third isaiah isaiah 56-66 has long been considered the work of a third author this author has been...
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Third Isaiah
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Third Isaiah
• Isaiah 56-66 has long been considered the work of a third author
• This author has been labeled Trito Isaiah, or Third Isaiah
• We do not know the name of this author, but he seems to have been a follower of second Isaiah
• Was written between 538-516 BCE
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Timeline of Isaiah
7:14
Is. 9:1-6
Isaiah 10 & 11:10References toAssyria5:8-21 9:8-21
5:152:6-213:13-155:1-7
Assyrian Crisis:Is. 7:14Is. 9:1-6
“Do not fear…”Motiff - Is. 40-66
800BC 750BC 700BC 650BC 600BC 550BC 500BC
740 – Syro-Ephraimite
War
723 – Israel f
al ls to Assy
ria
701 – Assyrian Crisis
612 - Rise
of Babylonian Empire
538 - Cyrus’ E
dict
Response to earlier crisis:9:1-6 & 7:20
Isaiah 11:1Isa 7:23-25; 8:19-9:1
Exile
Isaiah 13:17 – Cyrus Insertion41:1-2 & 41:25-29 – Cyrus account
12:1 – Ref. to return
44:24-28 Rebuilding Temple
12:1-6 Restorat ion eschatology
11:2-6 –Eschatological
65:17-25 – Cyrus not Messiah
65:17 - Eschatological
24-27 – So-called Apocalyptic
Uzziah
733 - Isaiah begins m
inistry
AhazHezekiah
Manasseh
681 - Death of Is
aiah
Josiah
586 – Jerusalem destroyed
Babylonian Exile
Mes
sian
ic
Ref
eren
ces
Eve
nts
Jude
anK
ings
Isai
ahic
Intr
usio
ns
Isaiah 1-4
Isa. 45:1 – “Cyrus his anointed”
Jehoiachim
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Research on Third Isaiah• The idea of a
third author or Trito Isaiah was first proposed by Bernhard Duhm in 1892
• Many believe Third Isaiah was written in Jerusalem just before the arrival of Ezra and Nehemiah
• Many scholars accept that 56-66 is dependant on 40-55
• The two sections share many of the same concerns
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Three Authors ?• Duhm
– in the 1200’s Rabbi Ibn Ezra believed that 40-66 was later than 1-39
• Duhm believed that chapters 1-39 are comprised of judgement oracles written during time of Isaiah
• Chapters 40-55 are mainly words of comfort
• While 56-66 are made up of words of rebuke for those who have returned from exile
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Three Authors ?• First Isaiah (1-
39) written during time of Isaiah of Jerusalem
• Second Isaiah (40-55) written during the exile
• Third Isaiah written after the exile
•
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Dating of Third Isaiah
• The dating of Third Isaiah is made difficult by two factors
• 1) This material refers to no historical event
• 2) it does not name historical individuals
• There is a lament over the destruction of Jerusalem and a prediction of rebuilding the “ancient ruins” (63:18, 64:9-10)
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Dating of Third Isaiah• This indicates
that much time may have passed since the Babylonian campaign of 586 BCE.
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Third Isaiah
• Third Isaiah
• Prof. Paul Hanson of Harvard has proposed a theory that two groups of people were present among those returning from exile
• The Temple Party• The Visionary Group
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Problems addressed
• The relationship of those returning from exile to those who did not leave
• The difference between what was the ‘real life’ experience of the people and the promises made by the prophets
• Issues of rebuilding the Temple
• Some of the themes of 1 and 2 Isaiah are included in 3rd Isaiah especially the idea of a time of trial followed by a time of “prosperity”(1)
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Concerns of Third Isaiah
• Restoration of Jerusalem (49:18,22 & 60:4,), admission of proselytes (58:1-8 &44:5)
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What does Third Isaiah have to say?• Contains the
oracles of one of second Isaiah’s disciples
• Addressed to those living in Jerusalem in post-exilic period - trying to reestablish their lives
• The author tried to encourage those who had returned from captivity to rebuild lives
• Structure of Third Isaiah
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What does Third Isaiah have to say?• A major theme
of Trito Isaiah is salvation for all people
• ch 56 begins this by promising salvation for all those previously excluded
• chapters 61-66 speak of the Day of the Lord
• Chapter 61 begins” The Spirit of the Lord is upon me”
• This brings to mind the theme of the Suffering Servant from 2nd Isaiah
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Third Isaiah - What is he telling us ?• The Suffering
Servant of 2nd Isaiah seems to show the Messiah to be just that - suffering
• Third Isaiah shows a different aspect of the expected Messiah
• The Messiah of Third Isaiah is more of a warrior - He is coming to judge
• 61:2 -He proclaims “The day of vengeance of God
• In ch. 63 He is covered in blood and will judge Israel
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So, where do we go from here ?• As it seems that
a main theme of third Isaiah is salvation, that will be the focus of the remainder of the presentation - the New Jerusalem to be effected by the Messiah
• Isaiah with two angels
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Ch 63- 64• 63:7 Praise for
God’s kingdom- • 10: confession of
sins• 15-16: hope for
mercy• 17-19 prayer to
be restored spite of past sins– return, rend the
heavens and come down, quaking mountains
• 64:1-2: awaiting God’s kingdom
• 5-7: confess unworthiness
• 11: will the punishment continue– what will God
do “
– What will His response to the people be ?
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How it will begin• Ch 65-66 seem
to be written as a unit. They parallel each other closely
• Isaiah “Swords into Plowshares
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Parallels ch. 65-66
• 65:1-10 66:1 ff
• 65:12 66:4
• 65:17 66:22
• 65:18 ff 66:10 ff
• 65:20-25 66:12-14
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CH 65• In CH. 65 -the
wicked are addressed
• They are addressed who refused to answer when God called and offered unworthy worship (vv 3-7)
• verses 8-12 - Not all will be destroyed since there are some Holy people present - Judgment will be delayed for now.
• See Matthew 13:24-30 - parable of wheat and tares
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Chapter 65
• 13-16 - The Servants of the Lord who have been faithful will be abundantly blessed
• Those who have not been faithful will be cursed
• The faithful servants will be given a new name
• See 62:2 -”You shall be called by a new name”
• This can be seen as indicative of a new state of happiness (Rev 2:17)
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Chapter 65• 17-25 - Creation
of a New Heaven and New Earth
• There is a distinction drawn between the Old creation and the new.
• Old creation was spoiled - the New will set all things right
• This distinction can be see in looking at 2nd Isaiah
• See 43:18-19
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Chapter 65• Jerusalem will
still be part of the New Jerusalem (see rev 21:1-2)
• A long life will be restored, just as in the first creation
• Verse 20:No more shall there be in itan infant that lives but a few days,or an old person who does not live out a lifetime;for one who dies at a hundred years will be considered a youth,and one who falls short of a hundred will be considered accursed.
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Chapter 65: 24-25• There will be a
close relationship now - The people will call and God will hear, even before they call
• In the New creation, nature will come together also
• The wolf and the lamb shall feed together,the lion shall eat straw like the ox;but the serpent--its food shall be dust!
• This goes back to 1st Isaiah (11:6-9) in a description of the harmony of the coming age of the Messiah
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Chapter 66• While ch 65 is
addressed to the unfaithful, 66 is addressed to those who believe and “tremble at His word” (66:5)
• 65:12: “When I called you did not answer
• 66:4: When I called no one answered
• There is a different message for faithful and unfaithful
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Chapter 66• 18-24 - the
universal worship of God is brought about
• “I am coming to gather all nations and tongues - and they shall come and see my glory
• V 19 - follows by promising a sign
• The faithful will be gathered - God’s enemies will lie dead outside of the New Jerusalem
• See Rev 21:1
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Ch. 65-66 genre• This material has
some of the characteristics of the Day of Yahweh
• The servant of 65-66 is more of a warrior - coming in vengeance
• God is angry about unfaithfulness
• God will come and destroy sinners- God will come in a fire, like a whirlwind to judge
• God is coming - and this will be final
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Day of the Lord
• While the term “Day of the Lord” is not specifically used it is clear God is coming to judge and gather the faithful into the New Creation
• In this section we see a number of references used in Revelation - as we learned earlier Apocylyptic literature is based on the Day of the Lord Genre
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Genre: Apocalyptic• Some authors
believe that the roots of apocalyptic writing are found in Isaiah 65-66
• previously it had been thought that this type of literature originated in about 200 BCE
• Apocalyptic images of Isaiah
• God as a warrior (59:16-17, 63:1-6)
• He will battle the forces of evil
• the cosmos will be transformed (65:17-18)
• Heaven and earth are to be recreated and suffering eliminated
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Genre:Apocalyptic
• It is also thought that apocalyptic literature surfaced during times of difficulty.
• This would make sense in Isaiah 56-66 as the people were returning from exile and relations were tense in the community.
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Isaiah’s vision of Heaven
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Trito Isaiah in early Christianity• The servant
passages of Isaiah give clues as to the identity of Jesus
• In Mark Jesus begins his public career with reading of Isa. 61:1-3
• Thus, Jesus could then be referred to as the “anointed one” see: Acts 4:27, 10:38)He is also called the “righteous one” in Acts 7;52, 1 John 2:1 (see: Isa 53:1)
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Third Isaiah in early Christianity• In the Gospels,
Jesus’ description of a disciple, closely resembles this teaching
• The Beatitudes (Matt.5:3-12, Lk. 6:20-26) use the same theme of reversal as Isa 65:13-15
• The anticipation of Jesus return in Matt. 24:3, 1 Cor 15:23, 2 Thess 2:8, parallels the material in Third Isaiah (59:19-20, 60:1, 62:11, 63:1…)
• The entry into Jerusalem can also be seen in 62:11
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Third Isaiah in early Christianity• Apocalyptic
themes are also paralleled
• The idea of a transformation of nature, a new heaven and new Earth as seen in Revelation 21, are all seen in the third section of Isaiah (Day of the Lord)
• The Gospels tell us of Jesus twofold mission: first to the Jews, then the gentiles; same as in Isa.49:6 and the ‘Servant of the Lord’
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Third Isaiah in early Christianity• In Matthew
24:14 Jesus speaks of the need to proclaim the Gospel to all nations
• This is necessary for salvation
• Perhaps the most important contribution of Third Isaiah
• See Isa 56;1-8, 66:18-19,21
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Bibliography
Isaiah, available on the web at: http://georgeplasterer.tripod.com/BIISAIAH.html
Jones, D.R. Isaiah 56-66, and Joel. London:SCM Press LTD, 1964.
Leupold, H.C. Exposition of Isaiah:Volume II, Chapters 40-66 Grand Rapids:Baker Book House (1971)
Miller, John, W. Meet The prophets: A Beginners Guide to the Books of the Biblical Prophets New York:Paulist Press (1987)
Polan, Gregory, J. “Salvation in the Midst of Struggle.” TBT 23(1985) 91-94
http://www.trinity.toronto.edu/Divinity/Reference/Isaiah2.ppt
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Graphics/ Images taken from
• http://www.textweek.com/art/isaiah.htm
• http://www.biblical-art.com/biblicalsubject.asp?id_biblicalsubject=1052&pagenum=1