _oao VrZ {hñgo hmoVo h¢, nhbm nÎmo Am¡a Q>h{Z`m±,Xygam VZm Am¡a Vrgam O‹S§>oŸ& _¢ O‹S>m| go nmZr Myg boVm hÿ±Ÿ& nËVm|Ho$ µO[aE _¢ hdm _| gm±g boVm hÿ±Ÿ& _ oa o H$B © ^mB © h ¢{OZHo$ Zm_ h¢ - ~aJX, nrnb, Am_, B_br, Am~Zyg, H$Q>hb,XodXma Am{XŸ&

AmX_r _wPo Vmo‹S>Vm h¡, _wPo H$mQ>Vm h¡Ÿ& na§Vw CgH$s ^bmB©Ho$ {bE _¢ dh g~ ~Xm©íV H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ& _wPo H$mQ>H$a dh AnZmKa ~ZmVm h¡, Vah-Vah Ho$ CnH$aU ~ZmVm h¡&

Hw$N> no‹S>m| H$s bH${‹S>`m± ObmZo Ho$ H$m_ AmVr h¢Ÿ& _¢ g^rH$mo AnZr N>m`m XoH$a CZH$s WH$mdQ> Xya H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ&

~ÀMo _wPna nËWa \|$H$Vo h¢, na _¢ CZ na Jwñgm Zht H$aVmŸ&CÝh| AnZo \$b {IbmVm hÿ±Ÿ& Hw$N> ZQ>IQ> b‹S>Ho$ _oao VZo _| AnZmZm_ ImoXVo h¢& Cg g_` _wPo nr‹S>m hmoVr h¡& bo{H$Z _¢ Hw$N>Zht ~mobVmŸ& MwnMmn gh boVm hÿ±Ÿ&

Bg Vah Š`m ~ÀMo Š`m ~‹S>o, _¢ g~ H$m H$m_ AmVm hÿ±Ÿ&

* * *eãXmW© :

N>m`m - N>m±d, àgÞVm - Iwer, {hñgm - ^mJ, VZm -d¥j H$m ZrMo dmbm ^mJ {Og_| S>m{b`m± Zht hmoVr§, O‹S>| - d¥jH$m dh ^mJ Omo ^y{_ _| \¡$bm ahVm h¡, MygZm - ag boZm,µO[aE - Ûmam, ^bmB© - AÀN>mB©, Q>h{Z`m± - emImE±, PÉÆA ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ,~Xm©íV-ghZ H$aZm&

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Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:

1) ~ÀMm| H$mo H$m¡Z ~wbmVm h¡?

2) no‹S> {H$ggo nmZr Myg boVm h¡?

3) {H$gHo$ µO[aE no‹S> gm±g boVm h¡?

4) AmX_r no‹S> H$mQ>H$a Š`m ~ZmVm h¡?

5) no‹S> na nËWa \|$H$Zo na ^r, dh Š`m Zht H$aVm?

II. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {bImo:

~ÀMm - bH$‹S>r -

b‹S>H$m - Q>hZr -

nÎmm - H$hmZr -

III. {dbmo_ eãX {bImo:

CXm: AmZm x OmZm

àgÞ x

^bmB© x

H$mQ>Zm x

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IV. n‹T>mo, g_Pmo Am¡a {bImo:

CXm: XoI - XoIZm

H$mQ> -

\|$H$ -

Vmo‹S> -

aI -

n‹T> -

~mob -

gwZ -

V. Omo‹S>H$a dmŠ` ~ZmAmo:

{MÌ XoIVm\$b Vmo‹S>Vono‹S> H$mQ>VmImZm ~ZmVobH$‹S>r ObmVmHy$‹S>m \|$H$VogM H$hVmJwñgm H$aVo

h¡&h±ÿ&h¢&

_¢dhdo

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VI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma no‹S>m| Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {bImo:

CXm: Zr_

VII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Omo‹S>H$a eãX ~ZmAmo:

_wI à_wI

H$ma

H$me

M§S>

H$m§S>

Mm H$ Q> h b

Zr H$m nr _mo g

h _ n br Xo

n \$ b O d

Am B H$ Q> Xm

~ a J X a

Zy _mo Am h¡ g

g H¥$ g _ J

Zm [a ` b K

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VIII.gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo:OÝ_ {XZ Ho$ ew^ Adga na no‹S> bJmZm hmo Vmo Vw_ H$m¡Z-

go no‹S> bJmAmoJo?

_¢ AnZo ~JrMo _| H$m no‹S> bJmD±$Jr/Jm&

IX. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| _| ghr Aja ^amo:

~ X B_ Xma

Am~ _ nr

H$ h A_ X

X. d¥jm| go àmá hmoZodmbr dñVwAm| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ AmJo {Mh²ZbJmAmo:

\y$b ~aVZ

AmH$me gãOr

\$b H$Mam

bH$‹S>>r N>m`m

IyZ VmµOr hdm

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XI. {MÌ go g§~§[YV eãX {X`o JE h¢& g§»`m Ho$ gm_Zo ghreãX {bImo:

\y$b, \$b, {M{‹S>`m, nÎmo, Q>hZr, VZm, bH${‹S>`m±, Hw$ëhm‹S>r, nËWa\|$H$Vm hþAm b‹S>H$m, Km|gbm, Kmg, N>m`m{lV AmX_r

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nmR> go AmJo -

* nwñVH$mb` `m B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go H$moB© EH$ "no‹S>> ~MmAmoAmÝXmobZ' Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$amo&

* Vwåhmao Ka Ho$ Amg-nmg `m ~JrMo _| nm`o OmZodmbo Hw$N>no‹S>m§o Ho$ Zm_ OmZH$a {bImo&

* no‹S> H$mQ>Zo go hmoZodmbo Xþîn[aUm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| H$jm _| MMm© H$amo&

* Am¡fYr` nm¡Ym| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$amo&

* no‹S> H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a, Cg_| AnZo n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mg{MÌ n[aM` {bImo&

* AnZo Ka `m ñHy$b _| {H$gr no‹S> H$mo ~‹T>Vo hþE Ü`mZ goXoIH$a CgHo$ g§~§Y _| H$jm _| MMm© H$amo&

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nmR>44444 _¢ ^r Zm_ H$_mVm

- S>m°. {X{dH$ a_oe

\$m¡O _| ^Vu hmoH$a Xoe H$s godm H$aZo VWm amï´>n{V go nwañH$ma nmZoHo$ ~ÀMm| Ho$ gnZm| H$mo H${d Zo eãX-ê$n {X`m h¡& `h H${dVm gM_wM~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE àoaUmXm`H$ h¡Ÿ&

amoµO-amoµO gr_m H$s ˜~a|,gwZ-gwZH$a _Z ZÝhm _oam,_wg-_wgH$a ah OmVmŸ&

AJa Z hmoVm N>moQ>m ~ÀMm,Vmo boH$a ~ÝXyH$ hmW _|,_¢ ^r Zm_ H$_mVmŸ&

PQ>nQ> hmoH$a ~‹S>m \$m¡µO _|,EH$ `hr ~g _Z _| AmVm,_¢ ^Vu hmo OmVmŸ&

_m± {H$VZr Iwe hmoVr O~ _¢EH$ ~‹S>m gm nwañH$ma ^ramîQ´>n{V go nmVmŸ&

* * *23

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H${d n[aM` : S>m°. {X{dH$ a_oe Or {h§Xr Ho$ à{gX²Y H${d VWm ~mbgm{hË`H$ma h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s à{gÕ aMZm "IÊS> IÊS> A{¾' h¡Ÿ& àñVwVH${dVm AmnHo$ "EH$ gm¡ EH$ ~mb H${dVmE±' g§J«h go br J`r h¡Ÿ&eãXmW© :

amoµO - à{V{XZ, Zm_ H$_mZm - à{gX²Y hmoZm, gr_m - gahX,PQ>nQ> - Vwa§V, ^Vu - àdoe nmZm, I~a - g_mMma, ZÝhm - N>moQ>m,_wg-_wgH$a ah OmZm - _Z _gmog H$a ah OmZm, Xw…Ir hmoZm&

Aä`mgI. CÎma {bImo :

1) ~mbH$ amoµO-amoµO H$m¡Z-gr I~a| gwZVm h¡ ?2) ~mbH$ AnZo hmW _| Š`m boZm MmhVm h¡ ?3) ~mbH$ {H$g_| ^Vu hmoZm MmhVm h¡ ?4) _m± H$~ Iwe hmoVr h¡ ?5) ~mbH$ H¡$go ~‹S>m hmoZm MmhVm h¡ ?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo :1) ~mbH$ H$m _Z Š`m| _gmogH$a ah OmVm h¡ ?2) AJa ~mbH$ N>moQ>m Zht hmoVm Vmo Š`m H$aVm ?3) ~mbH$ PQ>nQ> ~‹S>m hmoH$a Š`m H$aZm MmhVm h¡ ?

III. BZ nX²` ^mJm| H$mo Omo‹S>>H$a {bImo :1) amoµO amoµO gr_m - ~‹S>m \$m¡µO _|2) AJa Z hmoVm - hmoVr O~ _¢3) PQ>nQ> hmoH$a - H$s I~a|4) _m± {H$VZr Iwe - N>moQ>m ~ÀMm

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IV. BZ eãXm| Ho$ {bE AÝ` dMZ {bImo :

1) ˜~a 3) hmW

2) b‹S>H$m 4) nwañH$ma

V. BZ eãXm| Ho$ {bE {dbmo_ eãX {bImo :

1) ~‹S>m x 3) gwI x

2) EH$ x 4) nmZm x

VI. {X²dé{ŠV eãXm| H$mo n‹T>mo Am¡a {bImo :CXmhaU : (1) amoµO - amoµO

(2) Yrao - Yrao

(3) OëXr - OëXr

(4) nb - nb

(5) gwZ - gwZH$a

(6) _wg - _wgH$a

VII. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {bImo :CXmhaU : b‹S>H$m - ~ÀMm \$m¡µO

Iwe amoµOnwañH$ma I~a

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VIII. {~Zm ~mahI‹S>rdmbo ({~Zm _mÌmdmbo) Hw$N> eãX {bImo:

Z_yZm: H$ b n d Z C n d Z

IX. aMZmË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV :{MÌ XoImo Am¡a {XE JE eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go dmŠ` nyam H$amo:

(g\o$X, VrZ, gbm_, MH«$, {Va§Jm, Ho$g[a`m, ham)

`h PÊS>m h¡& Bg_| a§J h¢& g~go D$na a§J h¡& ~rM _| a§J h¡& g~go ZrMo a§J h¡& ~rMdmbr nQ²>Q>r na EH$ h¡& h_

{Va§Jo P§S>o H$mo H$aVo h¢&

H$ b n d$ Z$ C n d Z

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X. BZ eãXm| H$mo n‹T>mo, g_Pmo Am¡a {bImo :CXmhaU : I~a - I~a

1) amoµO - 2) ZÝhm - 3) ~ÀMm - 4) ~ÝXÿH$ - 5) PQ>nQ> - 6) \$m¡µO - 7) ^Vu - 8) nwañH$ma - 9) amîQ´>n{V -

nmR> go AmJo-gmhgr ~ÀMm| H$s draVm, XmoñVr Am{X go g§~§{YV H${dVmE±

MwZH$a H$jm _| JmAmo&

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EH$ MtQ>r MZo Ho$ Xmb Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o Ho$ Amg-nmg Jmob-Jmob Ky_ ahr Wr&Q>rby Zo nyN>m - ""MtQr amZr, h Š`m H$a ahr hmo?''

nmR>55555 {OgH$s _ohZV CgH$s OrV

28

Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ _ohZV, AZwemgZ VWm AmË_{dídmg O¡go _yë`m| H$mogrI gH$Vo h¢&

""_¢ Bg Xmb H$mo AnZo {~b VH$ bo OmZm MmhVr h±ÿ&'' H$h H$a MtQ>rZmMZo bJr& ""_¢ Vwåhmao {~b VH$ nhþ±Mm Xÿ±?'' Q>rby Zo h_XXu go nyN>m&MtQ>r ~mobr- ""Zhr§, _¢ Bgo IwX bo OmD±$Jr&''

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""AJa Vw_ Bgo Z bo Om gH$s Vmo Š`m H$amoJr?'' Q>rby Zo Yrao go nyN>m&{dídmg Ho$ gmW MtQ>r Zo H$hm-""H$mo{ee H$aZo na _¢ hmê±$Jr Zht§&''

""Vw_ BVZr _ohZV H$amoJr?'' Q>rby Zo {\$a nyN>m& Bg ~ma MtQ>r H$moJwñgm Am J`m& dh ~mobr- ""_ohZV go H$m_ H$aZm ~hþV AÀN>r ~mV h¡&Mbmo, A~ Vw_ _wPo H$m_ H$aZo Xmo&'' Q>rby dhm± go MwnMmn hQ> J`m&

Wmo‹S>r Xoa ~mX Q>rby dhm± J`m& CgZo XoIm {H$ Xmb AnZr OJh na Zht

Wr& Hw$N> Xÿar na Mt{Q>`m± H$Vma _| EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ MZo H$s Xmb H$mo KgrQ>obo Om ahr Wt& V~ Q>rby H$mo bJm-BZgo h_| gh`moJ Am¡a AZwemgZ ^rgrIZm Mm{hE&

* * *

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eãXmW© :{~b-MtQ>r H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ, h_XXu - ghmZw^y{V, IwX-ñd`§, H$mo{ee-à`ËZ, à`mg ; hma - namO`, Jwñgm- H«$moY, _ohZV - n[al_, H$Vma -n§{ŠV, gh`moJ - {_bH$a H$m_ H$aZm, AZwemgZ - {Z`_-nmbZ&

Aä`mg

I EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:

1. MtQ>r H$hm± Jmob-Jmob Ky_ ahr Wr?

2. MtQ>r Ho$ à{V h_XXu {H$gZo {XImB©?

3. Q>rby Zo h_XXu go MtQ>r go Š`m nyN>m?

4. Q>rby Zo MtQ>r go Š`m grIm?

II Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo:

1. MtQ>r Zo {dídmg Ho$ gmW Š`m H$hm?

2. _ohZV H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _| MtQ>r Zo Š`m H$hm?

III {dbmo_ eãX {bImo:

1. nmg x 4. nrN>o x

2. {dídmg x 5. hma x

3. ~hþV x

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IV Omo‹S>H$a {bImo: A ~

1. MtQ>r _¢ hmê±$Jr Zht2. Q>rby Zo H$m_ H$aZm3. H$mo{ee H$aZo go Om ahr Wt4. _ohZV go Yrao go nyN>m5. EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ ZmMZo bJr

V ghr eãXm| go Imbr OJh ^amo:

1. _¢ Bgo bo OmD±$Jr&

2. Vw_ BVZr H$amoJr?

3. Xmb AnZr OJh na Wr&

4. h_| Am¡a ^r grIZm Mm{hE&

VI BZ dUm] H$mo MwZH$a gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmAmo:

CXm : MtQ>r1. 2.3.4.5.6.

Mt X _| _ H$

Q>r H$ h {h Vm

H$mo O Z b a

{e Q>r V Xm H$m

e by ~ b _

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VII H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$amo:

1. _¢ Vwåhmao {~b VH$ nhþ±Mm X±ÿ?

2. MtQ>r H$mo Jwñgm Am`m&

3. _wPo H$m_ H$aZo Xmo&

4. H$Vma _| EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ Om ahr Wr§&

VIII ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr OJh ^amo:

1. amYm a_oe ~hZ h¡&(A) H$m (Am) H$s (B) Ho$

2. amYm g|Q´>b ñHy$b _| h¡&(A) n‹T>Vr (Am) n‹T>Vo (B) n‹T>Vm

3. "~oQ>m' eãX H$m ñÌrqbJ ê$n h¡&(A) ~oQ>o (Am) ~o{Q>`m± (B) ~oQ>r

IX {dOmVr` eãX MwZH$a {bImo :

1) VmoVm, H$~yVa, gm±n, H$m¡Am

2) ~mK, MrVm, qgh, Jm`

3) ~g, _mVm, {nVm, ~hZ

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X. ghr dUm] go g_mZmW©H$ eãX {bImo: CXmhaU1) Ka 2) nwñVH$3) Amg_mZ 4) ^rVa

^mfm - kmZ

g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na à`wŠV hmoZo dmbo eãX H$mo gd©Zm_ H$hVo h¢&O¡go - _¢, h_, Vw_, Amn, `h, dh, H$m¡Z, H$moB© Am{X&

nmR> go AmJo-* "AmH$ma go ^bo hr N>moQ>m hmo, bo{H$Z H$m`© Am¡a JwUm| go _hmZ'

- Eogo AÝ` àoaUmW©H$ H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>mo&* {H$g-{H$g OmZda go h_| H¡$gr grI {_b gH$Vr h¡-Amng _|

gdmb-Odm~ H$m Iob Iobmo&

_Vm

eA§

H$m ZCXm:

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h_mao amï´>r` àVrH$nmR>66666

N>mÌ Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam amï´>r` àVrH$m| H$m n[aM` àmá H$aHo$ CZH$m gå_mZH$aZm grI gH$Vo h¢&

ñdV§Ì Xoe H$s nhMmZ H$amZodmbo {Mh²Z amï´>r` àVrH$ H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&^maV Ho$ amï´>r` àVrH$ o h¢Ÿ-1. amï´>r` ÜdO

^maVr` ÜdO _| VrZ a§J h¢Ÿ& Ho$g[a`ma§J Ë`mJ Am¡a draVm H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& g\o$X a§Jem§{V Am¡a n{dÌVm H$s {ZemZr h¡Ÿ& ham a§Jg_¥X²[Y Am¡a Iwehmbr H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& ~rM _|Zrbo a§J H$m AemoH$-MH«$ h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Mm¡~rgVr{b`m± h¢Ÿ& {Va§Jm ÜdO Xoe H$s AmZ Am¡aemZ H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&

2. amï´>r` {Mh²Z

h_mam amï´>r` {Mh²Z AemoH$ ñV§ go {b`mJ`m h¡Ÿ& `h Mma _wIm| dmbm qgh h¡Ÿ& ~rM _|Y_©MH«$ h¡Ÿ& MH«$ H$s EH$ Amoa gm±S> Am¡a Xygar AmoaKmo‹S>o H$m {MÌ h¡Ÿ& ZrMo {hÝXr _| "gË`_od O`Vo'{bIm hþAm h¡Ÿ&

34

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3. amï´>r` JmZ

^maV H$m amï>JmZ "OZ-JU-_Z' h¡Ÿ& H$drÝÐ adrÝÐZmWQ>¡Jmoa Zo `h JrV {bIm h¡Ÿ&amï´>JmZ amï´>r` g_mamoh, amï´>r`nd© VWm {dX² mb`m| _| Jm`mOmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$mo JmZo _| 52goH|$S> H$m g_` bJVm h¡Ÿ&amï´>JmZ H$s YwZ gwZVo hrI‹S>o hmoH$a gå_mZ XoZm h_mamH$V©ì` h¡Ÿ&

4. amï´>r` àmUr

~mK h_mao Xoe H$m amï´>r` àmUrh¡Ÿ& ~mK gwÝXaVm Am¡a e{ŠV H$m àVrH$h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ eara na Ym[a`m± hmoVr h¢Ÿ&`h new O§Jbm| _| VWm amï´>r`A^`maÊ`m| _| nm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

5. amï´>>r` njrh_mao Xoe H$m amï´>r` njr _moa

h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ n§I a§J-{~a§Jo hmoVo h¢Ÿ& JX©ZZrbr VWm b§~r hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BgH$m Z¥Ë`~‹S>m hr _Z_mohH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _moa àm`…dfm© G$Vw _| ZmMVm h¡&

amï´>JmZOZ-JU-_Z A{YZm`H$ O` ho

^maV-^m½`-{dYmVmn§Om~-qgYw-JwOamV-_amR>m

Ðm{d‹S>-CËH$b-d§Jm{d§Ü` {h_mMb `_wZm J§Jm

CÀN>b Ob{Y Va§JmVd ew Zm_o OmJo

Vd ew Am{ef _mJoJmho Vd O`-JmWm

OZ-JU-_§JbXm`H$ O` ho^maV-^m½`-{dYmVm

O` ho, O` ho, O` ho,O` O` O` O` hoŸ&

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6. amï´>r` nwînH$_b ^maV H$m amï´>r` nwîn h¡Ÿ& `h

gË` Am¡a n{dÌVm H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& H$_bVmbm~m| Am¡a Prbm| Ho$ H$sM‹S> _| {IbVm h¡Ÿ&BgH$s O‹S>o§ nmZr Ho$ ZrMo hmoVr h¢Ÿ& nËVo Am¡anwîn D$na hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

o g^r {Mh²Z Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm, EH$Vm Am¡a Jm¡ad H$mo àX{e©VH$aVo h¢Ÿ& BZH$m gå_mZ H$aZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ&

* * *eãXmW© :

ñdV§Ì - AmµOmX, àVrH$ - {Mh²Z, ÜdO - P§S>m, g_¥X²{Y - g§nÞVm,Vr{b`m± - H$m{‹S> m± (bH$sa|), AmZ - gå_mZ, emZ - d¡ d, ñV§ - I§ m,gm±S> - ~¡b, gË`_od O`Vo - gË` H$s OrV hmoVr h¡, nd© - Ë`mohma, YwZ- Üd{Z, Ym[a`m± - bH$sa|, aoImE± ; CX² mZ - ~JrMm, Z¥Ë` - ZmM,_Z_mohH$ - AmH$f©H$, àm`… - A{YH$Va, G$Vw - _m¡g_, nwîn - \y$bŸ&

Aä`mgI. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :

1. h_mam amï´>r` ÜdO {H$gH$m àVrH$ h¡ ?2. h_mao amï´>r` {Mh²Z _| Š`m {bIm hþAm h¡ ?3. amï´>JmZ {H$gZo {bIm h¡ ?4. _moa H$~ ZmMVm h¡ ?5. H$_b H$hm± {IbVm h¡ ?

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II. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| Ho$ gm_Zo ghr (✓) `m JbV (✗) H$m{ZemZ bJmAmo:1. Ho$g[a`m a§J Ë`mJ Am¡a draVm H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&2. amï´>r` ÜdO _| Mm¢Vrg Vr{b`m± h¢Ÿ&3. h_mam amï´>r` {Mh²Z VrZ _wIdmbm qgh h¡Ÿ&4. amï´>JmZ JmZo _| 52 goH|$S> bJVo h¢Ÿ&5>. _moa H$s JX©Z bmb hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

III. n‹T>mo Am¡a g_Pmo:1. n{dÌ x An{dÌ 4. {dO` x namO`2. gË` x AgË` 5. ñdV§Ì x naV§Ì3. EH$Vm x AZoH$Vm

IV. q~XwAm| H$mo {_bmH$a _moa H$m {MÌ ~ZmAmo Am¡a Cg_| a§J ^amo:

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V. gmoMmo, ghr eãX MwZmo, {MÌm| Ho$ AmJo {bImo:(amï´>ÜdO, amï´>àmUr, amï´>njr, amï´>[Mh²Z, amï´>nwîn, AemoH$ MH«$)

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

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VI. H$m, Ho$, H$s go ~Zo dmŠ` n‹T>mo Am¡a g_Pmo:

`h JrVm H$m {Ibm¡Zm h¡&o _wJu Ho$ A§S>o h¢&

`h ~w{‹T>`m H$s bmR>r h¡&o am_y H$s n|{gb| h¢&

do ~ÎmI Ho$ ~ÀMo h¡§&dh ~mbH$ H$s {H$Vm~ h¡&do _rZm Ho$ JhZo h¢&dh _mbm H$m ^mB© h¡&

VII. ZrMo Xr J`r Vm{bH$m go Ajam| H$mo MwZH$a gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmAmo:CXm : ^maVZm a J `

a ^m Om V

_w nw gm ar

VIII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ghr eãX {bImo:

CXmhaU : amï´>JrV - OZ JU _Z

1. amï´>r` njr

2. amï´>r` Iob

3. amï´>r` \$b

4. amï´>r` \y$b

5. amï>{nVm

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IX. eãXm| H$m Iob :

Vm O _ h b - BZ Ajam| go AZoH$ gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmE

Om gH$Vo h¢&

CXm : VmO, _hb, Vmb, hb

ZrMo Xr J`r Aja _mbm go gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmAmo:

1) H$ _ b H$ H$ ‹S>r

2) _m Z g amo d a

3) g h Z er b Vm

nmR> go AmJo - * amï´>JmZ 52 goH|$S> _| ewX²Y CÀMmaU Ho$ gmW JmZo H$m

Aä`mg H$amo& * amï´>r` àVrH$m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$amo& * amï´>ÜdO \$hamZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| {deof OmZH$mar àmá H$amo &

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41

agmoB©KanmR>77777

N>mÌ Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam agmoB©Ka _| à`wŠV Hw$N> dñVwAm| Ho$ qhXr eãXm| Ho$à`moJ go n[a{MV hm|Jo&

AmO agmoB©Ka H$s {I‹S>H$s,_wÝZm-_wÝZr Imob aho h¢&A§Xa XoIm, MH$bm-~obZ,MmHy$-N>bZr ~mob aho h¢&

_¢ MmHy$, gãOr-\$b H$mQ>±y,Qw>H$‹S>m-Qw>H$‹S>m g~H$mo ~m±Qy>&JmOa-_ybr ß`mµO-Q>_mQ>a,N>rbmo H$mQ>mo aImo gOmH$a&

Jmob Mm±X-gr h±ÿ _¢ Wmbr,~O gH$Vr h±ÿ ~ZH$a Vmbr&_wP_| amoQ>r-gãOr S>mbr,Am¡a g^r Zo PQ>nQ> Im br&

* * *eãXmW© :

N>bZr - OmbrXma CnH$aU, gãOr-VaH$mar, N>rbZm-{N>bH$m{ZH$mbZm, PQ>nQ> - Vwa§V, VV²jU&

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Aä`mgI CÎma {bImo:

1. {I‹S>H$s H$m¡Z Imob aho h¢?2. agmoB©Ka Ho$ A§Xa CÝhm|Zo Š`m XoIm?3. MmHy$ H$m Š`m H$m_ h¡?4. Wmbr _| {H$go gOmH$a aIZm h¡?5. Wmbr H$m AmH$ma H¡$gm h¡?6. g^r Zo PQ>nQ> {H$go Im br?

II Omo‹S>r MwZH$a {bImo:1. agmoB©Ka ~obZ2. MH$bm _ybr3. JmOa gãOr4. amoQ>r {I‹S>H$s

III \$b VWm gpãO`m| Ho$ a§J MwZH$a {bImo:(g\o$X, nrbm, ham, ~¢JZr, bmb, yam, Ho$g[a`m)~¢JZ

Y{Z`m

Q>_mQ>a

_ybr

{_M©

MrHy$

grVm\$b

g§Vamgo~

Ho$bm

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43

IV {d{^ÝZ gpãO`m| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo:

O_rZ Ho$ ZrMo O_rZ Ho$ D$na bVmAm| naCJZodmbo CJZodmbo CJZodmbo

JmOa ~¢JZ H$X²Xÿ

V agmoB©Ka _| nH$Zodmbr H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr MrµO| Vw_ amoµO ImVohmo? EH$ gyMr ~ZmAmo:

O¡go : Mmdb Xmb

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44

Obo~rH$mOy ~\$s©XÿYno‹S>mgmohZ nn‹S>r

H$aobmAmbygo_nmbH$

VI Š`m ng§X h¡? Š`m ng§X Zht h¡?

MrµO| ~hþV ng§X h¡ Wmo‹S>m ng§X h¡ {~ëHw$b ng§XZhr§ h¡

Am_Ho$bmA§JyaAZma

VII H$ÞS> AWdm A§J«oµOr eãX {bImo:

1. Oram

2. H$mbr {_M©

3. _oWr

4. gagm|

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45

5. hëXr

6. htJ

7. Mmdb

8. Xmb

VIII {MÌm| H$mo XoIH$a eãXm| H$mo Omo‹S>mo:

1. MmHy$

2. nh±gwb

3. N>rbZr

4. H$¢Mr

5. N>bZr

6. MH$bm-~obZ

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46

IX ñdmX nhMmZmo Am¡a {_bmZ H$amo:

1. H$aobm _rR>m

2. har {_M© IQ²>Q>m

3. Ira H$‹S>dm

4. B_br VrIm

X ZrMo ImZo-nrZo H$s Hw$N> MrµOm| Ho$ Zm_ {bIo JE h¢& CZHo$AmJo {bImo {H$ CÝh| Im`m OmVm h¡ `m {n`m OmVm h¡ `m MygmOmVm h¡&Am_ ea~Vbñgr ~\©$JÞm Ia~yOmH$H$‹S>>r bm°br nm°n\$Zg Mm`Xhr amoQ>rXÿY Jmob-Jßno

nmR> go AmJo -agmoB©Ka _| Cn`wŠV Hw$N> à_wI ~V©Zm| H$m n[aM` àmßV H$amo&

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47

{JZVr 51 - 70nmR>88888

51 51 BŠ`mdZ 61 61 BH$gR>

52 52 ~mdZ 62 62 ~mgR>

53 53 {VanZ 63 63 {VagR>

54 54 Mm¡dZ 64 64 Mm¢gR>

55 55 nMnZ 65 65 n¢gR>

56 56 N>ßnZ 66 66 {N>`mgR>

57 57 gËVmdZ 67 67 g‹S>gR>

58 58 AQ²>R>mdZ 68 68 A‹S>gR>

59 59 CZgR> 69 69 CZhËVa

60 60 gmR> 70 70 gËVa

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48

Aä`mg

Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Imbr OJh ^amo:

Z_yZm : 54 54 Mm¡dZ

58 AQ²>R>mdZ

61 61

65 n¢gR>

68

70 gËVa

63 63 {VagR>

55 nMnZ

62

BŠ`mdZ

56

53

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49

nmR>99999

{Xëbr

^maV H$s amOYmZr {Xëbr Ho$ {d{^Þ$ ñWmZm| H$m n[aM` H$amZmBg nmR> H$m CX²Xoí` h¡&

^maV h_mam Xoe h¡Ÿ& {Xëbr BgH$s amOYmZr h¡Ÿ& Bg$ {demb ZJa_| h_ nwamZr Am¡a Z`r gä`VmAm| H$s PbH$ nm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

bmb {H$bm{Xëbr H$m bmb {H$bm ~hþV à{gX²Y h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ XrdmZo-Am_ Am¡a

XrdmZo - Img XoIZo bm`H$ h¢& XrdmZo - Am_ _| gmR> gw§Xa I§^o h¢, Omobmb nËWa go ~Zo h¢Ÿ& XrdmZo - Img g§J_a_a go ~Zm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s rVarXrdmam| H$s ZŠH$mer ~hþV ~{‹T>`m h¡Ÿ&

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50

Hw$Vw~_rZma

bmb {H$bo Ho$ nmg hr Om_m _g{OX h¡Ÿ& h ~hþV ~‹S>r _g{OX h¡Ÿ&`h _wJb ~mXemhm| H$s emZ-em¡H$V H$s `mXJma h¡&

g§gX ^dZ

{Xëbr go Wmo‹S>r Xya na Hw$Vw~_rZma h¡Ÿ& Amg_mZ go ~mVo§ H$aZodmbr`h _rZma ~hþV gw§Xa h¡Ÿ& `h Xmo gm¡ A‹S>Vrg \w$Q> D±$Mr h¡Ÿ&

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Z`r {Xëbr H$s emo m AZmoIr h¡Ÿ& maV gaH$ma H$m g{Mdmb` htna h¡Ÿ& g§gX dZ ~‹S>m a_Ur` h¡Ÿ& h JmobmH$ma gXZ g§gma _| {Zambmh¡Ÿ& bmoH$-g^m, amÁ`-g^m Ho$ A{YdoeZ Bgr gXZ _| hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

amï´>n{V dZ maV Ho$ amîQ´>>n{V H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& amîQ´>n{V Xoe{dXoem| Ho$ AnZo A{V{W`m| H$m AmXa-gËH$ma `ht na H$aVo h¢Ÿ& amï´>n{VH$m H$m`m©b` ^r Bgr ^dZ _| h¡Ÿ& Bg ^dZ Ho$ EH$ Am¡a ^mJ _| dñVwg§J«hmb` ^r h¡Ÿ& Cg_| H$B© A_yë` àmMrZ dñVwAm| H$m g§J«h h¡Ÿ&

{Xëbr _| BgHo$ Abmdm amOKmQ>, empÝVdZ, OÝVa-_ÝVa, H$Zm°Q>ßbog,{~bm© ^dZ, bú_rZmam`U H$m _§{Xa Am{X AZoH$ Xe©Zr` ñWmZ h¢Ÿ&

* * *

amï´>n{V ^dZ

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52

eãXmW© :PbH$ - Pm±H$s, XrdmZo-Am_ - Am_ Xa~ma (Am_ AmX_r Ho$ amOm

go |Q> H$aZo H$s OJh), XrdmZo-Img - Img Xa~ma, ZŠH$mer - {MÌH$mar,emZ-em¡H$V - d¡^d, `mXJma-ñ_maH$, AZmoIr - AX²^wV, {Zambm -gw§Xa, AX²^þV; A{YdoeZ - gå_obZ&

Aä`mgI. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:

1) ^maV H$s amOYmZr H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?

2) XrdmZo-Am_ {H$ggo ~Zm h¡ ?

3) Om_m _g{OX {H$gHo$ nmg h¡ ?

4) Z`r {Xëbr H$s emo m H¡$gr h¡ ?

5) ^maV gaH$ma H$m g{Mdmb` H$hm± na h¡ ?

II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {bImo :

1) bmb {H$bo Ho$ ~mao _| {bImoŸ&

2) Hw$Vw~_rZma Ho$ ~mao _| Vw_ Š`m OmZVo hmo?

3) g§gX Ho$ ~mao _| {bImo&

4) amï´>n{V ^dZ Š`m| {Zambm h¡?

5) {Xëbr _| XoIZo bm`H$ ñWmZ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢ ?

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III. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {bImo :1) {H$bm 2) mX3) ~mV 4) _hrZm

IV. {dbmo_ eãX {bImo :1) Z`m x 2) rVa x

3) nmg x 4) M‹T>Zm x

V. n`m©`dmMr eãX OmZmo:1) ZJa-eha 2) _ehÿa-à{gX²Y3) Amg_mZ-AmH$me 4) _Zmoha-gw§Xa

VI. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$amo :

1) bmb {H$bo Ho$ nmg Om_m _g{OX h¡Ÿ&

2) {Xëbr _| Hw$Vw~_rZma h¡Ÿ&

3) {Xëbr ^maV H$s amOYmZr h¡&

4) bmoH$-g^m Am¡a amÁ`-g^m g§gX Ho$ Xmo gXZ h¢Ÿ&

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VII. ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr ñWmZ ^amo :

1) bmb {H$bm _| h¡&(MoÞ¡, _w§~B©, {Xëbr)

2) Hw$Vw~_rZma \w$Q> D±$Mr h¡&(VrZ gm¡ A‹S>Vrg, Xmo gm¡ A‹S>Vrg, Mma gm¡ A‹S>Vrg)

3) XrdmZo-Img go ~Zm h¡&(g§J_a_a, BªQ>, bmohm)

VIII. Omo‹S>H$a {bImo:

1) {dYmZgm¡Ym h§nr

2) Mm_w§S>r nhm‹S>> _¡gyé

3) H$_b _hb {dO`nwam

4) JmobJwå~µO ~|Jbyé$

IX. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma dV©Zr ewX²Y H$amo:

1) amOmYZr → amOYmZr

2) ~maV →

3) H$ ©b` →

4) gmaH$ma →

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X. BZ dUm] H$mo MwZH$a eãX ~ZmAmo :

Am Xþ nm d Z H$_ H$m Z J a nd Z e a _ S>meo Xr amo Q>r ~ Za Xr gm J a b

XI. n‹T>mo, g_Pmo Am¡a CÝht eãXm| H$mo {bImo :

1) {Xëbr {Xëbr

2) g§J_a_a _______

3) CX² mZ _______

4) àe§gm _______

5) amîQ´>n{V _______

6) ì`dñWm _______

7) dñVw g§J«hmb` _______

8) gËH$ma _______

9) empÝVdZ _______

10) Xe©Zr` ñWmZ _______

1) Am_2)3)4)5)

6) 7) 8) 9)

10)

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nmR> go AmJo -* {Xëbr Ho$ g_mZ ^maV Ho$ AÝ` Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZJam| Ho$ ~mao _|

OmZH$mar àmá H$amo& * {Xëbr Ho$ Xe©Zr` ñWmZm| Ho$ {MÌ XoIH$a nhMmZmo Am¡a CZHo$

Zm_ {bImo:

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nmR>1010101010 _oar A{^bmfm h¡

- X²dm[aH$màgmX _mhoídar

Bg H${dVm _| godm, Ë`mJ, ghZerbVm, Ñ‹T>Vm Am{X OrdZ-_yë`m| H$moAnZmZo H$m g§Xoe h¡&

gyaO-gm X_H±y$ _¢M§Xm-gm M_H±y$ _¢Pb_b-Pb_b CÁÁdbVmam|-gm X_H±y$ _¢_oar A{^bmfm h¡&

\y$bm|-gm _hH±y$ _¢{dhJm|-gm MhH±y$ _¢Jw§{OV H$a dZ-CndZH$mo b-gm Hw$hH±y$ _¢_oar A{^bmfm h¡&

Z^ go {Z_©bVm b±ye{e go erVbVm b±yYaVr go g{hîUwVmnd©V go Ñ‹T>Vm b±y_oar A{^bmfm h¡&

***

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H${d n[aM` :J«m_ amohVm, AmJam, CÎma àXoe _| OÝ_o Ûm[aH$màgmX _mhoídar Or

(1916-1998) AnZo OrdZ-H$mb _| CÎma àXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ Ûmam "~mbgm{hË` nwañH$ma' Am¡a CÎma àXoe gaH$ma Ûmam "gañdVr gmYZm gå_mZ'go nwañH¥$V hþE&

BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - 1) H${dVm g§J«h - \y$b Am¡a eyb 2)I§S>H$mì`- H«$m¢MdY, gË` H$s OrV 3) ~mb H$mì` H¥${V`m± - dra Vw_ ~‹T>oMbmo, h_ g~ gw_Z EH$ CndZ Ho$, gmoZo H$s Hw$ëhm‹S>r, H$mVmo Am¡a JmAmo,gyaO-gm M_Hy±$ _¢, ~mb JrVm`Z&

eãXmW© :A{^bmfm - BÀN>m, M§Xm - M§Ð_m, M_H$Zm - àH$m{eV hmoZm,

Pb_b - M_H$-X_H$, CÁÁdb - àH$me_mZ, X_H$Zm - M_H$Zm,_hH$Zm - Iwe~yXma hmoZm, {dhJ - njr, MhH$ - H$bad, Z^ -AmH$me, Hw$hH$Zm - njr H$m ~mobZm, Ñ‹T> - _µO~yV&

Aä`mgI EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:

1. H${d Vmam| Ho$ g_mZ Š`m H$aZm MmhVo h¢?2. H${d H¡$go MhH$Zm MmhVo h¢?

II [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$amo:1. H${d e{e go boZm MmhVo h¢&2. H${d nd©V go boZm MmhVo h¢&

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III ghr CÎma MwZmo :

1. H${d Ûm[aH$màgmX _mhoídar gyaO-gm MmhVo h¢&1) X_H$Zm 2) h±gZm 3) Xm¡‹S>Zm 4) ^mJZm

2. H${d Ûm[aH$màgmX _mhoídar H$mo b-gm MmhVo h¢&1) JmZm 2) ~mobZm 3) Hw$hH$Zm 4) C‹S>Zm

3. H${d Ûm[aH$màgmX _mhoídar \y$bm|-gm MmhVo h¢&1) _hH$Zm 2) ~hZm 3) C_‹S>Zm 4) CVaZm-M‹T>Zm

IV àW_ nm±M n§{ŠV`m± H§$R>ñW H$amo&V grImo :

\y$b Hw$hH$Vm h¡gyaO _hH$Vm h¡{dhJ X_H$Vm h¡H$mo`b M_H$Vm h¡M§Xm MhH$Vm h¡

VI g_Pmo Am¡a nyam H$amo:

_wñH$mZm _wñH$mVm h¡ _wñH$mVr h¡

JmZm

OmZm

XoVr h¡

h±gVm h¡

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60

VII eãXm| H$m Iob : AmAmo, A§Ë`mjar Iob| & A§{V_ dU© go MmaMma ZE eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U H$amo:

Z_yZm : _hH$ H$_am, am_, _hb, b‹S>H$m1. OrdZ2. gwÝXa3. godm4. h_

VIII dV©Zr ewÕ H$amo:1. A{^bfm2. \w$b3. gwaO4. nadV5. Z~

nmR> go AmJo -* Xmo Xbm| _| ~±Q>H$a Bg H${dVm H$m A{^Z` Ho$ gmW dmMZ H$amo&* gyaO - Mm±X O¡go Vw_ ^r Xÿgam| H$s godm H$aZm MmhVo hmo? H¡$go?

gmoMmo Am¡a H$hmo&

©

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61

g_PXma amOynmR>1111111111

Bg nmR> go ~ÀMo OmZH$mar àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _wgr~V Ho$ g_`K~amZm Zht Mm{hE Am¡a {hå_V go H$m_ boZm Mm{hE& >

amOy H$jm-Mma _| n‹T>Vm Wm& dh ~‹S>m g_PXma Am¡a ~hmXþa~ÀMm Wm& CgHo$ IoV Ho$ nmg go aob H$s nQ>ar JwµOaVr Wr&EH$ {XZ dh AnZo IoV go Ka bm¡Q> ahm Wm& V^r CgH$s ZµOaEH$ Qy>Q>r hþB© aob H$s nQ>ar na n‹S>r& amOy K~am J`m Am¡aBYa-CYa XoIZo bJm Vm{H$ dh {H$gr H$mo BgHo$ {df` _| ~VmgHo$& bo{H$Z Cgo Amgnmg H$moB© ì`pŠV Zht {XIm`r {X`m& V^rCgo Xÿa go AmVr aobJm‹S>r {XImB© Xr& dh qMVm _| n‹S> J`m&

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62

AJa dh Jm‹S>r amoH$s Zht JB© Vmo AZoH$ bmoJm| H$s OmZ| MbrOmE±Jr& Jm‹S>r Yrao-Yrao Cgr Amoa ~‹T>Vr Mbr Am ahr Wr&

AMmZH$ CgH$mo EH$ Cnm` gyPm& CgZo OëXr go AnZr bmbH$_rµO CVmar Am¡a Cgo EH$ S>§S>o go ~m±YH$a aobJm‹S>r H$s Va\$µOmoa-µOmoa go bhamZo bJm& aobJm‹S>r Ho$ S´>mBda Zo Cgo bmb H$n‹S>mbhamVo hþE XoI {b`m& Cgo {H$gr AZOmZ IVao H$m Ahgmg hmoJ`m Am¡a Jm‹S>r amoH$ Xr&

AMmZH$ Jm‹S>r éH$Zo go aobJm‹S>r Ho$ `mÌr BYa-CYa XoIZobJo& {\$a O~ CZH$mo nVm Mbm {H$ EH$ ~ÀMo H$s gyP-~yPgo CZH$s OmZ g§H$Q> _| AmZo go ~Mr h¡, Vmo g^r Cgo em~merXoZo bJo& ~mX _| JUV§Ì {Xdg Ho$ Adga na Cg ~ÀMo H$mo ~hmXþarHo$ {bE ñHy$b Ho$ àYmZmMm © Ûmam nwañH$ma {X`m J`m&

* * *

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63

eãXmW© :g_PXma-g`mZm, hmo{e`ma; nQ>ar-aobdo _mJ©, ì`pŠV-AmX_r,

AMmZH$- EH$mEH$, Adga-_m¡H$m, ~hmXþa-gmhgr, ZµOa- {ZJmh,ÑpîQ>; qMVm-gmoM, {\$H$a; éH$Zm- R>haZm, nwañH$ma-BZm_ &

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:

1) amOy H$m¡Z-gr H$jm _| n‹T>Vm Wm?

2) Ka AmVo hþE amOy Zo IoV _| Š`m XoIm ?

3) amOy Zo aobJm‹S>r amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE Š`m Cnm` {H$`m?

4) àYmZmMm`© Zo amOy H$mo nwañH$ma Š`m| {X`m?

5) Bg H$hmZr go h_| Š`m grI {_bVr h¡?

II. ghr H$WZ na ( ) VWm JbV H$WZ na (×) H$m {MôZbJmAmo :

1) amOy Vrgar H$jm _| n‹T>Vm Wm&

2) amOy ~hmXþa Am¡a g_PXma Wm &

3) amOy H$s H$_rµO H$m a§J ham Wm&

4) aobJm‹S>r éH$ J`r Wr&

5) amOy H$mo àYmZmMm © Zo nwañH$a {X`m&

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64

III. g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| H$m {_bmZ H$amo :

g_PXma {ZJmh

ì`pŠV dra

Adga AmX_r

~hmXþa g`mZm

ZµOa _m¡H$m

IV. {dbmo_ eãXm| H$m {_bmZ H$amo :

g_PXma H$m`a

gw~h MbZm

AmZm ~odHy$\$

éH$Zm em_

~hmXþa OmZm

V. Imbr OJh ^amo :

(bmb H$_rµO, g_PXma, ~hmXþa, JUV§Ì, aobJm‹S>r, gyP-~yP)

1) amOy ~‹S>m Am¡a ~ÀMm Wm &

2) Cgo Xÿa go AmVr {XImB© Xr &

3) dh AnZr H$mo bhamZo bJm &

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65

4) EH$ ~ÀMo H$s go `m{Ì`m| H$s OmZ g§H$Q> _| AmZo go ~MJ`r&

5) {Xdg Ho$ Adga na amOy H$mo nwañH$ma {X`m J`m &VI. bKw H${dVm H$mo nyU© H$amo :

MbVr h¡ aobJm‹‹S>r nQ>[a`m| na~mobmo, MbVr h¡ Am¡a g‹S>H$ naMbVr h¡ Zmd Am¡a OhmµO nmZr nagmoMH$a ~mobmo, MbVr h¡ hdmB© OhmµO na &

VII. dMZ ~Xbmo, dmŠ` ~Xbmo :1) CZH$s OmZ g§H$Q> _| AmZo go ~M J`r&2) CgH$mo EH$ Cnm` gyPm &3) dh AnZo IoV go Ka bm¡Q> ahm Wm&4) Cgo Amgnmg H$moB© ì`pŠV {XImB© Zht {X`m&5) O~ CZH$mo nVm Mbm Vmo do em~mer XoZo bJo &

VIII. ^maV Xoe _| JUV§Ì {Xdg Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a {H$Z-{H$Z {XZm| H$moamîQ´>r` Ë`mohma Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡ ?EH$ gyMr ~ZmH$a {bImo :Z_yZm : Ë`mohma {XZm§H$

JUV§Ì {Xdg 26 OZdar

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IX. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$amo :

A) CgH$s ZµOa EH$ Qy>Q>r hþB© aob H$s nQar na n‹S>r &

Am) Cgo Amgnmg H$moB© ì`pŠV {XImB© Zht {X`m&

B) Jm‹S>r Yrao-Yrao Cgr Amoa ~‹T>Vr Mbr Am ahr Wr&

B©) Cgo {H$gr AZOmZ IVao H$m Ahgmg hmo J`m&

C) aobJm‹S>r Ho$ `mÌr BYa-CYa XoIZo bJo &

D$) amOy H$mo ~hmXþar Ho$ {bE ñHy$b Ho$ àYmZmMm`© Zo nwañH$ma

{X`m&

X•. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$mo AH$mam{X H«$_ _| {bImo :

CXmhaU : AZOmZ, Ahgmg,

g§H$Q>, JUV§Ì, aobJm‹S>r, AZOmZ, nwañH$ma

Ahgmg, H$n‹S>m, ~hmXþar, {hå_V, K~amZm

_wgr~V, em~mer, g_PXma, nQ>ar, H$jm

ì`pŠV, bmb, Cnm`, H$_rµO, qMVm

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XI. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo:

CXmhaU : na

^mfm-kmZ

qbJCXmhaU : _m± ~mµOma Om ahr h¡&

b‹S>H$m n‹T> ahm h¡&b‹S>H$s Iob ahr h¡&{nVmOr \$moZ na ~mV H$a aho h¡§&

eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go ñÌr Om{V AWdm nwéf Om{V H$m ~moY hmo, CgoqbJ H$hVo h¢&

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qbJ Ho$ Xmo ê$n h¢

ñÌrqbJ : nw{ëb§JN>mÌm : N>mÌAmMm`m© : AmMm`©nwÌr : nwÌgIr : gImKmo‹S>r : Kmo‹S>m

nmR> go AmJo -

* Vw_Zo m Vwåhmao XmoñVm| Zo r amOw H$s Vah Xÿgam| H$s _XX H$shmoJr& Amng _| ~mVMrV H$amo Am¡a nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {bImo &

* ""g_PXmar Am¡a ~hmXþar go ì`pŠV g\$bVm àmßV H$a gH$Vmh¡'' - {H$gr r Eogo ì`pŠV H$m {ddaU g§J«hrV H$amo, {OgHo${bE Cn w©ŠV dmŠ` C{MV hmo &

{deof gyMZmqhXr ^mfm _| Znw§gH$

qbJ Zht h¡&

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nmR>1212121212 {_Ì Ho$ Zm_ nÌ

Hw$_ma,Ka g§»`m 245

_XH$[a _mJ©, {MÌXþJ©{XZm§H$ 3.3.2017

{à` {_Ì àVrH$,gào_ Z_ñVoŸ&h_ g~ `hm± gHw$eb h¢Ÿ& Amem H$aVm hÿ± {H$ Vw_ g~ gmZ§X

hm|JoŸ& _oar n‹T>mB© AÀN>r Vah Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& Vw_ AnZr n‹T>mB© Ho$$~mao _| {bImoŸ&

Nw>Q²>{R> m| _|, _¢ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ gmW _¡gyé J`m Wm& dhm± _¢ZoMm_w§S>r nhm‹S>>, {M{‹S> mKa, amO_hb, ~¥§XmdZ ~JrMm, b{bV _hbAm{X H$mo XoImŸ& Vw_Zo H$^r _¡gyé XoIm h¡ ? dh gM_wM gw§Xa ZJah¡Ÿ& Vw_ ^r AnZo _mVm-{nVm Ho$ gmW _¡gyé Om gH$Vo hmo&g~H$mo _oam àUm_ H$hZmŸ&YÝ`dmXŸ&

Vwåhmam {à` {_Ì, Hw$_maŸ

àVrH$ S>r>.Eg,Ka g§»`m … 633,Hw$doånw _mJ©,H$b~wa{J&

69

* * *

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eãXmW© …Amem-Cå_rX, {M{‹S>`mKa - àmUr g§J«hmb`&

Aä`mgI. àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :

1) {H$gZo {H$gH$mo nÌ {bIm?2) Mm_w§S>r nhm‹S> H$hm± h¡?3) _¡gwé H¡$gm ZJa h¡?4) Hw$_ma H$hm± ahVm h¡?5) àVrH$ {H$g _mJ© na ahVm h¡?6) Hw$_ma _¡gwé H$~ J`m Wm?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo :1) Hw$_ma {H$gHo$ gmW _¡gyé J`m Wm Am¡a CgZo dhm± Š`m-Š`m XoIm?2) Hw$_ma Zo àVrH$ H$mo Š`m gbmh Xr?

III. {H$Z dmhZm| _| {Q>H$Q> {b`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Vw_Zo {H$Z_| gdmarH$s h¡& "" '' {Mh²Z bJmAmo:

dmhZ {Q>H$Q> boZm h¡ gdmar H$s h¡&[aŠem~g

aobJm‹S>rgmB{H$b~¡bJm‹S>rñHy$Q>aH$ma

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IV. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {bImo :1) _mVm2) b‹S>>H$m3) Xod4) ñÌr

V. ~hþ dMZ ê$n {bImo :1) ~ÀMm2) H$n‹S>m3) {H$Vm~4) amñVm5) ZXr

VI. _¡gyé Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {bImo :

VII. narjm _| Vw_ àW_ loUr _| nmg hþE& BgH$mo gy{MV H$aVohþE {_Ì Ho$ gmW {H$E OmZodmbo dmVm©bmn {bImo:_¢ - h¡bmo!{_Ì -_¢ -

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{_Ì -_¢ -{_Ì -_¢ -{_Ì -

^mfm-kmZdmŠ` ~ZmAmo:

ñÌrqbJ nwpëb¨J

CXm: 1) _¢ ñHy$b OmD±$Jr& 1) _¢ ñHy$b OmD±$Jm &

2) 2)

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3) 3)

4) 4)

5) 5)

6) 6)

VIII {~ÝXþAm| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a S>mH$-[Sã~o H$m {MÌ ~ZmAmo:gyMZm : nhbo g§Xoe nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE H$~yVam| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm& nmR> go AmJo -* \y$b Am¡a nÎmmo§ H$mo gwImH$a EH$ ~YmB© H$mS>© V¡`ma H$amo Am¡a AnZo

{à` {_Ì H$s df©Jm±R> na |Q> H$amo& (Amdí`H$ gm_J«r ----- a§J{~a§Jr n|{gb, H$mS>© ~moS>©, gyIo nÎmo, \y$b Am¡a Jm|X&)

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nmR>1313131313

~mob CR>r {~{Q>`m- gw^Ðm Hw$_mar Mm¡hmZ

Bg H${dVm _| {~{Q>`m H$s VwVbr ~mobr Am¡a _m¡O go {_Å>r ImZo Ho$ àg§J H$mdU©Z h¡& ~oQ>r H$s _§Owb _y{V© XoIH$a {Ib CR>Zodmbr _m± H$s __Vm H$m ghO{MÌU ^r h¡&

_¢ ~MnZ H$mo ~wbm ahr Wr,~mob CR>r {~{Q>`m _oar;Z§XZdZ-gr \y$b CR>r,`h N>moQ>r-gr Hw${Q>`m _oar&

"_m± Amo' H$hH$a ~wbm ahr Wr,{_Å>r ImH$a Am`r Wr;Hw$N> _w±h _|, Hw$N> {b`o hmW _|,_wPo {XImZo bmB© Wr&

nwbH$ aho Wo A§J ÑJm| _|,H$m¡Vyhb Wm N>bH$ ahm;_w±h na ^r Amh²bmX bm{b_m,{dO` Jd© Wm PbH$ ahm&

* * *H${d n[aM` :

gw Ðm Hw$_mar Mm¡hmZ {hÝXr H$s à{gÕ H$d{`Ìr h¢& AmnH$m OÝ_ 1904 _|hþAm Am¡a _¥Ë w 1948 H$mo EH$ H$ma XþK©Q>Zm _| hþB©& AmnH$s H$mì` n§{ŠV ±m

74

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"Iy~ b‹S>>r _Xm©Zr dh Vmo P±mgrdmbr amZr Wr' à{gÕ h¢&"_wHw$b' AmnH$mH${dVm g§J«h h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AmnH$m H$hmZr g§H$bZ Am¡a {eew gm{hË`^r àH$m{eV h¡&

eãXmW© :Hw${Q>`m-Hw$Q>ra, "_m± Amo'- _m± Amo _m±, H$m¡Vyhb-AmíM`©, à~b

BÀN>m; N>bH$Zm-C_‹S>Zm, Amh²bmX-AmZ§X, hf© ; bm{b_m-àgÞVm, bmba§J; PbH$Zm-àH$Q> hmoZm&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :1) {~{Q>`m Š`m H$hH$a ~wbm ahr Wr?2) {~{Q>`m Š`m ImH$a Am`r Wr ?3) {~{Q>`m H$s Am±Im| _| Š`m N>bH$ ahm Wm?

II. Bg nX²` ^mJ H$mo nyam H$amo:_¢ ~MnZ H$mo ,

;,

Hw${Q>`m _oar&

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III. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {bImo:1) dh XÿY ~oMVr Wr& do XÿY ~oMVr Wt&

dh {MÌ ~ZmVr Wr&2) _¢ A§‹S>o bmVm h±ÿ& h_ A§S>o bmVo h¢&

_¢ nwñVH$ n‹T>Vm h±ÿ &3) _¢Zo \$b Im`m& h_Zo \$b ImE&

_¢Zo Zt~y IarXm &4) Vw_ XÿY {nAmoJo& Amn XÿY {n |Jo&

Vw_ {_R>mB© ImAmoJo&

IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãX MwZH$a {bImo :({Jam`m, no‹S>, ~ÀMo, OmVo, nmZ)CXmhaU : ~mb - Mmb

OmZ -CR>m`m -AmVo -o‹S> -

gÀMo -

V. H${dVm H§$R>ñW H$amo &

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VI. H${dVm go VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {bImo&CXmhaU : ~MnZ - Z§XZdZ

{~{Q>`m -Am`r -\y$b -N>bH$ -

VII. {dbmo_ eãXm| H$m {_bmZ H$amo:daXmZ Xþ…IgwI A{^emn~bdmZ An{dÌYZr em_OrdZ CVZmgw~h _aUBVZm {ZY©Zn{dÌ ~bhrZ

nmR> go AmJo -* Vwåhmar _m± Ho$ gmW Vw_ Š`m-Š`m Iob IobVo hmo-`mX H$amo

Am¡a {bImo&* AnZo {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW Eogo AZw^dm| H$s MMm© H$amo&* A{^Z` Ho$ gmW Bg H${dVm H$m dmMZ H$amo&>

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nmR>1414141414 AŠb Mbr, ~bm Q>br

`h EH$ Zr{V~moYH$ H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& H$~yVam| Ho$ XmZo ImZo Ho$ bmo^ _| Omb _|\±$gZm, {_bH$a Omb H$mo hr CR>mH$a C‹S>Zm Am¡a Myho H$s _XX go Omb H$moH$mQ>Zm Am{X H$m amoMH$ dU©Z h¡Ÿ& Bg_| EH$Vm go bm^ H$s grI {_bVr h¡&

O§Jb _| nrnb H$m EH$ no‹S>> WmŸ& Cg no‹S> na ~hþV-go H$~yVa ahVoWoŸ& H$~yVa {XZ^a moOZ H$s ImoO _| Ky_Vo ahVoŸWo& amV hmoZo na do g~nrnb Ho$ no‹S> na bm¡Q> AmVoŸWo& do no‹S> na amV^a Amam_ H$aVo WoŸ&

EH$ {XZ H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& H$~yVa ^moOZ H$s ImoO _| JEŸ& Wmo‹S>r XyaC‹S>Zo na EH$ N>moQ>m H$~yVa ~mobm, ""XoImo, CYa XoImo& {H$VZo XmZo {~Iaon‹S>o h¢& YaVr na {H$VZo XmZo {~Iao n‹S>o h¢ !''

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H$~yVa CYa XoIZo bJoŸ& CÝh| YaVr na ~hþV-go XmZo {XImB© n‹S>o&H$~yVa Yrao-Yrao ZrMo CVaZo bJoŸ&

V^r EH$ ~y‹T>m H$~yVa ~mobm, ""R>hamo, R>hamo A^r _V CVamoŸ& O§Jb_| BVZo XmZo H$hm± go AmE?''

EH$ Xygam H$~yVa ~mobm, ""H$ht go ^r Am`o hmo§Ÿ& AmAmo, h_ g~{_bH$a XmZo ImE±Ÿ&''

H$~yVa YaVr na CVaZo bJoŸ& na ~y‹T>m H$~yVa CZHo$ gmW Zht J`mŸ&H$~yVa XmZo MwJZo bJoŸ& dh Xya go hr XoIVm ahmŸ& H$~yVam| Zo noQ>^a XmZoImEŸ& A~ do C‹S>Zm MmhVo Wo, na C‹S> Z gHo$Ÿ& do Omb _| \±$g JE WoŸ&

V^r EH$ H$~yVa {MëbmZo bJm, ""CYa XoImo, H$moB© Am ahm h¡Ÿ& Aao!dh Vmo ~ho{b`m h¡Ÿ& dh h_| nH$‹S>>Zo Am ahm h¡Ÿ&''

~y‹T>m H$~yVa ~mobm, ""K~amAmo _V, g~ {_bH$a µOmoa bJmAmo Am¡aEH$ gmW Omb H$mo boH$a C‹S> MbmoŸ&''

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g^r H$~yVam| Zo {_bH$a µOmoa bJm`mŸ& Omb Hw$N> D±$Mm CR>mŸ&H$~yVam| Zo Am¡a µOmoa bJm`mŸ& Omb Am¡a D±$Mm CR> J`mŸ&

A~ H$~yVa Omb boH$a C‹S>Zo bJoŸ& ~y‹T>m H$~yVa AmJo-AmJo C‹S> ahmWmŸ& g~ H$~yVa CgHo$ nrN>o C‹S>Zo bJoŸ&

~y‹T>m H$~yVa CÝh| boH$a ~hþV Xya C‹S> J`mŸ& CgZo EH$ no‹S> H$s Va\$Bemam {H$`mŸ& dh ~mobm, ""Bg no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo CVa OmAmoŸ& `hm± EH$ MyhmahVm h¡Ÿ& dh _oam {_Ì h¡Ÿ& dh h_mar _XX H$aoJmŸ&''

~y‹T>m H$~yVa Myho H$mo ~wbm bm`mŸ& Myho Zo Omb H$mQ> {X`mŸ& H$~yVaOmb go {ZH$b AmEŸ& CÝhm|Zo Myho H$mo YÝ`dmX {X`mŸ&

* * *eãXmW© :

ImoOZm - T>°±y‹T>Zm, ~ho{b`m - {M‹Sr_ma, newn{j`m| H$mo nH$‹S>>Zodmbm;Ky_Zm - Mmam| Amoa {\$aZm, K~amZm - ^`^rV hmoZm, bm¡Q>Zm - dmngAmZm, EH$Vm - {_bOwbH$a ahZm, _XX - ghm`Vm, YaVr - µO_rZ&

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Aä`mgI. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo:

1) nrnb H$m no‹S> H$hm± Wm ?2) H$~yVa {XZ^a Š`m| Ky_Vo Wo ?3) do amV^a H$hm± Amam_ H$aVo Wo ?4) H$~yVam| H$mo YaVr na Š`m {XImB© n‹S>m ?5) Omb {H$gZo {~N>m`m Wm ?6) Š`m ~y‹T>m H$~yVa ^r Omb _| \±$g J`m ?7) ~y‹T>o H$~yVa H$m {_Ì H$m¡Z Wm ?8) H$~yVam| H$s _XX {H$gZo H$s ?9) Bg nmR> go h_| Š`m grI {_bVr h¡ ?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _o§ CÎma {bImo:1) H$~yVa XmZm ImZo OmVo Vmo ~y‹T>o H$~yVa Zo CZH$mo Š`m| amoH$m ?2) H$~yVa Omb _| Š`m| \±$g J o ?3) Myho Zo H$~yVam| H$s _XX {H$g àH$ma H$sŸ?

III. AÝ` dMZ {bImo:1) no‹S> - 2) ~mV -3) H$~yVa - 4) XmZm -5) Myhm -

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IV. {dbmo_ eãX {bImo :1) EH$Vm x 2) {XZ x 3) Xya x 4) CVaZm x

5) AmJo x

V. H$Þ‹S> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$amo:1) O§Jb _| nrnb H$m EH$ no‹S> WmŸ&

2) H$~yVa YaVr na CVaZo bJoŸ&

3) ~y‹T>m H$~yVa Myho H$mo ~wbm bm`mŸ&

VI. g_mZ AW©dmbo eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgmabH$sa ItMmo :ImoOZm - njr{_Ì ghm`Vm_XX - Ty>±‹T>ZmYaVr - ImZm^moOZ - y{_{M{‹S>`m - XmoñV

VII. H$moîR>>H$> _| {XE JE eãXm| go Imbr OJhm| H$mo ^amo :(~ho{b`m, S>m°ŠQ>a, Ymo~r, XOu, ~‹T>B©)CXm … BbmO H$aZodmbm S>m°ŠQ>a&1) H$n‹S>o grZodmbm &

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2) bH$‹S>r H$s MrµO| ~ZmZodmbm &

3) {M{‹S>`m nH$‹S>Zodmbm &

4) H$n‹S>o YmoZodmbm &

VIII. ~ÀMmo, µOam ~VmAmo _¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± ?

1) _¢ _Ywa JmVr hÿ±

2) _¢ gwÝXa ZmMVm hÿ±

3) _¢ em§{V H$m àVrH$ h±ÿ

4) _¢ nmZr _| V¡aVm hÿ±

5) _oar ZmH$ bmb h¡

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IX. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Imbr OJh ^amo :Z_yZm : H$~yVa XmZm MwJ aho h¢&

H$~yVa XmZm MwJZo bJo& (MwJZm)1) H$~yVa YaVr na &

H$~yVa YaVr na & (CVaZm)2) Myho Omb &

Myho Omb > (H$mQ>Zm)&3) H$~yVa Omb boH$a &

H$~yVa Omb boH$a (C‹S>Zm)&

^mfm-kmZnmR> Ho$ AmYma na, Vm{bH$m H$s ghm`Vm go dmŠ` ~ZmAmo :

1) H$~yVa Myho H$mo Zht J`m

2) ~y‹T>m H$~yVa ^moOZ H$s H$mQ> {X`m

3) CgZo Omb YÝ`dmX {X`m

4) Myho Zo CZHo$ gmW Vaµ\$ Bemam {H$`m

5) CÝhm|Zo EH$ no‹S>> H$s ImoO _| JE

Z_yZm : H$~yVa ^moOZ H$s ImoO _| JE&1) &2) &3) &4) &

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dMZCXmhaU * Kmo‹S>m Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡& Kmo‹S>o Xm¡‹S>Vo h¢ &

* _¢ Mm` nr ahr h±ÿ& h_ Mm` nr ahr h¢* ~ÀMm gmo ahm h¡& ~ÀMo gmo aho h¢&

eãX Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ EH$ m AZoH$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡, CgodMZ H$hVo h¢&

dMZ Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢

EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ nÎmm {hb ahm h¡& : nÎmo {hb aho h¡§& XmXr H$hmZr gwZm ahr h¡& : XmXr H$hm{Z`m± gwZm ahr h¢& b‹S>H$s JmZm Jm ahr h¡& : b‹S>{H$`m± JmZm Jm ahr h¢& Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$Vm h¡& : Hw$Îmo ^m¢H$Vo h¢&

nmR> go AmJo -""EH$Vm _| ~b h¡''Ÿ- Bg Zr{V H$mo ~VmZodmbr AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±

n‹T>mo Am¡a H$jm _| gwZmAmo&

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8686

{JZVr 71 - 100nmR>1515151515

71 71 BH$hÎma 86 86 {N>`mgr

72 72 ~hÎma 87 87 gÎmmgr

73 73 {VhÎma 88 88 AR>mgr>

74 74 Mm¡hÎma 89 89 Zdmgr

75 75 nMhÎma 90 90 Zã~o

76 76 {N>hÎma 91 91 BŠ`mZ~o

77 77 gVhÎma 92 92 ~mZ~o

78 78 AR>hÎma 93 93 {VamZ~o

79 79 CÞmgr 94 94 Mm¡amZ~o

80 80 Añgr 95 95 n§MmZ~o

81 81 BŠ`mgr 96 96 {N>`mZ~o

82 82 ~`mgr 97 97 gÎmmZ~o

83 83 {Vamgr 98 98 AQ²>R>mZ~o

84 84 Mm¡amgr 99 99 {ZÝ`mZ~o

85 85 nMmgr 100 100 gm¡

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Aä`mg

Ü`mZ go n‹T>mo Am¡a `mX aImo:

100 - gm¡

1000 - hµOma

10,000 - Xg hµOma

1,00,000 - bmI

10,00,000 - Xg bmI

1,00,00,000 - H$amo‹S>

Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Imbr OJhm| H$mo ^amo:

Z_yZm : 81 81 BŠ`mgr

76 {N>hÎma

85 85

{ZÝ`mZ~o

87

79

98 AQ²>R>mZ~o

100 100

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H«$_ gyMH$ g§»`mE± :

nhbm, Xÿgam, Vrgam, Mm¡Wm, nm±Mdm±, N>R>m, gmVdm±, AmR>dm±,Zdm±, Xgdm±&

{^ÞmW©H$ g§»`mE± :

EH$ Mm¡WmB© (nmd) ¼ nm¡Zo Xmo 1¾

AmYm ½ gdm Xmo 2¼

nm¡Zm ¾ T>mB© (A‹T>mB©) 2½

gdm 1¼ nm¡Zo VrZ 2¾

S>o‹T> 1½ gdm VrZ 3¼

gm‹T>o VrZ 3½

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nmR>1616161616

89

~y±X-~y±X go gmJa- Ho$XmaZmW H$mo_b

Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ grI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mVm| na Ü`mZ XoZo go~‹S>o-~‹S>o gmW©H$ H$m_ ~ZVo h¢, {Oggo YaVr na gwI-g§Vmof N>m OmVm h¡&

~y±X-~y±X Ho$ {_bZo go~Z OmVm h¡ gmJa,gyV-gyV Ho$ {_bZo go~Z OmVr h¡ MmXaŸ&

{_ZQ>-{_ZQ> hr Vmo {_bH$a~Z OmVm h¡ gmb,VZ-_Z go Vw_ S>Q>o ahmohb hm|Jo g^r gdmbŸ&

n¡gm-n¡gm Omo‹S>mo Vmo~Z OmAmoJo YZdmZ,Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m MbH$a hr VmoXoI gH$moJo {hÝXwñVmZŸ&

AÀN>o-AÀN>o H$m_ H$amoAm¡a ~mV| ß`mar-ß`mar,Xoe h_mam Py_ CR>oJmZmM CR>oJr YaVr gmarŸ&

* * *

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H${d n[aM` …àñVwV H${dVm Ho$ H${d h¢ lr Ho$XmaZmW H$mo_bŸ& Amn {hÝXr Ho$ g_H$mbrZ

H${d`m| _| à{gÕ h¢¡Ÿ& "~y±X-~y±X go gmJa' H${dVm ""Amem H$s {H$aU'' H${dVmg§J«h go br J`r h¡Ÿ&

Bg H${dVm _| Xoe H$s EH$Vm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIm J`m h¡Ÿ& EH$Vm _| ~bh¡& hr H${dVm H$m Ame` h¡&eãXmW© …

gmJa - g_wÐ, gyV - éB© H$m YmJm, YaVr - y{_, S>Q>o ahZm-AQ>b ahZm&Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo:1) gmJa H¡$go ~ZVm h¡ ?2) h_ YZdmZ H¡$go ~Z gH$Vo h¢ ?3) gmb H¡$go ~ZVm h¡ ?4) {hÝXwñVmZ H$s mÌm H¡$go H$amoJoŸ?

II. Bg nX²` ^mJ H$mo nyU© H$amo:

~y±X-~y±X Ho$

MmXa&

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III. Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :A Am

1) ~y±X-~y±X Ho$ {_bZo go ~Z OmAmoJo YZdmZ2) {_ZQ-{_ZQ> hr {_bH$a Am¡a ~mV| ß`mar-ß`mar3) n¡gm-n¡gm Omo‹S>mo Vmo ~Z OmVm h¡ gmJa4) AÀN>o-AÀN>o H$m_ H$amo ~Z OmVm h¡ gmb

IV. ghr dUm] go Imbr OJh ^amo:

nmZr O bgmJa g Ð{hÝXþñVmZ ^m aYaVr {_AmH$me Am Z

V. H$moîR>H$ _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr ñWmZ ^amo :

1) nmZr _| ahVr h¡&(_N>br, H$mo b, ~¡b)

2) EH$Vm _| h¡&(\$b, ~b, Ob)

3) h_mao amï´>r` P§S>o _| a§J h¢&(Xmo, AmR>, VrZ)

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123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

1234567891234567891234567891234567891234567891234567891234567891234567891234567891234567890

123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

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VI. Bg H${dVm H$r àW_ AmR> n§{º$`m± H§$R>ñW H$amo&

VII. nmZr _| Am¡a nmZr Ho$ ~mha ahZodmbo àm{U`m| H$m dJuH$aUH$amo :

1) _N>br nmZr _| ahZodmbo àmUr

2) ~mK

3) H$Nw>Am

4) {g`ma

5) _|‹T>H$

6) _Ja_ÀN>

7) hmWr

8) eoa nmZr Ho$ ~mha ahZodmbo àmUr

9) {~ëbr 1) 4)

10) Ho$H$‹S>m 2) 5)

11) Jm` 3) 6)

12) Am°ŠQ>mong (Aï>n{X)

1) 4)

2) 5)

3) 6)

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VIII. BZ a§Jmo§ H$mo nhMmZmo Am¡a CZH$m Zm_ {bImo:

IX. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {bImo:~mob +B© = ~mobr g\$b + Vm = g\$bVmA{^_mZ + B© = Z_« + Vm =CnH$ma + B© = gw§Xa + Vm =kmZ + B© = XrZ + Vm =gmdYmZ + B© = g§nÞ + Vm =OdmZ + B© = g_ + Vm =

X. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {_bmZ H$amo:o‹S> MamZo dmbm agmoB`m

Jm` MamZo dmbm {H$gmZIoVr H$aZo dmbm ½dmbmH$n‹S>m grZo dmbm J‹S>[a`magmoB© ~ZmZo dmbm XOu

nmR> go AmJo -Bg H${dVm H$m md H$jm _| JX²` ê$n _| ~VmAmo&

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94

nmR>1717171717

-g§H${bV

{gH§$Xa Am¡a nwê$adm

(EH$m§H$s)

`h EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ EH$m§H$s h¡& Bg_| nwéamOm H$s draVm, Xoe^pŠV Ed§ EH$VmH$m o {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg nmR> go ~ÀMo amï´ >à o_ H$s ^mdZmAnZm gH$Vo h¢&

(ñWmZ-{gH§$Xa H$s goZm H$m {e{daŸ& `dZ goZmn{V, ~§Xr nwéamOm H$ogmW àdoe H$aVm h¡Ÿ&)

goZmn{V - g_«mQ> H$s O` hmo !nwéamOm - _¢ ^maVdra, `dZamOm H$m A{^dmXZ H$aVm h±ÿ&{gH§$Xa - Ahmo, ~ÝXr hmoZo na ^r AnZo H$mo dra _mZVo hmo nwéamOm&nwéamOm - `dZamOm, qgh Vmo qgh hr h¡, Mmho dZ _| hmo m qnOao _|Ÿ&

O` `m namO`, ha pñW{V _| dra dra hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

94

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{gH§$Xa - (ì`§½` H$s h±gr Ho$ gmW) _oar _¡Ìr-g§{Y H$mo AñdrH$ma H$aZogo Vwåhmam Š`m VmËn`© h¡ nwéamOm?

nwéamOm - AnZo amÁ` H$s ajm Am¡a AmË_gå_mZ H$s ajm& Vw_ {_ÌVmÛmam ^maV H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a ^maV OrVZm MmhVo hmoŸ&

{gH§$Xa - Vwåhmam dMZ gË` Ho$ {déÕ h¡Ÿ& hm± amOm bmoJ Amng _| ÛofH$aVo h¢Ÿ&

nwéamOm - `h AmnH$m {dMma hmoJm& ~mhar e{ŠV H$m hñVjon {H$gr r^maVr` Ho$ {bE AghZr` h¡, `dZamOm ! ^maV H$s EH$VmgwÑ‹T> h¡&

{gH§$Xa - _Vb~, _oar ^maV-{dO` H${R>Z h¡ ?nwéamOm - H${R>Z hr Zht, Ag§ d h¡Ÿ&

{gH§$Xa - (H«$moY Ho$ gmW) ao Xå^r! Š`m Vw_ Zht OmZVo {H$ Bg g_`Vw_ {díd-{dO`r {gH§$Xa Ho$ gm_Zo hmoŸ&

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nwéamOm - OmZVm hÿ±, {H$ÝVw gË` Vmo gË` hr h¡ `dZamOm ! h_^maVr`m| Ho$ {bE OZZr OÝ_ y{_íM ñdJm©X{n Jar`gr&

{gH§$Xa - (Hw$N> gmoMH$a) nwéamOm, Vw_ h_mao ~ÝXr hmoŸ& ~mobmo, VwåhmaogmW H¡$gm ì`dhma hmoZm Mm{hE?

nwéamOm - Omo EH$ dra Xygao dra Ho$ à{V H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

{gH§$Xa - (nwê$adm Ho$ dra md go h{f©V hmoH$a) R>rH$ h¡ dra ! {ZíM`hr Vw_ dra hmoŸ& YÝ` h¡ Vwåhmar _mV¥^y{_Ÿ& (goZmn{V H$moXoIH$a) goZmn{V !

goZmn{V - g_«mQ> !

{gH§$Xa - dra nwéamOm H$s ~o{‹S>>`m± Imob XmoŸ& dra nwéamOm ! AmO goh_ {_Ì h¢Ÿ&

({gH§$Xa nwéamOm H$m AmqbJZ H$aVm h¡&)

* * *

eãXmW© …{e{da - goZm H$m n‹S>md, A{^dmXZ - Z_ñH$ma, àUm_ ; namO` - hma,_¡Ìr - XmoñVr, AñdrH$ma - {VañH$ma, Ag§^d - AgmÜ`, Zm_w_{H$Z;ì`dhma-~Vm©d, ~o{‹S>`m±-O§§Ora, hWH${‹S>`m± ; g_«mQ> - MH«$dVu, gwÑ‹T>>-g~b, _µO~yV; `dZ - `yZmZ Xoe Ho$ {Zdmgr, X§^r-nmI§S>r, K_§S>r;OZZr-_mVm, ñdJm©X{n Jar`gr - ñdJ© go loð>&

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{Q>ßnUr: "OZZr OÝ_^y{_íM ñdJm©X{n Jar`gr' - OZZr Am¡a OÝ_^y{_ñdJ© go ^r loð> h¢&

Aä`mgI. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xmo : (_m¡{IH$)

1) {e{da _| H$m¡Z àdoe H$aVm h¡?2) nwéamOm Š`m H$hH$a {gH§$Xa H$m A{^dmXZ H$aVm h¡?3) nwéamOm {gH§$Xa H$s _¡Ìr-g§{Y H$mo Š`m| AñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡?4) {gH§$Xa ^maV H$mo H¡$go OrVZm MmhVm Wm?5) qgH$Xa Ho$ {bE {H$g na {dO` nmZm H${R>Z Wm?6) {H$gHo$ {bE ^maV-{dO` H${R>Z h¡?

II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :1) `dZ goZmn{V H$hm± àdoe H$aVm h¡?2) ^maVdra {H$gH$m A{^dmXZ H$aVm h¡?3) ~ÝXr hmoZo na ^r AnZo H$mo H$m¡Z dra _mZVm h¡?4) {H$g pñW{V _| ^r dra, dra hr hmoVm h¡?5) {gH§$Xa H$s _¡Ìr-g§{Y H$mo H$m¡Z AñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡?6) ^maV H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a Cgo H$m¡Z OrVZm MmhVm Wm?7) ^maV H$s EH$Vm H¡$gr h¡?8) H$m¡Z nwéamOm H$m {_Ì ~Zm?

III. AewÕ eãXm| H$mo ewÕ H$amo:grH§$Xa nyéamOm^mamV X§~r{~O` Q>rH$

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IV. Omo‹S>H$a {bImo:1) nwéamOm Jar`gr2) {gH§$Xa goZmn{V3) `dZ ^maVdra4) ñdJm©X{n {díd-{dO`r

V. dmŠ` nyam H$amo:1) qgh Vmo hr h¡&2) ha pñW{V _| dra hr hmoVm h¡&3) Vw_ Ûmam OrVZm MmhVo hmo&4) ^maV H$s EH$Vm h¡&5) AmO go h_ h¢&

VI. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$amo:1) _¢ ^maVdra, A{^dmXZ H$aVm h±ÿ&

2) ^maV H$s EH$Vm gwÑ‹T> h¡&

3) {dO` nmZm H${R>Z hr Zht, Ag§^d h¡&

4) Vwåhmam dMZ gË` Ho$ {déÕ h¡&

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^mfm-kmZVII. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {bImo:

CXmhaU : ~bdmZ - VmH$VdaA{YH$ eara\$m`Xm gXuZ_ñH$ma {dMma

VIII. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {bImo:qgh amOmg_«mQ> OZZrAmX_r Zm¡H$a

IX. {dbmo_ eãX {bImo:gË` x {dO` x

{_Ì x H${R>Z x

ñdJ© x ~ÝYZ x

X. àoaUmW©H$ eãX {bImo:CXmhaU : MbZm, MbmZmH$aZm ~ZZmn‹T>Zm Xm¡‹‹S>ZmMaZm CR>>Zm

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XI. Mma {deofU eãX {bImo:CXmhaU : gw§Xa

XII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {bImo:

~o‹S>r Xoe

goZm qnOam

_mbm dñVw

nmR> go AmJo -* Bg EH$m§H$s H$m A{^Z` H$jm _| H$amo&* H$jm _| amZr MoÞå_m Am¡a Ï`mH$ao Ho$ ~rM H$m$ dmVm©bmn

àñVwV H$amo&

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nyaH$ dMZ

dMZ-~gdÊUm

* * *

(1)Mmoar Z H$aZm,hË`m Z H$aZmPyR> H$^r Z ~mobZm ¡ m &H«$moY Z H$aZm, K¥Um Z H$aZmAnZm ~ImZ H$^r Z H$aZmXÿgam| H$s qZXm, H$^r Z H$aZm &A§Va H$s ew{Õ `hr h¡ ¡ m~mha H$s ^r ew{Õ `hr &[aPmZo H$s ar{V `hr h¡h_mao Hy$S>b g§J_Xod H$mo &

(2)nmZr XoIVo hr Sw>~H$s bJmVo h¢no‹S> XoIVo hr n[aH«$_m H$aVo h¢gyIVo Ob H$mo gyIVo no‹T> H$moMmhZodmbo, AmnH$mo H¡$go OmZ|Jo?Hy$S>b g§J_Xod &

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~gdÊUm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ~mahdt eVr Ho$ g§V Am¡a eaU Wo& CZHo$dMZ ^pŠVnaH$ hr Zht, g^r àH$ma Ho$ ^oX^md go _wŠV hmoZo H$m g§Xoe^r XoVo h¢& CZHo$ CnXoe g~Ho$ {bE h¢ Am¡a g~ Ho$ CÕma Ho$ {bE h¢&

nhbo dMZ _| Mmoar Z H$aZm, hË`m Z H$aZm, PyR> Z ~mobZm, H«$moY,K¥Um, AnZr àe§gm, Xÿgam| H$s qZXm Am{X Z H$aZm - h grI {_bVr h¡&~gdÊUm H$hVo h¢ `hr A§Va§J H$s ew{Õ h¡ Am¡a ~mha H$s ew{Õ ^r `hr&`hr ^JdmZ go ào_ H$aZo H$m _mJ© h¡&

Xÿgao dMZ _| ~gdÊUm H$hVo h¢ {H$ Omo bmoJ ZXr XoIVo hr Sw>~H$sbJmH$a ñZmZ H$aZodmbo h¢ Am¡a no‹S> XoIVo hr àX{jUm H$aVo h¢, do ŠV h¢,do AmnH$mo H¡$go g_P|Jo Hy$S>b g§J_Xod& gÀMr ^pŠV _| {XImdo H$sAmdí`H$Vm Zht&

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :1) àW_ dMZ _| ~gdÊUm Or Š`m-Š`m Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _|

H$hVo h¢?2) ~gdÊUm Or Ho$ dMZ {H$g àH$ma H$m g§Xoe XoVo h¢ ?3) ~gdÊUm Or {H$ZH$mo _y‹T> ^ŠV H$hVo h¢ ?

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