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1 „Children of War in Europe“ Berlin Seminar 6 12 August 2015 The V oices of Child Survivors By Fotini Patinari and Milena Tatalović Institute for deaf persons, Zagreb, just after the liberation from Jasenovac and Stara Gradiska camps (Photo: Museum of Genocide Victims Belgrade, personal fund of Dragoje Lukic)

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    „Children  of  War  in  Europe“  

Berlin  Seminar    

6  –  12  August  2015  

 

 

 The  Voices  of  Child  Survivors  

By  Fotini  Patinari  and  Milena  Tatalović      

                                                                               

       

   

Institute  for  deaf  persons,  Zagreb,  just  after  the  liberation  from  Jasenovac  and  Stara  Gradiska  camps  (Photo:  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade,  personal  fund  of  Dragoje  Lukic)  

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Voices  of  Hidden  Children    

                                           ID  card  of  the  mother  of  Rosina  Pardo    (Photo:  Jewish  Museum  of  Greece)  

   

     “What  stands  out  about  that  time  was  the   total   silence”   –   Rosina,   hidden  Jewish  child  in  Thessaloniki  

   

“When  you  are  shut  up,  you  count  time  in   days   […].   Every   day   we   remained  hidden  was  a  victory  for  life  over  death.  And   every   day   became   priceless”   –Rosina,   hidden   Jewish   child   in  Thessaloniki  

         “We  were  afraid  even  to  utter  our  name”  –  Rosina,  hidden  Jewish  child  in  Thessaloniki  

   

Children  during  the  Occupation    “Everything  was  black,  especially  the  future.  Even  as  a  child  everything  was  clear  to  me:  the  Nazis  and  the  Fascists  were  here  and  victory  was  over  there”  –  Raul,  Jewish  child  survivor  from  Serbia        

Life  in  Concentration  Camps    “We  were  transformed  into  numbers.  My  parents  used  to  call  me   Jackito.   There,   I   was   number   115,003”   –  Yaacov,   Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  transferred  to  Auschwitz          “I   was   completely   alone.   From   my   neighborhood,   from   my  school,   from  my   family,   from   the   people   I   knew   there   was  nobody  left.  Alone  and  frustrated  I  wanted  to  kill  myself”  –    Yaacov,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz    

In  some  of  the  Ustasha  camps    (Photo:  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  

Belgrade,  personal  fund  of  Dragoje  Lukic)  

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“A  piece  of  bread  was  the  measure  for  everything.  It  was  a  kind  of  camp  currency  for  the  most  primitive  kind  of  trade”  –    Raul,  Jewish  child  survivor  from  Serbia  

         

“I  will  never  forget  how  this  soup  looked  and  tasted  like”  –  Yaacov,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz  

                   One  of  the  transports  to  Ustasha  camps            (Photo:  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims            Belgrade,  personal  fund  of  Dragoje  Lukic)      ”There   is   something   that   is   still   nailed  onto  my  memory:   I  endured  Jasenovac’s  sunbath.   Do   you   know   what   that   is?  They  made  us  kids  to   lay  on  the  ground  on  a  very  hot  day,  and  forced  us  to  look  in   a   sun.  We  had   to   look   in   the   sun   for  hours  until  they  got  bored  and  let  us  go.  Of   course   our   skin   would   get   sun  burned”  –  Danica,  Serbian   child   survivor  of  Ustasha  camps    ”I  don`t  know  for  how  long  we  stayed  in  Sisak.  We  had  cardboard  cards  with  our  number  around  our  necks,  but  some  of  the  little  children  ate  their  cards.  I  always  put  those  cards  behind  my  little  sisters’  back  so  they  would  not    eat  their  own  card;  this  helped  us  to  remember  our  name  and  last  name”  –  Danica,  Serbian  child  survivor  of  Ustasha  camps            

In  some  of  the  Ustasha  camps    (Photo:  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade,  personal  fund  of  

Dragoje  Lukic)  

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Children’s  memories  and  aftermath                                                              

Stare  sajmiste  camp  in  2015  Belgrade   Jaseonovac  Memorial  Today  (Photo:  Aleksandar  Antic)   (Photo:  Bojan  Djokic)  

 “The  picture  of  Birkenau  at  that  time  still  haunts  me  in  my  dreams”  –  Erika,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz    “The   days   and   the   years   went   by.   The   years   in  Auschwitz   remain   hidden   in   my   mind”   –   Erika,  Jewish   child   from   Thessaloniki   deported   to  Auschwitz    “I   had   to   live,   to   find  myself,   to   found  a   family.   I  was  thinking  that  I  should  leave  everything  behind  nothing  changes  anyway”  –  Erika,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz    “We  told  our  story  immediately,  but  people  did  not  want   to   hear   it”   –  Heinz  Dario,   Jewish   child   from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz  

                                 

Memorial  in  Sisak  today  (Photo:  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade)  

 “Why  did  I  survive  but  so  many  others  did  not?  -­‐  Erika,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz  

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                                                     Dachau  concentration  camp,  2014    

(Photo:  Fotini  Patinari)  

             “After   years   of   silence   and   not  talking  and   feeling   like   it  was   not  allowed   to   talk   about   the  humiliation   we   suffered   at   the  concentration   camps,   everything  inside   me   changed;   One   day  everything  came  out,  all  that  I  had  buried”   Yaacov,   Jewish   child   from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz    “And  so  I  failed  to  find  my  father’s  grave   in  Germany   [after   the  war].  There   were   no   graves   during   the  Holocaust”   –   Raul,   Jewish   child  survivor  from  Serbia  

   “I  say  that  I`m  a  loser  of  both  wars.  At  first,  the  Second  World  War  took  my  childhood  and  the  Yugoslavian  war  took  my  old  age...”  -­‐  Danica,  Serbian  child  survivor  of  Ustasha  camps    “For  a  long  time  in  my  life,  I  always  wondered  and  had  a  feeling  that  someone  played  an  important  part  in  my  rescue  in  1942,  but  I  did  not  know  who  it  was.  I  had  a  feeling  that  I  would  owe  my  life  to  someone.”  –  Milan,  Serbian  child  survivor  of  Ustasha  camps  

 “I  do  not  hate  them  anymore  for  doing  all  these  things.  I  hate  only  those  who  try  to  imitate  them”  –  Rosina,  hidden  Jewish  child  in  Thessaloniki    “I  will  not  narrate  everything  that  I  experienced  in  the  concentration  camp.  Not  even  the  paper  can  handle  it.  I  don’t  want  people  to  lose  their  fate  in  god  and  humanity”  –  Yaacov,  Jewish  child  from  Thessaloniki  deported  to  Auschwitz                        

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Sources   All  the  information  and  quotes  used  in  our  article  and  pdf  files  come  from  the  following  sources.  In  case  you  are  more  interested  in  the  subject,  feel  free  to  check  them  out.    Written  Sources    Asser-­‐Pardo,  Rosina  (2008).  548  Days  with  another  Name.  Thessaloniki:  Gavriilidis  (in  Greek).  Central.  Handali,  Yaacov  (1995).  From  the  White  Tower  to  Auschwitz.  Thessaloniki:  Paratiritis  (in  Greek;  also  

available  in  English).  Historical  Museum  of  Serbia  (2015).  Final  Destination  Auschwitz  –  catalogue  of  the  exhibition.  Belgrade  

(In  Serbian;  also  available  in  English).  Israeli  Board  of  Greece  (2008).  Young  People  in  the  Maelstrom  of  Occupied  Greece.  The  Persecution  and  

Holocaust  of  Jewish  People  1943–1944.  Athens:  Central  Israeli  Board  of  Greece  (in  Greek;  also  available  in  English).  

Jasenovac  Fifth  International  Conference  (2011).  System  of  concentration  camps  and  execution  sites  of  Croatian  government  for  extermination  of  Serbs,  Jews  and  Roma  in  Second  World  War  –  collection  of  works,  Association  “Jasenovac-­‐Donja  Gradina”.  Banja  Luka  (in  Serbian).  

Jasenovac  Sixth  International  Conference  (2014).  Genocide  and  crimes  of  Independent  State  of  Croatia  against  Serbian,  Jewish  and  Roma  population  in  the  Second  World  War  –  Collection  of  Announcments  and  Memories,  Association  “Jasenovac-­‐Donja  Gradina”.  Banja  Luka  (in  Serbian).  

Jewish  Museum  of  Greece  (20072).  Hidden  Children  in  Occupied  Greece.  An  Exhibition  of  the  Jewish  Museum  of  Greece,  29  September  2003  –  28  February  2005.  Athens:  Jewish  Museum  of  Greece  (in  Greek  and  English).  

Kounio,  Heinz-­‐Slavator  (1981).  I  lived  death.  The  diary  of  the  number  109565.  Bloch  Pub  Co.  Kounio-­‐Amariglio,  Erika  (1996).  50  years  after  …  Memories  of  a  Salonican  Jewish  Woman.  Thessaloniki:  

Paratiritis  (in  Greek;  also  available  in  English  and  in  German).  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade  Annual  –  a  thematic  issue  (2008).  The  parent  of  mown  

generations.  Belgrade  (in  Serbian).  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade  Annual  –  a  thematic  issue  (2012).  Research  and  memorialisation  

of  genocide  and  war  crimes  –  collection  of  works.  Belgrade  (in  Serbian).  Nazi  camps.  Thessaloniki:  Dodoni  (in  Greek;  also  available  in  English).  Ristovic,  Milan  (2010).  "Jews  in  Serbia  during  world  war  two".  In  Milan  Ristovic  and  Milan  Fogel,  

Righteous  among  the  Nations  –  Serbia,  Jewish  Community,  Zemun  (in  Serbian  and  English).  Saltiel,  David  (2011,  30  October).  To  Intensify  the  Attempts  of  Enhancing  the  Memory.  Macedonia,  pp.  

2/26  (in  Greek).  The  Jewish  Historical  Museum,  Federation  of  Jewish  Communities  in  Yugoslavia  (2006).  We  survived.  

Belgrade  (In  Serbian;  also  available  in  English).    Multimedia  Sources    Interview  with  Amariglio,  Erika-­‐Myriam  (2007).  Videoarchive  ‘Sprechen  trotz  allem’.  Foundation  

Memorial  for  the  Murdered  Jews  of  Europe  (in  German),  available  in:  http://sprechentrotzallem.de/  [retrieved  20  July  2015].  

Interview  with  Kounio,  Heinz-­‐Salvator  (2009).  Videoarchive  ‘Sprechen  trotz  allem’.  Foundation  Memorial  for  the  Murdered  Jews  of  Europe  (in  German),  available  in:  http://sprechentrotzallem.de/  [retrieved  20  July  2015].  

Interview  with  Praštalo,  Danica  (2012).  Authors  Nada  Ljubić  and  Dušan  Gavrilović  for  Jasenovac  memorial  Youtube  channel  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f28TI7k_-­‐vo  and  http://serbianholocaust.org/index.html  (In  Serbian)  [retrieved  2  August  2015].  

Loules,  Vassilis  (director)  (2012).  Kisses  to  the  Children  [Documentary  Film].  Greece:  Massive  Productions  and  Greek  Film  Centre  Productions  (in  Greek  with  English  subtitles).  

Memorial  site  Jasenovac,  An  individualized  list  of  the  victims  KCL  Jasenovac  1941–1945  http://www.jusp-­‐jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=6284  [retrieved  27  July,  2015].  

Photos  Special  gratitude  to  the  Museum  of  Genocide  Victims  Belgrade  for  providing  photos  from  Dragoje  Lukic  fund  and  permission  for  publishing.