Thick and thin line techniqueImagine there is a spider on one of the surfaces of the 3D object. If he crawls onto another surface and you can still see him then that line should be thin. If he crawls onto the next surface and you can’t see him then that line should be thick.

All external lines = THICK

Used for an edge where only one surface can be seen

Most internal lines (but not always) = THIN

Used for an edge where both surfaces can be seen

By applying different TONES to a drawing you can make the object look more three dimensional

Using SHADING, LINES AND DOTS the closer you draw the lines or dots together or the harder you press the darker the TONE is

Curved surfaces, the amount of light reflected gets less as the surface turns away from the light source and therefore the tone you use needs to be darker. A HIGHLIGHT should be used, a white area, that is closest to the light source

You can use SHADOWS on drawings to increase the feeling of depth and to suggest the object is resting on a surface. A shadow will be an elongated shape of the object, it will be on the side furthest away from the light source and will be darker than the darkest tone on the object.

TONE = the various shades that can be produced from one different colour

SHADING = a technique used to show how light falls on an object

HIGHLIGHT = a bright area where light is reflected from the edge or surface of an object

SHADOW = a dark area formed when an object is in the way of rays of light

WOOD – drawing curved lines on the end to represent growth rings and straight lines on the sides to represent the grain. Use a combination of brown, yellow and orange

MATT METAL - a series of straight lines can create a hard effect, altering the distance between the lines gives lighter and darker tones.

CHROME METAL – reflections appear as high contrast areas of dark and light

TEXTURED PLASTIC – represented by drawing small, irregular shapes over the required area.

CONCRETE – represented by a series of dots and small irregular shapes

SHINY PLASTIC – draw a number of short parallel lines across the surface or shade the surface evenly and rub out wavy lines

GLASS AND CLEAR PLASTIC – shade the suface using a light blue pencil and then rub out areas to suggest reflections. Feint broken lines can be used to show details that can be seen through the glass or plastic.

RENDERING

COLOUR WHEEL

PRIMARY COLOURS

SECONDARY COLOURS

TERTIARY COLOURS

There are 6 tertiary colours which are made by mixing a primary and a secondary colour together.

Yellow-orange

Red-orange

Red-violet

Blue-violet

Blue-green

Yellow-green

CONTRASTING COLOURS

These are colours that are opposite each other on the colour wheel. Opposite colours create the maximum contrast with each other.

HARMONIOUS COLOURS

These are colours which sit next to each other on the colour wheel. These colours are in harmony with each other.

Tasks

1. Check yourself exam question page 107

2. Check yourself exam question page 134

3. Further practice at rendering and enhancement techniques