third gem or the perfection of the world
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trSwfw& "r'ge
odkY
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wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)
avmu\jynfhpHkjcif;
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vlonfb0udkt"dyg,ftrsKd;rsKd;zGifh\/ udk,fhudk,fukdvnf; trsKd;rsKd;aom qkawG csD;jrifh&if; wHqdyfawGtrsKd;rsKd;wyf\/ vlYwpfb0\ trSefwu,fvdktyfcsufrSmpmrzJGUomapumrlvdkcsifrIum; tawmrowfEdkif/ a&a&&m&mrodonfrsm;udkvnf; vkdcsifonf/ aoaocsmcsm odonfrsm;udkvnf; vdkcsifonf/
]]taMumif;[kwfonfr[kwfonfudkvnf;aumif;?tusKd;&Sdonfr&Sdonfudkvnf; cJGjcm;odwwf vlac:onf}}1
[k pmayrsm;wGif azmfjyavh&Sdonf/ taumif;tqdk;udkcJGjcm;EdkifpGrf; &SdonfhtwGufvlac:&onf[kqdkvdkayonf/
odkYjzpf&m tajccHtm;jzifhvlonfudk,fvkyfcsifwm? udk,fvkyfEdkifwmESifhudk,fvkyfcGifh&SdwmudkcJGjcm;od&ayrnf/ xdkodkYum; r[kwf/ vrf;avQmuf&if; vrf;aysmufolawGteE&SdcJhonf/ tckvnf; &Sdaeonf/ aemifudkvnf; &SdaeOD;rnfom
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jzpfonf/ vdktyfcsufrsm; wef;vef;ESifh b0qHk;cJholrsm;
ra&rwGufEdkifatmif&SdcJhonf/ ,ckvnf; &Sdaeonf/ aemifudkvnf; &SdaeOD;rnfom jzpfonf/
b0wdkwdkwGif vdktyfcsufxdkxdkjzpfaom vlonftvdkqEjynfh0zdkYrdrdwpfOD;wnf; rwwfEdkif&um; ab;vlxHrS
tulnD&zdkYusKd;pm;onf/ odkY&mwGifxdkolrSmvnf; udk,fhudk,frulEdkifavmufatmifolYtylESifhol&Sdaeonf/ odkYESifhwpfck&zdkYwpfckay;&jyefonf/ vlonf jrifjriforQ Mum;Mum;orQawGUawGUorQxHwGiftulnDawmif;&if; qm;iefa& aomuf
rdonfhES,f jzpfvmonf/ xdkaMumifh rjrif&onfh bmrSef;rodonfht&mrsm;tay: rdrdvdkovdkowfrSwfum t"dyg,f
zGifhqdk&if; vdktyfcsufjynfh0zdkYawmif;qdk&awmhonf/ odkYjzifhudk;uG,fp&m bmomw&m; ay:aygufvmonf/
vlYoufwrf;onf ESpfaygif;oef;cs D&S drnfqdkuudk;uG,frIqdkif&m bmomw&m;rsm;\ oufwrf;onfvnf;ESpfaygif;oef;csD &SdaeNyDomjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm bmomw&m;onfvlom;ESifhra&S;raESmif; ay:aygufcJhaomaMumifh
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wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 5
yif/ rnfodkYqdkap vlom;onfb0\jynfhpHkrI? avmu\
jynfhpHkrIudk &SmazG&eftwGuf bmomw&m;udk pJGpJGNrJNrJvufudkifjyKcJhonf/ bmomw&m;eJY vlonf ydkufqH\acgif;ESifhyef;vdk jzpfvmonf/ bmomw&m; r&SdvQif raewwf/ wefzdk;rJhoGm;onf/ txdef;tuGyfvnf; rJhoGm;onf/
vlYoufwrf; BuD;&ifhvmonfESihftrQ bmomw&m;onfvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/ udk,fhtcGifha&;eJYudk,f? ukd,f,HkMunf&meJYudk,fponfponfjzifhaygrsm;vSonf/ tajzawGtrsKd;rsKd;xkwf&if; ar;cGef;awGydkydkIyfvmonf/ vrf;
a[mif;udky,fum vrf;opfxGifolrsm;vnf; rsm;vmonf/rnfodkYjzpfap bmomw&m;\ tcef;u@onfenf;enf;rQ arS;rSdefroGm;/ wpfenf;enf;jzifhydkvdkYom ta&;ygvmonf/
vGefcJ honfh ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifhig;&mausmf(6 th
Century BC) 0ef;usifumvonf bmomw&m;rsm;todkif;ESifht0ef;ESifh ay:aygufcJh&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; umvjzpfonf/ tkHESifhusif;ESifh ay:aygufvmjcif;aMumifh axGjym;
onfh todkufttHkBuD; jzpfvmonf/ t,lq rsKd;pHkonf/
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tusifhrsKd;pHkonf/ xdkYtwl pdkufrsKd;pHk toGifrsKd;pHkvnf;
jzpfonf/ vlwpfudk,f tBudKufwpfrsKd; jzpf&um; olYt,lqESifhol olYbmomw&m;ESifhol vufcHolrsm;uawmh&Sdaeonfom jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm; udk;uG,folrsm;jzifhpnfum;aeonfom jzpfonf/
xdkrQ rsm;jym;vSaom t,ltqrsm; bmomw&m;rsm; odkYr[kwf0g'rsm;udkrsKd;wl&m tkyfpkzJGUvdkufygu 62-rsKd;2&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk rSm;,Gif;aom0g' rdpm'd|d 62-rsKd;taejzifh pmayrsm;wGif awGU&onf/ bmomrJh (Atheist)
tyg0if aemufay:0g'rsm; acwfay:0g'rsm;onfyif 62-rsKd;aom 0g'rsm;xJ wpfenf;enf;jzifhtusHK;0ifaeonf[k
ynm&SifwdkYu qdkMuonf/rdpm'd|d62-yg;udkxyfrHtusOf;csHK;Munfhrnfqdkygu
]]umr*kPfcHpm;aom0g'ESifhcEmudk,fudk,fnOf;yrf;ESdyfpufonfh0g'}}3ESpfrsKd;udkawGU&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;w&m; ESpfyg;udktpGef;a&mufusifhpOfrsm; 0g'rsm;taejzifhazmfjyxm;NyD;,if;wdkYudky,f&Sm;ypf&ef"rpuy0we ("rpMum)okwf4wGif
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azmfjyxm;onf/ xdktpGef;w&m;ESpfyg;onftajccHtm;jzifh
tw0g'jzpfonf/tw0g' tajccHaom usifhpOfrsm;? tusKd;&v'frsm;rS
wpfrsKd;wpfbmom jzpfaom usifhpOf&Sdonf/ tw0g'rsm;jzifhavmu\ vdktyfcsuftrSefudk rjynfhapEdkifonfhtwGuf
ay:vmonf[kvnf; qdkMuonf/ ,if;rSm rZdry#dy'gac:tv,ftvwfusifhpOfjzpfonf/ tpGef;w&m; ESpfyg;rSa&SmifMuOfNyD; r*if&Spfyg;5usifhjrwfw&m;rsm;udkusifhoHk;vdkufemjcif;jzifh opmav;yg;6udk xdk;xGif;odjrifap&ef vdkufem
usifhoHk;&rnfhvrf;pOfjzpfonf/ ,if;udkAk'\ usifhpOftaejzifh"rpuy0weokwfwGiftapmqHk;awGU&onf/
a&S;a&S;usifhpOft,lq tawG;ac:rsm;onftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfaomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifhtw0g'omjzpfonf[kqdk
Muonf/ Ak'\ 0g'onfum; xdkxdk0g'rsm;rSqefYusifaomtew0g'jzpfonf/ ol&Sdonfig&SdonfponfjzifhpJGudkifaomtw0g'udkolr&Sdigr&SdcEmig;yg;7om&Sdonf? kyfESifhemrf8om
wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 7
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&Sdonfponfjzifhy,fzsufaom 0g'udktew0g'[ktusOf;
tm;jzifhrSwfom;&onf/tw0g't& ol&Sdonf ig&Sdonfoljzpfonf igjzpf
onfolcHpm;onfigcHpm;onfponfjzifhyk*dKvfodkYr[kwfow0gudkudkifpJGxm;onf/ b0oHo&mrSkef;xGuf&if;uyif
vnfywfapwwfonfh w&m;jzpfonf/ tew0g't&olvnf;r&Sd igvnf;r&Sd kyfESifhemrfom &Sdonf/ cEmig;yg;om&Sdonf/ odkYtwGufolcHpm;onfigcHpm;onfponfjzifhpJGudkifp&m ]]ig}} (tw)qdkonfrSmvnf; r&Sday/ tpu
wnf;u r&SdcJhonfh ]]ig}}qdkonfudk trSefwdkif;odjrifNyD;b0oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufapaom w&m;jzpfonf/ vG,fra,mifESifhcufwdrfra,mifESifheufonfhw&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
odrfarGUvGef;onfjzpf em;vnfrIvJGrSm;um t,lvJGoGm;Edkif
onf/ rSm;,Gif;onfhrdpm'd|dt,lrsm;jzpfonfhrysufrpD;tNrJwnf&Sdjcif;qdkaom ow'd|dESifh vuf&Sdb0om&SdNyD;aoNyD;aemufb0qdkonf r&Sd[laom Oap''d|drsm; jzpfapEdkifonf/ pepfwus avhvmrSwfom;zdkYvdkonf/ xdkaMumifh
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awmfajzmifhrSefonfhorm'd|dt,lonfb0tajccHvdktyf
csuftkwfjrpftppfjzpfonf[kqdkMujcif;jzpfonf/9
Ak'pmayrsm;wGif tw0g'udk pJGudkifxm;cJhonfhxif&Sm;aom yk*dKvfwpfOD;udkawGU&onf/ olYtrnfrSm opujzpfonf/ opu\ rdbwdkYonft,l0g' ig;&mpDtoD;oD;
wwfMuonf/ rdbESpfyg;wdkYwwfonfh 0g'rsm;tm;vHk;udkwwfonhftwGufaMumifh0g'wpfaxmifudkwwfuRrf;onfh
oputjzpfxif&Sm;onf/ wjcm;wjcm;aom acwfNydKif0g'rsm;udkvnf; uRrf;usifrI&Sdonf[kvnf; ausmfMum;onf/
xdkaMumifhvnf; vdp0Drif;om;wdk Ytm; ynmoifMum;ay;&onfh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh ygarmuwpfa,mufjzpf&jcif; jzpfonf/
wpfaeYwGifyO0*Dig;OD;xJrSm wpfOD;tyg0ifjzpfonfh
t&SiftZdrax&fESifhawGUqHkcJh&m Ak'\ 0g'udkpHkprf;ar;jref;&mrStew0g'rSef; twdtus od&avonf/ opu
onftpuwnf;u Ak'\tew0g'udkMum;odNyD;jzpfonf/udk,fwkdifudk,fus vufawGU Mum;odvdkom ,ckuJhokdY
wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 9
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awGUqHkum ar;jref;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYESifhAk'ESifh0g'csif;NydKif&ef
vdp0Drif;om;ig;&mwdkYNcH&Hum r[m0kefawmwGifoDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlonfhAk'xHodkYa&mufvmcJhonf/
xdkaemuf opuonf kyfonf twjzpfaMumif;emrfwdkYonfvnf; twjzpfaMumif; ol\0g'udk wifjyav
onf/ Ak'u kyfw&m; emrfw&m;rsm;onf tewomjzpfaMumif; jyefvnfacsyawmfrlonf/ tu,f kyfonftwjzpfvQifig\udk,fonfokdYjzpfap odkYrjzpfapeJY[kcdkif;apEdkif&m\/ odkYjzpfcJhaomftouft&G,fBuD;aeaom
opuonfvdp0Drif;wdkYvdki,f&G,fEkysKdatmifvkyfcdkif;prf;yg[k Ak'u rdefYawmfrlav&m opuvnf; tIH;ay;&avonf/
trSeftm;jzifh ]]tw}}om igjzpfonf? igydkifonf
qdkvQifodkYjzpfap odkYrjzpfapeJYponfjzifhtrdefYay;&&rnf/ tNrJEkysKdvSycsifaeonfhvlonftNrJEkysKdaeatmifvSyaeatmif vkyfxm;Edkif&rnf/ tema&m*guif;atmifraobJaeatmifvkyfxm;Edkif&rnfomjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
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Ak'rdefYawmfrlonfhtwdkif; tewomjzpfav&um; rnfolrQ
rnfhonfhwefcdk;&SifrSrdrdtvdktwdkif; jzpfvmatmifrwwfEdkifcJhMu/
avmuwGif jzpfjzpforQ jrifjriforQ Mum;Mum;orQtm;vHk;onftewjzpfonf/ ouf&SdoufrJhtm;vHk; tew
[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ tewjzpfjcif;aMumifh rNrJ/ rNrJjcif;aMumif; qif;&J&onf/ twt,lqum; aMumufrufzG,faumif;vSonf/ udkifpJGrdu pGefYvTwf&efcufcJonf/ opu
onf jrwfpGm;bk&m;xHrS teww&m;udk txl;wvnf
emMum;&apumrltuRwfw&m; r&&SmcJhay/Ak'onf yO0*D ig;OD;wdkYtm; 0gqdkvjynhfaeYwGif
w&m;OD; "rpMumudk a[mMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf twudky,fowf&ef tewvuPokwf10udkqufvuf a[m
awmfrlcJhonf/ 0gqkdvjynhfaeYwGif aum@nwpfyg;omaomwmyefjzpfcJhNyD; aemufaeYrsm;wGif wpfyg;qD qufwdkufqdkovdkaomwmyefrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 0gqdkvjynfhausmf
wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 11
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ig;&ufaeYwGif tewvuPokwfudk a[mMum;awmfrl
aomcgrSom yO0*Dig;OD;vHk; &[Emrsm; jzpfawmfrlMuonf/0gqdkvjynhfaeYwGif pwifay:xGef;cJhonfh oHCm
&wemonf0gqdkvjynfhausmfig;&ufaeYwGifoHCm&wem\ tqHk;wdkif NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;jzifhavmuBuD;\ jynfhpHkjcif;[k
qdk&rnfom jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm yO0*Drsm;tm;vHk;tmoa0guif;uGm &[Emrsm;tjzpfodkY qdkufa&mufcJhaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
ESpfoufrIudkjzpfapwwfaomaMumifh&wemrnf\/11
rSef\/ &wem qdkonfrSm ]]tjrwfwEdk; wefzdk;xm;xdkufonf/ wefzd k;te*xdkufwefonf/ NydKi fbufuif;onf/awGUjrif&zdkYvnf; cJ,Of;onf/ jrifhjrwfolwdkY\ oHk;aqmif&momjzpfonf/}}12onfrSm &wem\*kPfrsm; jzpfonf/
bk&m;wpfql yGifhvmzdkY tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh av;oacsFESifhurmwpfodef; Mumjrifhonf[kpmayrsm;wGifazmfjyonf/ bk&m;yGifhrSomvQif ppfrSefonfh "rudk Mum;emcGifhvdkufemusifhoHk;cGifh&onf/ xdktwl ppfrSefaom oHCmudk
12 t&SifOwrmeE
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vnf; bk&m;yGifhrSomvQif zl;awGU&Edkifonf/ xdkaMumifh
bk&m;? w&m;wdkYESifhwef;wljyKum oHCmonfvnf; twkrJh&wemwpfyg;tjzpfwifpm;jcif;cH&jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkoHCm&wemonf txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; bk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD; ESpfvtMum 0gqdkvjynfhaeYwGif
"rpMumw&m;a'oemudkemMum;&jcif;jzifhpwifay:aygufcJhonf/ pwifay:aygufcJhonfhoHCm&wemonfwpfenf;tm;jzifh yO0*Dig;OD;wdkYonf 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 5-&ufaeYa&mufaomtcgrS tewvuPokwf w&m;a'oemudk
qufvufMum;em&jcif;jzifhudavomw&m;tm;vHk; ukefqHk;NyD; tmoa0guif;uGm &[Emrsm;tjzpfodkY qdkufa&mufawmfrlcJhMuonf/
xdkaMumifhtewvuPokwfonfoHCm&wemudk
NyD;jynfhpHkonf\ tjzpfodkYa&mufapcJhaom okwf[kwifpm;Muonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh &wemoHk;axG pHknDrIudk ydkNyD;crf;em;xnf0gapcJhjcif;jzifh avmuBuD;\ BuD;jrwfaomxl;jrwfaom jynfhpH k jcif;[k wifpm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 13
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taMumif;rSm "r&wemonf r[mou&mZf 103-ckESpf?
uqkefvjynfhaeY r[maAm"dyifajc&if;wGif Ak'&wemESifhwpfNydKifeufqdkovdkay:aygufcJhNyD;aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
tewvuP okwfawmft& cEmig;yg;wdkYonftwr[kwfjcif;aMumifhrdrdjzpfapcsifonfhtwdkif; rjzpfEdkif/
apcdkif; r&Edkif/ tpdk;r&Edkif/ odkYtwGufaMumifhqif;&J\/qif;&Jjcif;aMumifh wyfruf&ef wG,fwm&ef pJGvrf;&efrxdkuf/ ywfoufzdkY&efom jzpfonf/ odkYrSom b0oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/13
twonf rm,mrsm;onf/ toGif trsKd;rsKd;jzifhvmwwfygonf/ &HcgwGif 'd|dtoGifjzifvm &HcgwGif rmetaejzifhvmwwfygonf/ oHo&mwGifusifvnfapwwf
onfhyyOw&m;rsm; (wPSm? rme? 'd|d)taejzifh[efaqmif
wwfonf/ twum; tpGrf;xufvSygayonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifhom aumorD &[ef;awmfrsm;onfolawmfaumf;vuPmrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; Ak'\ qHk;roGefoifcsufudkvGefqefcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
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todonf todrQomjzpfonf/ tusifhESifh xyfwl
rusao;orQ rjynfhpHkEdkifay/ todESifhtusifhonfacgif;ESifhyef;vdk jzpfygrS wefzdk;&S dayonf/ rSefuefaomtodudkajzmifhrSefaomtusifhjzifhjynfhpHkap&rnf[kqdkjcif;jzpfonf/,if;udkyifbk&m;*kPfawmfrsm;wGifwpfyg;tyg0ifjzpfonfh
0dZmp&PorE - todtusifhESifh jynfhpHkjcif;[k qdk&jcif;jzpfygonf/
Ak'jrwfpGm\ omoem (tqHk;r)udk a&&SnfwnfwhHatmif aqmif&Gufrnfholrsm;jzpfoHCm&wemonf tzdk;
wef\/ rSef\/ xdkaMumifhAk'jrwfpGmu 0denf;pnf;urf;qdkif&mt,lqaMumifh oabmxm;uJGvJGaeMuonfh oHCmawmfrsm;tm; nDnGwfMuapjcif;iSm BudK;yrf;awmfrlcJhonf/
okdYwap txufyg oHCmawmfrsm;onfykxkZOfrsm;
jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf ykxkZOfoabmudk rvGefqefEdkif/]]ig}}qdkonfhtwrmefrmersm;udkrpGefYEdkifMu/ aemufqHk;wGif Ak'jrwfpGmonf xdkoHCmawmfrsm;udk pGefYcGmawmfrlwpfyg;wnf; qdwfNidrf&modkY
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oHCmawmf t&Sifjrwfrsm;vnf; xdktjzpfysufaMumifh "r
oHa0*rsm;pGm jzpfawmfrlMuonf/ odkY&mwGif wpfaeYaomtcgrSm xdkpdwf0rf;uJGjym;aeonfhoHCmawmfrsm; jyefvnfum pnf;vHk;rnfhtjzpfudk jrifawmfrlaomaMumifhvnf;Ak'jrwfpGmu 4if;wdk Ytm; pGefYcGmawmfrlcJh jcif;jzpfonf/
jyemwpf&yfudk ajz&Sif;&mwGiftavsmhtwif;qdkonfhoabmw&m;udk em;rvnfygu jyemrajyvnfEdkifbJydkom qdk;oGm;EdkifonfudkowdjyK&monf/
t&mtm;vHk;onf olYtcsdefeJ Yolom jzpf&onf/
ysuf&onf/ um; "rwm oabmjzpfonf/ tcsdefudktwif;vkyf,lcsif r&paumif;/ xdkaMumifhyiftcsdefonfwefzdk;jzwfr&onfh t&mjzpfonf/ ukefoGm;vQif jyef,lr&/ vdkaeyguvnf; ausmfoGm; rjzpf/ tcsdef\ wefzdk;
wpfckESifhywfouf tjcm;pmayrsm;wGifvnf; ]] Time isa great healer. - tcsdefu taumif;qHk; aq;q&mjzpfonf}} -[kazmfjyxm;onfudkawGU&onf/
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]]0denf;pnf;urf;onfAk'jrwfpGm omoemawmf\
toufjzpfonf/ 0denf;&Sdu omoem wnfEdkifonf}}14
[kpmayrsm;wGifazmfjyxm;onf/ Ak'jrwfpGmonf12-0gajrmuf0gudka0&mjynf 0guyfawmfrlcJhonf/ a0&mykPm;BuD;\
yifhavQmufcsuft& Ak'jrwfpGmESifh oHCmawmfrsm;onf
a0&mjynfodkY
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xdk;jyovdk jzpfonf/ Ak' jrwfpGm omoem\ t"du
&nf&G,fcsufrSm wefcdk;'dyg'f&&efr[kwf/15
opmav;yg;udkxdk;xGif; odjrif&efom jzpfonf/
Ak'jrwfpGm y&dedAmefpHvGefNyD;aemufuJhodkY&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; tpma&pm iwfrGwfrIESifhBuHKvmcJhaomf
Ak'jrwfpGm vufxufawmfu xdkxdkwefcdk;&Sifrsm;aMumifh'kuudk ausmfvGefEdkifcJhonf/ omoemaemufydkif; &[ef;
oHCmawmfrsm;wGif xdkuJhodkY wefcdk;&Sifrsm; r&Sdawmh[krSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; omomemawmfudktMunfndK uif;oGm;
rnfudk jrifawmfrlaomaMumifh &orQt[m&jzifh a&mifh&Jonf;cHMu&efAk'jrwfpGmu rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/
rSefygonf/ Ak'jrwfpGm y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemufESpfaygif;wpfaxmifcefYtMumwGif oD[kdVfuRef; (,ck oD&d
vuFmEdkifiH)wGifolykefab;BuD;aMumifhiwfrGwfacgif;yg;onfhab;qdk;BuD; BuHKcJh&zl;onf/ xdktcg oHCmawmfrsm;onf0rf;at;atmifoJyHkwGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufum Ak'jrwfpGm\tqHk;rw&m;rsm; raysmufysufap&efEIwfwufaqmifawmf
18 t&SifOwrmeE
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rlMuonf/ xdkab;BuD; Nidrf;NyD;aemufAk'jrwfpGm\ tqHk;r
rsm;udk ndEdIif;Mu&ef o*Fg,em16
wifawmfrlcJhMuonf/oHCmawmf t&SifjrwfwdkY\ aus;Zl;um; tHhcsD;zG,f &Sdygayonf/
a0&mOmjynfokdY Ak'jrwfpGm
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tkyfpkESifhokwefaqmiftkyfpk[ktkyfpkESpfpk&Sdonf/ okwef
aqmiftkyfpkqdkonfrSm y&d,wdbufudkom t"dutm;oefaom tkyfpk[kqdkMuonf/ tm;vHk; ykxkZOf&[ef;rsm;csnf;jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif 0denf;av;pm;Muaom olawmfaumif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
wpfaeYwGif okwefaqmif &[ef;wpfyg;onfuk#D(tdrfom)wuftNyD;wGifa&cGufudkukefatmiftoHk;rjyK&ao; a&cGufvufuseftwdkif; xm;cJhonf/ 0denf;pnf;urf;t& uk#Dwuf&mwGif a&udk tukefoHk;&onf/
rukefygu cGufxJ vufusefa&udkcsefrxm;&bJcGufudkarSmufxm;cJh&onf/ cGufxJwGifa&usefvQif'ku#ftmywf19
oifhonf/'ku#ftmywfqdkonfrSm rajymyavmufonfhtjypf
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wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 21
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rSwfom;Edkifonf/ ao;i,fonfhtjypfyifjzpfapumrl0denf;
av;pm;olrsm;tzdkYrltxl;yifta&;BuD;vSygonf/20
okwefaqmif&[ef; uk#DwufNyD;aemuf0denf;aqmif&[ef;wpfyg; uk#Dwuf&mwGifxdkvufusefa&ESifha&cGufudk jrifoGm;onf/ 0denf;aqmif&[ef;u okwefaqmif
&[eftm; uk#DxJwGif a&cGufvufusef xm;cJhovm;[kar;onf/ [kwfrSefaMumif; jyefajzonf/ a&cGufvufusefxm;cJ hu tmywfoihfaMumif; 0denf;aqmif&[ef;uajymav&m rod xm;cJhrdygaMumif; tmywfukdukpm;ygrnfh
taMumif; okwefaqmif&[ef;u jyefvnf avQmufxm;onf/ wrifwumr[kwfbJarhavsmh xm;cJhvQifrodvQiftmywfroifhtjypfr&Sd[k0denf;aqmif&[ef;u ajymMum;cJhonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifhokwefaqmif&[ef;vnf; tjypf
r&SdrSwf,lum a'oemrMum;awmhay/okwefaqmif&[ef; a'oemrMum;rSef;udk odoGm;
aom 0denf;aqmif&[ef;u okwefaqmif&[ef;onftmywfoifhygvQuf tmywfoifhrSef;rod[k rdrdwynfhrsm;
22 t&SifOwrmeE
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a&SUwGifajymqdkavonf/ okwefaqmif&[ef;\ wynhfrsm;
onf,if;taMumif;udkodNyD; rdrdwdkYq&mtm; jyefavQmufxm;&m okwefaqmif&[ef;u ]]0denf;aqmif&[ef;onftpwkef;ujzifhrodvdkYvGefusL;rdygu tjypfr&Sd}}[kajym
onf/ ,ck aemufuG,fwGiftjypf&Sdonf[kqdkjyefonf/
a&SUaemufrnDrkom;pum; qdkonf[kjyefvnfpGyfpJGonf/odk Yjzifh trIdufup jym'f rD;avmifqdkovdk
tcsif;csif; tus,fus,frNidrf;zG,ftjiif;yGm;awmhonf/xdkaemufoHCmawmfrsm;omru rdrdwdkYESifhqdkif&m qdkif&m
rsm;yg olYq&m udk,fhq&m tm;oef&myg&if; jiif;ckefMuuJGNyJMuawmhonf/
xdkt"dukPf;Nidrf;ap&efAk'jrwfpGmu ]]oHCmawmfwdk Y\ nDGwfjcif;onf csrf;om\/ nDnGwfMuaom
oHCmawmfwdkY\ vkyfief;onf csrf;om\}}21
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wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 23
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rsm; ry,fEdkifMuao; rdrdwdkY\ twudk ry,fEdkifMu/
rmefrmersm;udkrcsEdkifMu/0denf;pnf;urf;rsm; ynwf csrSwf&jcif;onf
omoem t&SnfwnfwHhaMumif;omru &[ef;awmfrsm;csrf;omapaMumif;twGufyg jzpfonf/22a&m*gaMumifh jzpf
aom temonf aq;jzifh uko&vG,faomfvnf; aq;aMumifhjzpfaom temonf uk&cufavonf/ 0denf;pnf;urf;onf vdkufemzdkYusifhoHk;zdkY jzpfonf/ jiif;ckefrIudkajyNidrf;apzdkYjzpfonf/ olrSefonf igrSefonf twpJG rmef
rmepJGrsm;jzifhwdkufcdkufaezdkYr[kwf/ jiif;ckefaezdkYr[kwf/jrwfAk'onfjiif;ckefavh&Sdaom avmuudkrjiif;ckef
MuzdkY&ef twefwef owday;awmfrlonf/ jiif;ckefaeMujcif;jzifhESpfOD; ESpfbufvHk;wGiftusKd;r&Sd/ ysufpD;qkwf,kwf
zdkY&m &Sdayonf/ xdkYaMumifh]]jiif;ckefjcif;udkab;tE&m,ftjzpfodjrifMu&ef? rjiif;ckefjcif;aMumifh ab;uif; &efuGmat;Nidrf;omonf\tjzpfudk odjrifMu&ef? nDnGwfolrsm;
24 t&SifOwrmeE
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jzpfMu&ef? odrfarGUEl;nHhNyD; pdwfaumif; ESvHk;aumif; &SdMu
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Ak'jrwfpGmu ola[mMum;awmfrlcJhonfh w&m;"rrsm;udk]]azmif}}Oyrm oabmxm;zdkYtxl;wvnfrdefYawmfrlonf/
rSefygonf/ azmifonfwpfbufurf;odkYa&muf&eftoHk;jyKzdkY&mom jzpfonf/ vdk&mc&D;jzpfaom wpfbuf
urf;oYdk a&mufNyD;aemuf wpfbufurf;udk ydkYay;onfhtwGuf aus;Zl;BuD;vSonf[k azmifBuD;udk ausmydk;,l
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wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 25
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Ak'jrwfpGmonfomoemtwGuftusKd;rsm;vSonfh
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t&d,mrsm; jzpfawmfrlcJhonf/ wqufwnf;rSmyiftewvuPokwfw&m;a'oemudkemMum;&NyD;aemuftwudk
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Nidrf;csrf;aom "rrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf Mum;emcGifh&jcif;usifhoHk;vdkufemcGifh&jcif;wdkYjzifhtpOfojzifhNidrf;csrf;aernfjynfhpHkaernfom jzpfonf/
26 t&SifOwrmeE
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xdkaMumif homvQif Ak' jrwfpGmu ]]oHaC 'dE H
r[yvH}}25
- oHCmawmfrsm;udk ayvSLjcif;onf BuD;jrwfaom tusKd;&Sd\[krdefYawmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufudkrlwnf ]]oHaCm [d'kDavm emr ewd}}26- oHCmqdkonfrSm oDvysufonf rnfonfr&Sd-[k zGifhqdkawmfrl
Mujcif; jzpfonf/ oHCm[k oHk;EIef;vdkufvQif udk,fusifhysufjym;jcif; r&Sd? udk,fusifhoDv jynfh0onf[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifh oHCmawmfrsm;udk ay;vSLMu&ef?
yk*dKvfudkvSL'gef;jcif;yif jzpfaomfvnf; oHCmudk&nfrSef;
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tav;xm; csD;ajrmufawmfrlcJ honf/ oHCmawmfudkcsD;ajrmufjcif;onf omoemudk csD;ajrmufjcif;jzpfygonf/
omoemawmfudkcsD;ajrmufjcif;onfavmuudkcsD;ajrmufjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzifhtvdkrjynfhEdkifaomavmu (ODaemavmaum27)onfjynfhpHkonf\tjzpfodkYa&mufcJhygonf/
wwd,&wem(odkYr[kwf)avmu\jynfhpHkjcif; 27
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vlyDyDoo jzpfvdkvQifw&m;"rESifhtnD rdrdtusKd;
udkvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ olwpfyg; tusKd;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ avmuBuD;wpfckvHk;\ tusKd;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ odkYtqifhqifhvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
onfavmutwGufolawmfw&m;rsm; tqifhqifhvuf
qifhurf; o,faqmifoGm;Murnfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk csD;ajrmufawmfrlcJhygonf/ avmutusKd; o,fydk;vdkolrsm;onfppfrSefaom oHCmawmfrsm;udkcsD;ajrmufjcif;jzifhrdrdtusKd;
olwpfyg;tusKd; avmuBuD;tusKd;ESifh aumif;jrwfaom
rSefuefaom tusKd;tm;vHk;udkNyD;jynfhpHkaprnfjzpfygonf/"rtodrsm;udkrdrdwkdYaeYpOfb0xJodkY,laqmifum
a,medaom reodum&jzifh usifhoHk;EdkifMuygap[k qEjyKygonf/
arwmjzifh-t&SifOwrmeE(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)Thursday, July 25, 2013
http://www.thuthayet.com/
28 t&SifOwrmeE
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aemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csuf 29
aemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csufaemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csufaemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csufaemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csufaemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csuf
1 um&Pm um&PH rewd ZmemwDwd 0g rEkam/ twmewH rewdZmemwDwd0g rEkam/ (upm,eAsmu&PH? 314)2 rdpm'd|d62-yg; tjynfhpHkudk'DCedum,f? oDvuE0*f? jA[Zmvokwf(11-
42)wGifMunfh&ef/3 umrokcvdumEka,m*ESifhtwudvrxmEka,m* (oH,kwedum,f? 3?
368)/
4 okwfonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ yxrOD;qHk;w&m;jzpfNyD; tvkyftauR;jzpfcJhzl;oly0*Dig;OD;wdkYtm; r[mou&mZf103-ckESpf? 0gqdkvjynfhnaecif;tcsdefwGif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ y0*Dig;OD;jzpfaom aum@n? 0y?b'd,? r[memr? tZd-wdkYwGif aum@nudk a&S;OD;pGm aomwmyeftjzpfodkYa&mufapcJhaom okwfjzpfonf/ usefav;yg;udkvnf; wpf&uf
wpfyg;jzifh qufwdkufqdkovdk aomwmyefrsm; jzpfapcJhaomokwfvnf;jzpfonf/ oHCm&wemudk pwifjzpfay:apcJhonfh okwfvnf;jzpfonf/xdkaMumifhyif 0gqdkvjynhfaeYudk w&m;OD;"rpMumudk pwifvnfapaom"raeYtjzpfvnf;aumif;? &wemoHk;yg; pHknDapcJhonfhxl;jcm;onfhaeYxl;wpfaeYtjzpfvnf;aumif; owfrSwfcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
5 (1) orm'd|d= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaom tjrif&Sdjcif;? (2) ormouFy= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaom tBuHpnf&Sdjcif;? (3) orm0gpm= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaompum;udkajymjcif;? (4) ormurE= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaomtvkyfudkvkyfudkifjcif;? (5) ormtmZD0= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaom toufarG;0rf;aMumif;udk jyKvkyfjcif;? (6) orm0g,mr= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaom
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30 t&SifOwrmeE
vkHYv0D&d,&Sdjcif;? (7) ormowd= rSefuefaumif;jrwfaom owd&Sdjcif;ESifh(8) ormorm"d= rSefuefaumif;jrwfonfhwnfMunfaom orm"d&Sdjcif;/
6 (1)'kuopm= qif;&JaMumif;jzpfaomw&m;? (2) ork',opm= qif;&JaMumif;udkjzpfapaom taMumif;&if;w&m;? (3) eda&m"opm= qif;&Jjcif;rScsKyfNidrf;aMumif;jzpfaomw&m;ESifh(4) r*opm= qif;&JNidrf;&mudkOD;wnf&mvrf;aMumif;rsm;jzpfaomw&m;/
7 (1) lyuEm-kyftpk? (2) a0'emuEm-cHpm;rItpk? (3) onuEm-
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emrf[kac:onf/ kyfESifhemrf[ktwdkaumufac:a0: toHk;jyKonf/9 Ak'onfoputm; 4if;\ tw0g'udky,f&eftwGufplVopuokwfESifh
r[mopuokwfudk a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ tus,fw0ifhodvdkygu (rZdredum,f? 1? 289-317)ESifh4if;jrefrmjyefrsm;wGif Munfh&ef/
10 oH,kwedum,f? 2? 54-6/11 &w ZaewDwd &wem/ (oajyuefq&mawmft&Sif0gao|mbd0Ho\
y&dwfBuD;edopf? 253)12 pdwDuwHr[*? twkvH'kvb'eH? taemrowy&dabm*H? &weH
awe 0kpwd/ ('DCedum,t|uxm? 2? 35)/ &wem\ t"dyg,fzGifhqdkcsuf
tjynfhpHkudkoajyuefq&mawmft&Sif0gao|mbd0Ho\ y&dwfBuD;edopf?253-8? wGifzwfIEdkifonf/
13 ]]oHC}}\ rlvt"dyg,frSm ]]tpk? taygif;}}jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ygVdpmayrsm;wGifawGU&avh&Sdonfh]]oHCm}}qdkonfha0g[m&onfjrwfpGmbk&m;\wynfhom; oHCmawmfrsm;udk &nfTef;NyD; ,aeYrsufarSmuf jrifawGU
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ae&onfhoHCmawmfrsm;ESifhaemiftem*wfwGifjzpfvmMunfhoHCmawmfrsm;yg tusKH;0ifonf/ 0denf;a'oemawmft& tenf;qHk; yrmPtm;jzifh
av;yg; (pwk0*)jynfhaom &[ef;awmfrsm;udkoHCm[k owfrSwfonf/(tjynfhpHkudkwdyd#u tbd"mef? ygVdy'usrf;Tef;? twJG-2? pm-636-8?wGifMunfh&ef/)
14 0dea,m emr Ak'omoe tm,k/ 0dea, Xdaw omoae XdwH/(yg&mZdu@t|uxm? 1? 11/ ' DCedum,t|uxm? 1? 12/
ck'uedum,t|uxm? 82/ 0de,0dedp,#Dum? 2? 484)15 &[E mjzpfaom t&Sifyda@mv bm&'GgZ rax&fonfwefcdk;udktoHk;jyKNyD;
&mZN*dK[fola|;BuD;\ pEul;eDoydwfudk,lcJhjcif;udkbk&m;&SifodawmfrlNyD;&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; wefcdk;rjy&ef wm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf (0de,yd#u?plV0*ygVd? 246-7)/
16 o*Fg,em qdkonfrSm pkaygif;&Gwfqdkjcif; jzpfonf/ bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfrsm;udkrl&if;twdkif; xdef;odrf;&eftwGufusrf;*efwwfNyD; oDv orm"dynm odumoHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom oHCmawmfrsm; tnDtnGwfpkaygif;&GwfqdkMujcif;udko*Fg,emwifonf[kac:onf/ bk&m;&Sify&dedAmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf3-vtMumwGift&Sifr[muy? t&SiftmeEmESifht&SifOygvdwdkY OD;aqmifaom oHCmawmfrsm; yxro*Fg,em wifawmfrlcJhonf/
xdkaemuf 'kwd,ESifh wwd,o*Fg,emrsm;udkvnf; tdEd,rSmyifwifawmfrlcJhMuonf/ pwkwo*Fg,emudk oD&dvuFm wifawmfrlcJhonf/ yrESifhq|ro*Fg,emrsm;udkjrefrmEdkifiHrEav;NrdKUESifh&efukefNrdKUwdkYwGifwifawmfrlcJhonf/ bk&m;&Sify&dedAmefpHNyD;onfrS,aeYtcsdefxdpkpkaygif; o*Fg,em6-BudrfwifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ yg&mZdu@t|uxmwGiftdEd,jynf wifcJh
aemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csuf 31
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onfho*Fg,emrsm;udkazmfjyxm;onf/ usefo*Fg,emrsm;udkr[m0Housrf;rsm;ESifh o*Fg,em rSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm;wGifazmfjyxm;onf/
17 0de,yd#u? yg&mZdu@ygVd? 10/18 'DCedum,? 1? 116-7/19 jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmufzsuf
usL;vGefonfh &[ef;ESifh &[ef;rwdkYtm; tjypfjzpfonfudk jyjcif;udktmywfoifhonf[k ac:onf/ xkdtmywfonf trIBuD;-i,fudkvdkuf
oifha&mufaomtjypfvnf; 7-rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;udktmywf7-ckESpfrsKd;[kac:onf/ 4if;wkdYrSm (1) yg&mZdu (2) oHCm'daoo (3) xkvpnf; (4)ygpdwd, (5) yg#da'oed, (6) 'ku#f(7) 'kAmoD-wdkYjzpfonf/ t"dyg,ftjynhfpHkudkwdyd#utbd"mef? wJG4-u? pm-207? ESifh0de,yd#u? y&d0g&ygVd? pm-164? wdkYwGif ,lyg&ef/ 'ku#f\ t"dyg,ftjynfhpHkudkwdyd#utbd"meftwJG 10? pm-584 wGifMunfh&ef/
20 &[ef;awmfrsm;\ 0denf;aMumif;qdkif&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufNyD; tjrifESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;bufrSrdrdbmom qifjcif&rnfhtcsufjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfrsKd;rSm vl'um? 'umrrsm;taejzifh&[ef;awmfrsm;tay: IjrifoHk;oyf&rnfh tcsufjzpfygonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;twGufrSm]]&[ef;usifh0wf? wpfyg;cRwfu? vl ewf rBudKuf? uJh&JUxdkuf\}} [k
jzpfonf/ vlyk*dKvfrsm; Ijrif&rnfhtcsufrSm ]]&[ef;usifh0wf? wpfyg;wwfu? vlewfOD;cdkuf? ylaZmfxdkuf\}}[kjzpfonf/ refvnfq&mawmf\qHk;rpmjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;&ygonf/ rdrdjrif&rnfhbufu rjrifbJtjcm;wpfbufu jrifrdygu tusKd;rrsm;yJ tyg,fvm;&udef;&S dygonf/a,medaomreodum&-jzifhrSefuefpGm ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifMuzdkYjzpfonf/
32 t&SifOwrmeE
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21 okcH oHC omr* D? or*ge H wayg okacg/ ("ry'*gxm-194)/taMumif;t&mESifh qDavsmfatmif aumufEkwf wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
aumoru0wKvm *gxm (6)\ t"dyg,frSm ]]avmu vlrdkufwdkYonfigwdkYaoMuvdrhfrnf[k rodMuukef/ xdkrodrIaMumifh cdkuf&ef jiif;ckefrIwdkYonfrajyNidrf;EdkifMuukef/ avmu ynm&SdwdkYonfigwdkYaoMuvdrhfrnf[kodMuukef\/ xdkodrIaMumifhcdkuf&ef jiif;ckefrIwdkYonfajyNidrf;ukef\}}/ rl&if;ZmwfaMumif; tjynfhpHkudk rZdredum,f? 1? aumorD,okwf?
395-401/ ESifh "ry't|uxm? 1? 34-42?wdkYwGifMunfhyg&ef/22 0denf;ynwf&jcif;\ tusKd;q,fyg;rSm ]](1)oHCmawmfrsm;\ aumif;ygNyD[k
0efcHusifhoHk;&ef? (2) oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;omap&ef? (3) tusifhoDvazmufzsufolwdkYudkESdrfeif;&ef? (4) tusifhoDvudkcspfjrwfEdk;aom&[ef;wdkYcsrf;ompGmaeEdkif&ef? (5) rsufarSmufjzpfukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkYudkapmifhpnf;&ef? (6) aemifjzpfvwHUukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkYudky,f&Sm;&ef?(7) rMunfndKao;aom olwdkYudk MunfndKap&ef? (8) MunfndKNyD;aomolwdkYudkwdk; MunfndKap&ef? (9) olawmfaumif;w&m;jzpfaom ]omoemoHk;&yf} t&SnfwnfwHh&ef? (10) 0denf; ]pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk} csD;ajrmuf&ef(0de,yd#u? yg&mZdu@ygVd? 24)/
23 0d0g'H b,awm 'doGm? t0d0g'acrawm/ or*g ocdvm a[mx? {om
Ak'gEkomoeD(tyg'gef? 1? 7/ p&d,m? 2? 420)/24 rZdredum,f? 1? 181-195/ tv*'Lyrokwfudkyifq&mBuD; OD;a&Tatmif
u ol\ ]]ukodkvfESifhtukodkvf}} pm-12? ESifh]]Ak'0g' ay:xGef;jcif;}} pm-32? wdkYwGif ]]ukavmyrokwf}}[k oHk;EIef;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/rZdredum,f? rlvyPmoygVd? ygVdawmfpmydk'fa& 240? pmrsufESm 188
aemufqufwGJ&Sif;vif;csuf 33
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wGif &Sdonfh ukvLyr (ukv+Oyrm= azmifOyrm) qdkonfh pmydk'fudk&nfTef;NyD; ,if;odkYoHk;EIef;[ef&Sdygonf/
25 oH,kwedum,? 1? 235/ ck'uedum,? 0drme0wKygVd? 49/ tyg'geygVd? 2?11/ tbd"rmyd#u? uxm0wKygVd? 402/ rZdredum,f? Oy&dyPomygVd?'udem0db*Fokwf(395-300)wGifrdaxG;awmfa*gwrDu udk,fwdkif&ufvkyfxm;onfh ouFef;udkom;bk&m;udk,fwdkif0wfHkapvdkojzifhvSL'gef;&mwGifjrwfpGmbk&m;u oHCmawmftm; ay;vSL&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlcJhonf/
oHCmawmfudkvSL'gef;jcif;jzifh bk&m;&Sifudkvnf; vSL'gef;&ma&mufaMumif;rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/ odkYjzifh bk&m;&Sifonf oHCmawmftm; rdrdae&mrSmxm;yifcsD;ajrmufawmfrlcJhonf/
26 rZdredum,t|uxm? 4? 225/ rZdredum,#Dum? 2? 441/27 rZdredum,f? 2? 256/
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t&SifOwrmeEt&SifOwrmeEt&SifOwrmeEt&SifOwrmeEt&SifOwrmeE(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;
1/ pHjyKxdkufaomESvHk;om; 20092/ Essential Knowledge of English 2009
(uGefysLwmrl? oifwef;oHk;)3/ olwdkYavQmufaomvrf; 2010
4/Exam Guide For MA
(uGefysLwmrl? t*Fvdyf) 20105/ pepfwusrSm; 20116/ 0efESifh*kPf 20127/ Ak'pmayvmacgif;aqmifrIynmESifh
oabmw&m;rsm; 2013
8/ Ak'bmomESifhacwfopfurm (vufurf;pmtkyf) 20139/ aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyem
("rokw &o pmpkrsm;) 201310/ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f 201411/ wwd,&wem (odkYr[kwf) avmu\jynfhpHkjcif;
(vufurf;pmtkyf) 2014qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;
1/ Ak'bmomESifhEdkifiHa&;2/ rdk;udkqGwf EGHrSmepfol(vufurf;pmtkyf)
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