thesis vehicle arm.docx

7/21/2019 thesis vehicle arm.docx

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ABBREVIATIONS

MCU-Microcontroller Unit.

LCD-Liquid Crystal Display

UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter.

MC- Microcontroller.

IC- Interated Circuit.

R!M- Read !nly Memory.

RAM- Random Access Memory.

R"- Radio "requency.

#$%- #lo&al $ositionin %ystem.

#%M- #lo&al %ystem 'or Mo&ile

(M)A- (ational Marine )lectronics Association.

L"C%$- Lead "rame Chip %cale $ac*ae.

%$DT- %inle $ole Dou&le Thro+.

DC- Direct Current.

C$U- Central $rocessin Unit.

ID) , Interated Development )nvironment.


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ABSTRACT

ireless technoloy has utterly remodeled the method. +e have a tendency to live in today s

+orld virtually each automo&ile vehicle operates arduous 'unctions durin a +ire a''iliation.

Commutation a +ired re'erence to +ireless a''iliation miht s+ay &e productive in economic

senses &ecause it can have an impression on the &urden value and per'ormance. durin this

proect I propose a +ireless net+or* to +hich can manae !verall Tra''ic Manaement system

and alternative 'unctions +ithin the vehicle. The sho+ unit is &e'ore o' the motive 'orce

practicality inter'ace on the dash&oard initially enclosed the hand+heel and there'ore the

instrument cluster. The instrument cluster contains a num&er o' the sensors li*e Temperature #as

Respiration and stress and alternative telltale. the most o&ective o' the proected system to style a

+ireless instrument cluster to +or* the vehicle in sa'e speed at essential 0ones victimisation varied

sensors and 1))) 234.15.6 customary +ireless module. ireless communication &et+een the

vehicle &ody manaement unit and instrument cluster unit 'or indicate the vehicle practicality o'

the vehicle device unit used 'or sa'e distance activity "or %imulation purpose the 7ehicle unit

ta*es into account as ARM controller unit and there'ore the instrument cluster hard+are is

intended +ith A7R controller 'or inter'acin and style a practical method o' the vehicle this

proposed system ives economical Tra''ic Manaement %ystem +ithin +hich the tra''ic sinal

'unctionin can 'lip as automo&ile or emerency vehicle moves to+ards instrument cluster..

Keywords: ARM-L$C4162 LCD Display L)D % Meters &u00er I)) 234.15.6

8A7R9ATM)#A:42 %tandardTemprature sensor.


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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :

)m&edded systems are desined to try and do some speci'ic tas* instead o' &ein a eneral

purpose $C 'or multiple tas*s. %ome even have real-time per'ormance constraints that have ot to

&e met 'or a reason li*e sa'ety and value. !thers could have lo+ or no per'ormance necessities

permittin the system hard+are to &e simpli'ied to scale &ac* prices. ireless communication has

&ecome a crucial 'eature 'or industrial product and a +ell-li*ed analysis topic at intervals the last

13 years. Their ar currently additional porta&le su&scriptions than +ired-line su&scriptions. Lately

one space o' economic interest has &een ine;pensive lo+-po+er and short-distance +ireless

communication used 'or net+or*s.< Technoloy advancements are providin smaller and

additional price e''ective devices 'or roup action procedure process +ireless communication and

a &unch o' alternative 'unctionalities. These em&edded communications devices are oin to &e

interated into applications startin 'rom independent aency to &usiness automation and

o&servation. they=re oin to conointly chane custom tailored enineerin solutions ma*in a

revolutionary means o' di''usin and process in'o. ith ne+ technoloies and devices return ne+

&usiness activities and also the +ould li*e 'or +or*ers in these technoloical areas. )nineers

orld >ealth !rani0ation have in'ormation o' em&edded systems and +ireless communications

are oin to &e in hih demand. sadly their are 'e+ lova&le environments o&taina&le 'or

development and room use there'ore students typically don=t study these technoloies throuhout

active science la& e;ercises. The communication mediums +ere t+isted try optical 'i&er in'rared

and usually +ireless radio.


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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT? There is a 'orce'ul increase +ithin the rane o'

vehicles in currently that conointly cause a steep rise +ithin the rane o' accidents +ith lots o'

individuals losin their lives. As per the Commission 'or +orld Road %a'ety 843149 road vehicle

accidents *ill A( calcula&le one.: million individuals and inure 'i'ty million individuals each

year lo&ally and also the +orld road 'atalities square measure 'orecast to succeed in one.@

million &y 4343. Indias road accidents record 1B $" o' the +orlds road accident deaths +hereas

harat has ust one o' the +orlds road vehicles. these days road tra''ic inuries square measure

one in all the leadin causes o' deaths disa&ilities and hospitali0ations +ith severe socioeconomic

prices across the planet. it=s &ecause o' the rise +ithin the rane o' vehicles +hile not a 'uture

increase +ithin the road 'acilities needed 'or it. In most o' the accident cases the victims lose their

lives o+in to the inaccessi&ility o' medical 'acilities at the proper time. In massive corporations

+ith an outsi0ed rane o' vehicles the drives use the corporate vehicle seven 'or his or her o+n

'unctions and impact a loss to the company. to resolve issues li*e these this proect came into

e;istence.

This proect is especially +ant to et the position o' the emerency vehicle &y the o+ner or can

also &e utili0ed in the eneral pu&lic transportation &y the individuals to understand the situation o'

the &uses or trains. ust in case o' any accidents the system sends machine-driven messaes to the

pre- prorammed num&ers. +e +ill send messaes to any rane o' mo&ile. The o+ner o' the

vehicle police to clear the tra''ic car to save lots o' the individuals +ill &e +ise &y this device.This uses a +ireless system to understand the precise position o' the vehicle +ith A( accuracy o'

many 'etor is employed to receive in'ormation 'rom the user and reply the position o' the vehicle

throuh an R" Module A Microcontroller 8MC9 is employed to reulate and co-ordinate all the

elements utili0ed in the system. !nce there=s any accident all the sensors square measure triered

and its sends sinal to the meacycle per second. The meacycle per second processes the input

and sends the suita&le output per the prorammin done. the most idea durin this style is

introducin the ood in'ormation +or* and R" Technoloies into the em&edded system. The

desined unit is incredi&ly straiht'or+ard ampE lo+ value. the +holly desined unit is on as

sinle chip.

The instrument cluster contains control system position li'e &elt red liht par*in-&ra*e

enaement red liht and. There miht also &e indicators. >eatin and ventilation controls and

vents lihtin controls A compartment is usually situated on the passener=s aspect. There miht


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also &e A( receptacle and an initer +hich may ive an in'luence outlet 'or alternative lo+-

tension appliances.

American automo&ile ma*ers and their imitators desined unusually-shaped instruments on a

dash&oard laden +ith chrome and clear plastic that miht &e less clear ho+ever +as typically

thouht to &e additional 'ashiona&le. dayliht may cause a &riht lare on the chrome nota&ly 'or

a converti&le. ith the approachin o' the unction recti'ier in shopper natural philosophy some

ma*ers used instruments +ith diital readouts to 'orm their cars seem additional up to no+

ho+ever this has liht 'rom o&servin. %ome automo&iles use a head-up sho+ to proect the speed

o' the car onto the +indshield in imitation o' a 'ihter ho+ever in a very +ay less complicated

sho+.

In recent years spurred on &y the ro+in a'termar*et use o' dash *its several automa*ers have

ta*en the initiative to 'eature additional rhetorical parts to their dash&oards. !ne distinuished

e;ample o' this is o'ten the Chevrolet %onic that o''ers each e;terior 8e.. a custom raphics

pac*ae9 and interior cosmetic uprades. ma*ers li*e >onda Toyota and Mercedes-en0 have

enclosed 'uel economy aues in some instrument clusters sho+in 'uel mileae in real time. The

meter +as the aue o' selection 'or o&servance the state o' the charin system till the (ineteen

%eventies. Later it had &een replaced &y the meter. these days most 'amily vehicles have +arnin

lihts rather than voltmeters or pressure level aues in their dash&oard instrument clusters tho=

sports cars typically have correct aues 'or per'ormance 'unctions and driver calmin. The

Fiee net+or* layer natively supports each star and tree net+or*s and eneric Mesh net+or*in.

each net+or* should have one orani0er device tas*ed +ith its creation the manaement o' its

parameters and &asic maintenance. inside star net+or*s the orani0er should &e the central node.

each tree and meshes ena&le the employment o' Fiee routers to increase communication at the

net+or* level. Fiee &uilds on the physical layer and media access manaement outlined in

I))) customary 234.15.6 'or lo+ rate. The speci'ication includes 'our 'urther *ey components?

net+or* layer application layer Fiee device o&ects 8FD!s9 and manu'acturer-de'ined

application o&ects +hich permit 'or personali0ation and 'avor total interation. FD!s square

measure ans+era&le 'or a variety o' tas*s toether +ith *eepin 7ehicle trailin system main aim

is to convey %ecurity to any or all vehicles. The accident alert system main aim is to rescue

individuals in accidents. this is o'ten improved security systems 'or vehicles. the ne+est li*e #$%

square measure e;tremely help'ul currently days this technique allo+s the o+ner to +atch and


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trac* his vehicle and determine vehicle movement and its past activities o' auto.

This ne+ technoloy popularly re'erred to as vehicle trailin %ystems that created several +onders

+ithin the security o' the vehicle. This hard+are is 'itted onto the vehicle in such a 'ashion that it=s

not visi&le to anyone >! is +ithin or outside o' the vehicle. There'ore it=s used as a covert unit

that unendinly or &y any interrupt to the system sends the situation in'ormation to the o&servance

unit. once the vehicle is ta*en the situation in'ormation 'rom the trainin system +ill &e +ont to

reali0e the situation and may learn to police 'or additional action. %ome 7ehicle trailin %ystem

+ill even o&serve unauthori0ed movements o' the vehicle and so alert the o+ner. this o''ers a rip

over alternative items o' technoloy 'or an equivalent purpose. This accident alert system in it

detects the accident and also the location o' the accident occurred and sends #$% coordinates to

the required mo&ile $C etc.

11 Ve!"#$e Tr%#&"'( Fe%)*res

It is in the main pro'it 'or the &usinesses that square measure supported transport system. %ince it

+ill sho+ the position o' all vehicles in real time so they=ll produce the e;pected in'ormation

consequently. These trailin system +ill store the 'ull in'ormation +herever the vehicle had one

+herever did it stop +hat proportion time it ta*e at each stop and may produce +hole in'ormation

analysis. it=s conointly employed in &uses and trains to estimate ho+ever so much square measure

they +hat proportion time it ta*es 'or them to come &ac* to a speci'ic stop. These systems square

measure accustomed in'ormation capture in'ormation storae in'ormation analysis and eventually

in'ormation trans'er.

1+ A##"de') A$er) Sys)e, Fe%)*res

This system relies on ne+ technoloy its main purpose is to siht associate deree accident and

conscious o' the room there'ore the victim +ill reali0e some 'acilitate. It +ill siht accidents theintensity o' the accident +ith none visual contact 'rom the room. I' this method is inserted in each

vehicle then it=s simple to rasp +hat percentae vehicles area unit concerned in an e;ceedinly

e;plicit accident and the +ay intense is it. in order that the assistance 'rom the room is consistent

+ith the room. the current &oard desined has each vehicle trailin and accident alert systems that


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&uild it a lot o' valua&le and help'ul. This &oard alerts the United %tates o' America 'rom thievery

and on accident detection additionally. This device detects heart accidents additionally &y puttin

heart detector in one amon the interrupt pins.

1 Us%(e o. )r%#&"'( "' I'd"%

Trac*in in an Asian country is especially employed &y transport systems ta;i 'irms tra''ic

operators. Ta;i operators use this to estimate ho+ever +ay the vehicle is 'rom a selected space and

send this data to decision centers and that they +ill in'orm eneral pu&lic reardin the ap o' the

ta;i location and time it ta*es tom return to them. Another use is 'or tra''ic police i' this technique

is 'ound in each vehicle they +ill estimate the tra''ic &y rec*onin on the map and i' any accident

is detected then they +ill route the tra''ic into a di''erent approach. Gthis isHthis is o'tenHthis +ill

&e ho+ever 'ollo+in is &ene'icial as a result o' Asian country is one amon &usy tra''ic

countries and this technique can manaement several o' the tra''ic issues.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

ireless communication has trans'erred the in'o &et+een 4 or additional points that aren=t

connected &y an associate electrical conductor. ireless communication can play a serious role in

economical vehicle manaement systems a completely di''erent variety o' +ireless

communication technique ar ave &elo+ that ar vehicle to vehicle communication vehicle to

in'rastructure communication intervehicle communication "or transmission a *no+lede &et+een

the vehicle +ith the assistance o' various protocol 'or dominant the in'o loss. In my proected

system o''er the loo* o' +ireless instrument clusterE I))) 234.15.6 commonplace is employed 'or

*no+lede transmission "rames air the essential unit o' in'ormation transport o' that their ar 'our

&asic sorts 8data ac*no+ledment &eacon and raincoat command 'rames9 +hich ive an

a''orda&le trade-o'' &et+een simplicity and lustiness. in addition a super'rame structure outlined

&y the oraniser is also used durin +hich case 4 &eacons act as its limits and supply

synchroni0ation to di''erent devices additionally as con'iuration in'o. A super'rame consists o'

si;teen equal-lenth slots +hich may &e more divided into an eneretic hal' associated an inactive


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hal' throuhout that the oraniser miht enter po+er savin mode not +antin to manaement its

net+or*. inside super'rames rivalry happens &et+een their limits and is resolved &y C%MA/CA.

each transmission should 'inish &e'ore the arrival o' the second &eacon.


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B$o#& D"%(r%,:

"iure#eneral loc* Diaram

/ITERATURE REVIE0

Database

Unit

GSM/xbee

Modem

GSM

Modem/Xbee

Sensor4

Sensor3

Sensor2

User Mobile

Display

Device

Arm

Microcontroller

Sensor1

Load


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In Md. A&dus %amad Jamalet alK1 this paper presents a vehicle drivin system in an e;ceedinly

model prophetic manaement 'rame+or* that e''ectively improves tra''ic 'lo+. The vehicle

drivin system reulates sa'e intervehicle distance &eneath the 'inite drivin torsion condition &y

predictin the precedin tra''ic. It additionally 'ocuses on assuain the impact o' &rea*in on the

vehicles that 'ollo+ that helps electronic ammin +aves attenuate to +ithin the tra''ic.It is

ascertained that the system alleviates conestion-'ormin phenomena 'rom the tra''ic and

improves the tra''ic 'lo+ &y solely dominant one vehicle. %ince the sensi&le vehicle considera&ly

attenuates the electronic ammin +aves the 'lo+ o' vehicles +ithin the 'ollo+in tra''ic &ecomes

slee* thus +ould li*e some strin sta&ility.

In Ru&ini.R et al K4 proected a system has associate alertin recordin and ne+s system 'or over

speed violationmanaement. The Fi&ee transmitter sends the speed limited the actual lane entered

&y the vehicle and additionally ives alerts li*e road +or*sN steep slopesN school 0oneN in the

sort o' acoustic messaes and additionally in LCD. The receiver unit placed +ithin the vehicle

receives the messaes and sends to the microcontroller. once speed o' the vehicle nears the

ordinance it displays the +arnin and i' e;ceeds the limit the microcontroller records the pro'aned

speed and time. The LCD displays the lane ordinance and sho+s the num&er o' times speed +as

pro'aned. A #%M module sends messaes to the closest tra''ic personnel directly once a violation

happens. the associate enuine device is additionally provided +hich can &e operated solely &y

the tra''ic police in +hom he can retrieve the in'o hold on at any time. The increase in the count o'

violation +ill increase the penalty quantity that can &e collected in toll ates placed near.

In ".$arve0 Ahmed et al K: this paper specialises in uni'yin the +orld $ositionin system +ith

em&edded +ireless system is that the ne+ approaches in intellient vehicle manaement 'or

essential remote location application mistreatment ARM. In the standard system they=re desined

to reulate the speed o' vehicles all told days. the most o&ective o' the proected system is to

control the vehicle in sa'e speed at essential 0ones. the &ottom station havin the transmitter that is

intended 'or "M 8"M9 the receiver hal' is en'orced in 7ehicle. The ARM processor is en'orced at

receiver aspect that receives the essential 'requency and then it=s activated in essential mode.

%peed manaement Driver 8%CD9 may &e customi0ed to suit into a vehicle s dash&oard and


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displays in'o on the vehicle. !nce the data is received it mechanically alerts the motive 'orce to

cut &ac* the speed in *eepin +ith the time and 0one. The novel system is en'orced +ith the

support o' em&edded processor and also the simulation is achieved throuh Jeil C computer code

and results area unit mentioned.

In #ummare*ula %atti&a&u K: et al this paper descri&es the advancement +ithin the processor

technoloy and microcontrollers has opened a replacement system desined to 'orestall the

accidents caused &ecause o' the nelience o' drivers in seein tra''ic sinals a&oard the road and

di''erent anomalies on the roads. thus to intimate the motive 'orce concernin the 0ones and to

mechanically maintain the speed is accomplished &y means that R" technoloy. the most o&ective

is to style associate )lectronic Display manaement led meant 'or vehicle s speed control and

monitors the 0ones that runs on associate em&edded system and miht &e customi0ed to suit into a

vehicle s dash&oard to sho+ in'o on the vehicle. this method i' adopted &y some state +ill

e''ectively cut &ac* the quantity o' road accidents caused &y rushin vehicles losin manaement

o' the vehicle at speed &rea*ers or &y driver s nelience to+ards tra''ic sinals. This paper

presents a replacement style to reulate the speed o' the cars at distant places 'or mounted time.

In %unil R. Jate et al K5Road accidents may &e prevented &y adoptin measures li*e Tra''ic

manaement risin quality o' road in'rastructure and sa'er vehicles. the present techniques still

does t ready to cut &ac* the quantity o' accidents. thence there=s a requirement to implement

Intellient %peed Adaptation 8I%A9 Gin thatHdurin +hichH+ithin +hich vehicles speed may &e

mechanically controlled &y numerous limit techniques +hich area unit supported 0ones hih+ay

tra''ic density etc. durin this analysis +or* it proposes automatic speed system supported color

strips 'or road road and also the roads +herever the speed manaement at intervals limit is needed.

several color sensors area unit ready to siht over one color 'or multiple color sortin applications.

loo*in on the sophistication o' the detector it may &e prorammed to ac*no+lede ust one color

or multiple color sorts or shades 'or sortin operations. The methodoloy e;plains that a numerous

color strips area unit mar*ed on road road or the roads +herever the speed manaement at

intervals limit is needed and the vehicle can have a color sensor hoo*ed up +hich can

ac*no+lede the colour mar*ed on the road road and consequently maintain the vehicles speed in


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this speci'ic limit. durin this developed system the colour police +or* detector o' speci'ic

intensity is employed to activate/deactivate the system o' speed manaement at intervals the

colour strips mar*ed on the road. In actual o&serve the system +or*s that once vehicle enter in

speed limitin roads li*e e;press,hih method hih method and the other roads +herever the

ordinance is needed etc. the vehicle detector siht the colour to activate the system and send the

sinals to proramma&le )U/MCU and also the proramma&le )CU /MCU controls the position

o' throttle valve/'uel pump/motor that end in dominant the speed o' enine at iven limit. once the

system activated then our vehicle is controlled at iven restricted speed or &elo+ that limitin

speed and can=t e;ceed on the 'ar side that limit until successive color strip crossed. This reduces

the road accidents and ets drivin com'ort 'or the motive 'orce once implementation o' this

automatic speed system.


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B%#&(ro*'d

HARD0ARE REUIREMENTS

L$C 4162 Development oard

4. ADC

:. LCD 84O1B9

6. D-@ ca&le

5. %ensors

Rs4:4- MAO4:4

P #%M Modem8R%4:4 &ased9

P #$% Modem

P Q214/Q235 voltae reulators 'or po+er supply

P $o+er supply circuit

P Temperature %ensor8LM:59

P Accelerometer %ensor8ADOL::39

P L4@:D Driver IC.

P DC motor :.: %C>AMATIC DIA#RAM


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/PC +123 De4e$o5,e') Bo%rd:

L$C 4162 Development oard K4 is a developmental tool &ased on L$C 4162 ARMQTDMI

microcontroller +ith 514J on-chip memory. It is suita&le 'or developin applications +hich

require hih speed data communication real time cloc* 'or data chec*in etc.

The ARMQTDMI-% is a eneral purpose :4-&it microprocessor +hich provides hih per'ormance

and uses very lo+ po+er. It uses Reduced Instruction %et Computin 8RI%C9 principles in its

architecture +hich is much more simple and po+er'ul than those Comple; Instruction %et

Computin 8CI%C9. ARM uses pipeline technique to e;ecute instructions +hich o''ers hih

per'ormance very lo+ po+er consumption and less silicon die area. The ARMQ three stae

pipeline has independent 'etch e;ecute and decode staes. The development &oard has 63 J

static RAM and 514 J o' in &uilt 'lash memory. It supports In-%ystem $rorammin/In-

Application $rorammin 8I%$/IA$9 +ith the help o' a &oot loader so't+are already present in it.

It has t+o :4-&it timers/counters one $M unit 8si; outputs9 and a +atchdo t+o 13-&it ADCs

+hich can &e used 'or 16 analo inputs and one 13- &it DAC +hich ive varia&le analo output. It

also 'eatures a lo+ po+ered real time cloc* +ith :4 *>0 cloc* input. !n the top o' all it has 53 pin

e;pansion header +hich provides 'or up to 65 o' eneral purpose I/! pins 837-579. esides all

these 'eatures this &oard also provides devices such as L)Ds u00er IR receiver user s+itches

and a 1BO4 LCD 'or display.


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4. :7 cell holder 'or RTC

:. UART1 D@ connector

6. UART3 D@ connector

5. 53-pin e;pansion header

B. 4O5 TA# header

Q. @-147 AC/DC soc*et

2. !(/!"" slide s+itch

@. oot loader s+itch

13. Microcontroller reset s+itch

11. U% connector -type


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14. umpers 'or LCD inter'ace

1:. umpers 'or %+itches

16. umpers 'or Trimpots

15. umpers 'or u00er and IR Receiver

1B. umpers 'or L)Ds

1Q. umpers 'or selection &et+een UART1 and O&ee

12. umpers 'or %$I , %D/MMC inter'ace

1@. umpers 'or I4C ))$R!M

43. %D/MMC card soc*et

41. 1BO4 character LCD

44. "our user s+itches


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4:. T+o trimpots connected to ADC

46. "our user L)Ds

45. u00er

4B. T%!$1Q:2 IR Receiver

4Q. O&ee module inter'ace

42. UL(433: driver side header

4@. L4@:D o/p header

:3. umpers 'or UL(433:


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"iure?pin con'iuration o' lpc4162 K4

P"' Des#r"5)"o'


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P66 )o P61- Por) 6: $ort 3 is a :4-&it I/! port +ith one direction controls 'or each &it. 42 pins

o' the $ort 3 can &e used as a eneral purpose &i-directional I/!s +hile $3.:1 provides output

'unctions only. The operation o' port 3 pins depends upon the pin 'unction selected via the pin

connect &loc*. $ins $3.46 $3.4B and $3.4Q are not availa&le 'or use.

$1.3 to $1.:1-$ort 1? $ort 1 is a :4-&it &i-directional I/! port +ith one direction controls 'or each

&it. The operation o' port 1 pins is decided &y the pin 'unction selected via the pin connect &loc*.

$ins 3 throuh 15 o' port 1 are not availa&le 'or use.

RESET:A L! on this pin resets the device +hich causes I/! ports and peripherals to return to

their de'ault states.

7TA/1:Input to the oscillator circuit and internal cloc* enerator circuits.

7TA/+: !utput 'rom the oscillator ampli'ier.

RTC71:Input to the RTC oscillator circuit. It can &e le't 'loatin i' the RTC is not used.

RTC7+:!utput 'rom the RTC oscillator circuit. It can &e le't 'loatin i' the RTC is not used.

VSS:8#round9 3 7 re'erence

VSSA:8Analo #round9 3 7 re'erence. This should technically &e the same voltae as 7%% &ut

should &e separated to minimi0e noise and error. This pin must &e rounded i' the ADC/DAC are

not used.

VDD::.: 7 $o+er %upply? This is the po+er supply voltae 'or the core and I/! ports.

VDDA:Analo :.: 7 $o+er %upply? This should technically &e the same voltae as 7DD &ut

should &e separated to minimi0e noise and error. This voltae is used to po+er the ADC8s9 and

DAC 8+here availa&le9. This pin must &e tied to 7DD +hen the ADC/DAC is not used.

VREF:A/D Converter Re'erence? This should technically &e the same voltae as 7DD &ut

should &e separated to minimi0e noise and error. Level on this pin is used as a re'erence 'or A/D

convertor and DAC 8+here availa&le9. This pin must &e tied to 7DD +hen the ADC/DAC are not

used.


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VBAT:RTC $o+er %upply? A :.: 7 on this pin supplies the po+er to the RTC.

8PIO %'d )!e e95%'s"o' !e%der

The #$I! pins can &e used 'or drivin L)D% readin diital sinal eneratin triers 'or

e;ternal components controllin e;ternal devices and +hat not. L$C-4162 has t+o :4-&it +ide

#$I! ports. In L$C-4162 MCUs most o' the $I(% are multiple;ed i.e. these pins can &e

con'iured to provide di''erent 'unctions. All pins o' the ports on L$C-4162 microcontroller can

&e accessed +ith the help o' the 53 pin main e;pansion header. The e;pansion header ena&les the

user to inter'ace e;ternal peripherals/devices to L$C-4162 microcontroller. It is also has a :.:7

supply +hich can &e utili0ed to po+er e;ternal devices. To use the e;pansion header it is

necessary to disconnect the peripherals connected to these pins &y removin the umpers +hich

lin*s these pins to the peripherals. The e;pansion header is sho+n &elo+. K4

"iure 1.:? #$I! pin description

ADC


22/70

The main pro&lem in inter'acin sensors li*e LM:5 or pro;imity sensor is that they provide

analo voltae outputs dependin on the physical quantity that they are desined to measure. A

microcontroller ho+ever ta*es only diital inputs. They can di''erentiate in only hih level or lo+

level pin. "or e;ample an input more than 4.57 is ta*en as 1 and input less than 4.57 is ta*en as

3. To solve this microcontrollers have &uilt-in ADCs +hich convert the analo voltae in a diital

'orm. This helps us to inter'ace the types o' sensors +hich ive analo output.

The resolution o' an ADC indicates its accuracy. Common ADCs are 2-&it 13-&it and 14 &it. L$C-

4162 has t+o 13 &it successive appro;imation analo to diital converter +ith input multiple;in

amon B or 2 pins 8ADC3 and ADC19. A 13-&it ADC +ill &rea* the 3-57 rane in 5/134:S6.2m7

appro;. It also has $o+er-do+n mode. The rane o' the ADCs present in the &oard is 37 to

typically :7. The conversion time this ADC is 4.66s. It also supports urst conversion mode 'or

sinle or multiple inputs.

The &oard has t+o trimpots connected to AD3.1 and AD3.4 present on the L$C4162

microcontroller. The umper positions are as sho+n in the &elo+ 'iure. umper A(1 represents

trimpot A(1 and A(4 represents trimpot A(4. The voltae rane o' trimpot lies &et+een 3-:.:7.

K4

/"*"d Crys)%$ D"s5$%y

A liquid crystal display is a distinctive thin 'lat panel that can let liht pass throuh it or can &loc*

the liht. 8Unli*e an L)D it does not produce its o+n liht9. It is &uilt o' many &loc*s and each

&loc* can &e in any shape. )ach &loc* is 'illed +ith liquid crystals that can &e made clear or solid

&y chanin the electric current to that &loc*. Liquid crystal displays are o'ten a&&reviated LCDs.

A common LCD has t+o reisters? - Command and Data. The command reister stores the

command instructions received &y the LCD. A command is an instruction iven to LCD to do a

prede'ined tas* li*e initiali0in it clearin its screen settin the cursor position controllin

display etc. The data reister stores the data that is to &e displayed on the LCD. The data is the

A%CII value o' the character to &e displayed on the LCD. K4


23/70

"iure 1.5? LCD

The L$C-4162 development &oard has a 6-&it >D66Q23 &ased LCD inter'ace. L$C-4162 has a

4O1B LCD +hich means it can display 1B characters per line and there can &e t+o such lines. The

umper positions and port pins are as sho+n in the &elo+ 'iure. The /L umper settin is used to

control LCD &ac*liht. !n removin this umper LCD &ac*liht +ill turn !"".


24/70

Pin Description

DB-; C%


25/70

i!"re 1'1() pin o"t o* D&+,


26/70

i!"re 1'11) pin con-!"ration o* D&+, male connector .0

AVR Co')ro$$er:


27/70

Se'sors

The sensor could &e a re'ined device +hose per'orm is to siht and live any non-electrical

parameters li*e temperature pressure humidity speed +eiht etc. and convert it into a sin +hich

miht &e measured electrically 'or e.. voltae.

"or the implementation purpose sensin element ouht to &e correct not enthusiastic a&out

environmental conditions +ith a &i selection o' values and hih resolution linear value e''ective

and e;tremely raduated. thus 'or this purpose usually IC sensors area unit used.

In our proect +e=ve principally en'orced 'our sensors.

1. lumen thirty 'iveDF temperature sensin element? this sensor &elons to lumen :5 series that is

a preciseness interated temperature sensin element +hose output voltae is linearly

proportional to the centirade temperature. usually lumen thirty-'ive series provides a temperature

+ithin the vary o' -55 to 153VC ho+ever our sensin element provides output 'rom a pair o' to

153VC.

Its lo+ output electrical resistance linear output and precise inherent standardisation ma*es

inter'acin terri&ly easy +ith none +ant o' sinal learnin. It operates 'rom 'our to 63v and o''ers

13milli 7 analo output 'or per centirade 8VC9 amendment in temperature. thus analo to a

diital device is employed to convert this output to &inary output. K6

i!"re 1'12

LM3D pin o"t dia!ram .40


28/70

Pro9",")y se'sor: There ar numerous sorts o' pro;imity sensors 'or police investiation the

article and its style relies upon principles li*e varia&le reluctance eddy current loss saturated core

and >all impact etc. a num&er o' the non-contact pro;imity sensors ar inductive pro;imity sensors

electrical phenomenon pro;imity sensors supersonic pro;imity sensors and photoelectrical

sensors. In our proect 4 pro;imity sensors 'or entirely totally di''erent 'unctions ar used. K5

S!o#& se'sor "')e(r%)"o':

It is interated in the circuit system &y connectin all the sensors to or ate +hose output is

connected to the int pin o' microcontroller. These sensors are connected in such a +ay that they

detect 'orce impact occurrin 'rom any side o' the car. This is concerned to the sa'ety o' the

system o' the human drivin the car so that once accident is detected the paramedics can reach to

the location as soon as they can.

Shock sensors position on vehicle


29/70

ACCE/EROMETER SENSOR: Accelerometers are sensors or transducers that measure

acceleration. Accelerometers enerally measure acceleration 'orces applied to a &ody &y &ein

mounted directly onto a sur'ace o' the accelerated &ody. Accelerometers are use'ul in detectin

motion in o&ects. An accelerometer measures 'orce e;erted &y a &ody as a result o' a chane in

the velocity o' the &ody. A movin &ody possesses an inertia +hich tends to resist chane in

velocity. It is this resistance to chane in velocity that is the source o' the 'orce e;erted &y the

movin &ody. This 'orce is directly proportional to the accelerationcomponent in the direction o'

movement +hen the movin &ody is accelerated. Themotion is detected in a sensitive portion o'

the accelerometer. This motion is indicativeo' motion in the larer o&ect or application in +hich

the accelerometer is mounted.Thus a sensitive accelerometer can quic*ly detect motion in the

application.

AD7/6: : A;is Acceleration %ensor oard &ased on ADOL::3 'rom Analo devices. It is a

'irsteneration : a;is acceleration sensor. User could et acceleration value o' O W and F a;is.

Andit is +idely used in shoc* slope and movin detection. !utput sensitivity could &e select &y

simply set voltae level on 'e+ pins. The output o' MMAQ4B3X is analo mode so you need a

A/D converter to read the acceleration value.

FEATURES OF AD7/6 :

P :-a;is sensin %mall lo+ pro'ile pac*ae 6 mm Y 6 mm Y 1.65 mm

P L"C%$ Lo+ po+er ? :53 mA 8typical9 %inle-%upply operation? 1.2 7 to :.B 7

P 13333 shoc* survival

P );cellent temperature sta&ility

P adustment +ith a sinle capacitor per a;is

P Ro>%/))) lead-'ree compliant

8PS B%s"#s: The #lo&al $ositionin %ystem 8#$%9 is a space-&ased lo&al naviation satellite

system 8#(%%9 that provides relia&le location and time in'ormation in all +eather and at all times


30/70

and any+here on or near the )arth +hen and +here there is an uno&structed line o' siht to 'ouror

more #$% satellites. It is maintained &y the United %tates overnment and is 'reely accessi&le &y

anyone +ith a #$% receiver. hen people tal* a&out


31/70

penetrate the ionosphere to reduce its e''ect. Dual 'requency o&servations are important 'or lare

station separation and 'or eliminatin most o' the error parameters.

8PS Re#e"4er: A #$% naviation device is any device that receives #lo&al $ositionin %ystem

8#$%9sinals 'or the purpose o' determinin the device=s current location on )arth. #$% devices

provide latitude and lonitude in'ormation and some may also calculate altitude althouh this is

not considered su''iciently accurate or continuously availa&le enouh 8due to the possi&ility o'

sinal &loc*ae and other 'actors9 to rely on e;clusively to pilot aircra't. #$% devices are used in

military aviation marine and consumer product applications.The user sement is composed o'

hundreds o' thousands o' U.%. and allied military users o' the secure #$% $recise $ositionin

%ervice and tens o' millions o' civil commercial andscienti'ic users o' the %tandard $ositionin

%ervice.#$% receivers are composed o' an antenna tuned to the 'requencies transmitted &y the

satellites receiver-processors and a hihly sta&le cloc* 8o'ten a crystal oscillator9. They may also

include a display 'or providin location and speed in'ormation to the user. A receiver is o'ten

descri&ed &y its num&er o' channels? this sini'ies ho+ many satellites it can monitor

simultaneously. !riinally limited to 'our or 'ive this has proressively increased over the years

so that as o' 433Q receivers typically have &et+een 14 and 43 channels. #$% receivers may

include an input 'or di''erential corrections usin the RTCM %C-136 'ormat. This is typically in

the 'orm o' an R%-4:4 port at 6233 &it/s speed. Data is actually sent at a much lo+er rate +hich

limits the accuracy o' the sinal sent usin RTCM. Receivers +ith internal D#$% receivers can

outper'orm those usin e;ternal RTCM data. As o' 433B even lo+-cost units commonly include

ide Area Aumentation %ystem 8AA%9 receivers. Many #$% receivers can relay position data

to a $C or other device usin the (M)A 312: protocol.


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M%=or Co,5o'e')s o. % 8PS Re#e"4er:

The main components o' a #$% receiver are ?

P[Antenna +ith pre-ampli'ier

P[R" section +ith sinal identi'ication and sinal processin

P[Micro-processor 'or receiver control data samplin and data processin

oscillator

P[$o+er supply

P[User inter'ace command and display panel

P[Memory data storae.

F*'#)"o' O. 8PS:

It is a


33/70

#$% Receivers commonly used in most 7ehicle trac*in systems can only receive data 'rom #$%

%atellites. They cannot communicate &ac* +ith #$% or any other satellite. A system &ased on #$%

can only calculate its location &ut cannot send it to central control room. In order to do this they

normally use #%M-#$R% Cellular net+or*s connectivity usin additional #%M modem/module.

T+o levels o' naviation and positionin are o''ered &y the #lo&al $ositionin %ystem? The

%tandard $ositionin %ervice 8%$%9. and the $recise $ositionin %ervice 8$$%9. The $recise

$ositionin %ervice is a hihly accurate positionin

velocity and timin service that is desined primarily 'or the military and other authori0ed users

althouh under certain conditions can &e used &y civilians +ho have speciali0ed equipment. The

%tandard $ositionin %ervice o''ers a &ase-line accuracy that is much lo+er than the $$% &ut is

availa&le to all users +ith even the most ine;pensive receivers. As +e +ill see there are various

techniques availa&le that su&stantially increase the %$% accuracy even +ell &eyond that +hich is

o''ered &y the $$%.

RECEIVER OUTPUT:

Typically receivers provide t+o di''erent 'ormats.

1. (M)A 8(ation Marine )lectronics Association9 A%CII "ormat De'ines a set o' standard

messaes.

4. $roprietary "ormat Typically inary (o limit on in'ormation transmitted Receiver output is

related to position velocity and time. The output in the 'ollo+in $osition?

Latitude? derees? minutes? seconds

Lonitude? derees? minutes? seconds

Altitude m

7elocity?


34/70

%peed *nots

>eadin derees

Time 8UTC9?

Date dd/mm/yy

Time hh/mm/ss.sss

#$% receiver ives the latitude lonitude date time speed o' the satellite no o' satellites on vie+

etc]

The (ational Marine )lectronics Association 8(M)A9 has developed a speci'ication that de'ines

the inter'ace &et+een various pieces o' marine electronic equipment. The standard permits marine

electronics to send in'ormation to computers and to other marine equipment. A 'ull copy o' this

standard is availa&le 'or purchase at their +e& site. (one o' the in'ormation on this site comes

'rom this standard and I do not have a copy. Anyone attemptin to desin anythin to this standard

should o&tain an o''icial copy.

RECEIVER FEATURES:

P[14 parallel channel L1 and %$% #$%.

P[7ery ood acquisition and ood trac*in sensitivity.

P[Antenna open short detection/protection

P[Trac*in sensitivity?-156d-m

P[Acquisition sensitivity -162d-m

P[5v and :.:volt option availa&le

Most computer prorams that provide real time position in'ormation understand and e;pect data to

&e in (M)A 'ormat. This data includes the complete $7T 8position velocity time9 solution

computed &y the #$% receiver. The idea o' (M)A is to send a line o' data called a sentence that is


35/70

totally sel'-contained and independent 'rom other sentences. There are standard sentences 'or each

device cateory and there is also the a&ility to de'ine proprietary sentences 'or use &y the

individual company. All o' the standard sentences have a t+o-letter pre'i; that de'ines the device

that uses that sentence type. 8"or #$% receivers the pre'i; is #$.9 This is 'ollo+ed &y a three-letter

sequence that de'ines the sentence contents. In addition (M)A permits hard+ar manu'actures to

de'ine their o+n proprietary sentences 'or +hatever purpose they see 'it. All proprietary sentences

&ein +ith the letter $ and are 'ollo+ed +ith : letters that identi'ies the manu'acturer controllin

that sentence. "or e;ample a #armin sentence +ould start +ith $#RM and Maellan +ould &ein

+ith $M#(.

)ach sentence &eins +ith a =. *no+ledeHthe in'oHthe in'ormation is contained at intervals this

sinle line +ith data thins separated &y commas. the in'o itsel' is simply A%CII te;t and +ill

e;tend over multiple sentences in sure speciali0ed instances ho+ever is enerally totally

contained in one varia&le lenth sentence. the in'o could vary the quantity o' preciseness contained

+ithin the messae. 'or instance time could &e indicated to decimal elements o' a second or

location could also &e sho+n +ith three or perhaps 'our diits once the mathematical notation.

$rorams that &ro+se the in'o ouht to solely use the commas to see the sector &oundaries and not

rely on column positions. there=s a provision 'or a con'irmation at the top o' every sentence +hich

can or miht not &e chec*ed &y the unit that reads the in'o. The con'irmation 'ield consists o' a =^=

associate dereed 4 he; diits representin an eiht &it e;clusive !R o' all characters &et+een

ho+ever not toether +ith the =. A con'irmation is needed on some sentences. and ends +ith a

carriae return/line 'eed sequence and may &e no+ not than eihty characters o' visi&le te;t 8plus

the road terminators9. The data is contained +ithin this sinle line +ith data items separated &y

commas. The data itsel' is ust A%CII te;t and may e;tend over multiple sentences in certain

speciali0ed instances &ut is normally 'ully contained in one varia&le lenth sentence. The data may

vary in the amount o' precision contained in the messae. "or e;ample time miht &e indicated to

decimal parts o' a second or location may &e sho+n +ith : or even 6 diits a'ter the decimal point.$rorams that read the data should only use the commas to determine the 'ield &oundaries and not

depend on column positions. There is a provision 'or a chec*sum at the end o' each sentence

+hich may or may not &e chec*ed &y the unit that reads the data. The chec*sum 'ield consists o' a

=^= and t+o he; diits representin an 2 &it e;clusive !R o' all characters &et+een &ut not


36/70

includin the =_= and =^=. A chec*sum is required on some sentences. and =^=. A chec*sum is

required on some sentences. and ends +ith a carriae return/line 'eed sequence and may &e no+

not than eihty characters o' visi&le te;t 8plus the road terminators9. The data is contained +ithin

this sinle line +ith data items separated &y commas. The data itsel' is ust A%CII te;t and may

e;tend over multiple sentences in certain speciali0ed instances &ut is normally 'ully contained in

one varia&le lenth sentence. The data may vary in the amount o' precision contained in the

messae. "or e;ample time miht &e indicated to decimal parts o' a second or location may &e

sho+n +ith : or even 6 diits a'ter the decimal point. $rorams that read the data should only use

the commas to determine the 'ield &oundaries and not depend on column positions. There is a

provision 'or a chec*sum at the end o' each sentence +hich may or may not &e chec*ed &y the

unit that reads the data. The chec*sum 'ield consists o' a =^= and t+o he; diits representin an 2

&it e;clusive !R o' all characters &et+een &ut not includin the =_= and =^=. A chec*sum is

required on some sentences.

There have &een several chanes to the standard &ut 'or #$% use the only ones that are li*ely to &e

encountered are 1.5 and 4.3 throuh 4.:. These ust speci'y some di''erent sentence con'iurations

+hich may &e peculiar to the needs o' a particular device thus the #$% may need to &e chaned to

match the devices &ein inter'aced to. %ome #$%=s provide the a&ility con'iure a custom set the

sentences +hile other may o''er a set o' 'i;ed choices. Many #$% receivers simply output a 'i;ed

set o' sentences that cannot &e chaned &y the user. The current version o' the standard is :.31. I

have no speci'ic in'ormation on this version &ut I am not a+are o' any #$% products that require

con'ormance to this version.

H%rdw%re Co''e#)"o':

The hard+are inter'ace 'or #$% units is intended to 'ul'ill the (M)A needs. they=re additionally

compati&le +ith most pc serial ports mistreatment R%4:4 protocols &ut to &e precise the (M)A

normal isn=t R%4:4. They suest correspondence to )IA-644. The inter'ace speed is adusted on

some models ho+ever the (M)A normal is 6233 &/s 8&it per second rate9 +ith eiht &its o'

*no+lede no parity and one stop &it. All units that support (M)A ouht to support this speed.

(ote that at a &/s rate o' 6233 you=ll simply send enouh *no+lede to over 'ill a 'ull second o'


37/70

your time. "or this reason some units solely send updates each 4 seconds or could send some

*no+lede each second +hereas reservin di''erent *no+lede to &e sent less typically.

additionally some units could send *no+lede one or t+o o' seconds previous +hereas di''erent

units could send *no+lede that=s collected amon the second it=s sent. usually time is distri&uted

in thusme 'ield amon every second so it=s pretty straiht'or+ard to +or* out +hat a selected #$%

is doin. %ome sentences could also &e sent solely throuhout a selected action o' the receiver li*e

+hereas 'ollo+in a route +hereas di''erent receivers could continuously send the sentence and

simply null out the values. di''erent distinction are oin to &e noted +ithin the speci'ic

*no+lede descriptions outlined later +ithin the te;t. At 6233 &/s you=ll solely send 623 characters

in one second.

%ince associate deree (M)A sentence is as lon as eihty t+o characters you=ll &e restricted to

&ut hal'-do0en totally di''erent sentences. the particular limit is set &y the precise sentences used

ho+ever this sho+s that it=s straiht'or+ard to overrun the capa&ilities i' you +ould li*e speedy

sentence response. (M)A is intended to run as a method +ithin the &ac*round spit out sentences

that area unit then captured pro re nata &y the mistreatment proram. %ome prorams cannot try

this and these prorams can sample the in'o stream then use the in'o 'or screen sho+ and so

sample the in'o once more. &ettin on the time required to use Gthe *no+ledeHthe in'oHthe

in'ormation there +ill simply &e a la o' 'our seconds +ithin the responsiveness to modi'ied data.

this miht &e 'ine in some applications ho+ever +hole unaccepta&le in others. as an e;ample a

automotive travelin at si;ty mph can travel eihty eiht 'eet in one second. many second delays

may &uild the +hole system appear unresponsive and +ill cause you to miss your 'lip.

The (M)A normal has &een around G'or manyH'or many years 81@2:9 and has underone several

revisions. The protocol has modi'ied and there'ore the variety and *inds o' sentences could also &e

totally di''erent &ettin on the revision. Most #$% receivers perceive the quality that is called?

312: version t+o. This normal dictates a trans'er rate o' 6233 &/s. %ome receivers additionally

perceive older standards. The oldest normal +as 3123 'ollo+ed &y 3124 that trans'erred

*no+lede at 1433 &/s. %ome receivers additionally perceive associate deree earlier version o'

312: *no+n as version one.5. %ome #armin units and di''erent &rands are set to @B33 'or (M)A

output or perhaps hiher ho+ever this can &e solely suested i' you have ot determined that

6233 +or*s o* and so you=ll try and set it quic*er. %ettin it to run as quic* as you=ll improve the

responsiveness o' the proram.


38/70

AT Co,,%'ds .or RF Co'."(*r%)"o':

Commands continually &ein +ith AT 8+hich means that Attention9 and end +ith a ltECRtE

character. in'o responses and result codes Responses &ein and 'inish +ith ltECRtEltEL"tE

apart 'rom the AT73 DC) response 'ormat9 and there'ore the ATX1 8result code suppression9

commands. I' command synta; is inaccurate a slip strin comes. I' command synta; is correct

ho+ever +ith some incorrect parameters the CM) )RR!R? ltE)rrtE or CM% )RR!R?

ltE%ms)rrtE strins area unit came +ith completely di''erent error codes. I' the statement has

&een per'ormed +ith success the associate !J strin comes. In some cases li*e ATC$I(`N or

8unsolicited9 incomin events the merchandise doesn=t come to the !J strin as a response.

$roduct %erial rane C#%( Description This command permits the user application to ure the

IM)I 8International Mo&ile instrumentation Identity9 o' the merchandise.

IC >36? @4o$)%(e re(*$%)or:

It &elons to Q2OO series o' 'i;ed linear reulated IC voltae. 7oltae reulator IC maintains the

output value to constant value. >ere OO represents the 'i;ed output voltae. %o Q235 indicates

constant output o' 57.

Ser"%$ #o,,*'"#%)"o'

hen a processor communicates +ith the s*in +orld it provides *no+lede in computer memory

unit si0ed chun*s. Computers trans'er *no+lede in 4 +ays? parallel and serial. In parallel

*no+lede trans'ers usually a lot o' lines area unit accustomed trans'er *no+lede to a tool and

eiht-&it *no+lede path is dear. The serial communication trans'er uses solely one *no+lede

line rather than the eiht-&it *no+lede line o' parallel communication that ma*es the in'ormation

trans'er not solely cheaper ho+ever additionally ma*es it attaina&le G'or 4H'or 4 computers settled


39/70

in t+o completely di''erent cities to spea* over phone phone.

%erial electronic communication uses 4 +ays asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous

technique trans'ers *no+lede at a time +hereas the asynchronous trans'ers one computer

memory unit at a time. There area unit some special IC chips created &y several ma*ers 'or

*no+lede communications. These chips area unit unremar*a&ly remar*ed as UART 8universal

asynchronous receiver-transmitter9 and U%ART 8universal synchronous asynchronous receiver

transmitter9. The AT2@C51 chip encompasses an in-&uilt UART.

In the asynchronous technique every character is placed &et+een &ein and stop &its. this can &e

re'erred to as 'ramin. In *no+lede 'ramin o' asynchronous communications the data li*e

A%CII characters area unit pac*ed in &et+een a &ein and stop &it. +e=ve ot a complete o' ten

&its 'or a character? eiht &its 'or the A%CII code and one &it every 'or the &einnin and stop &its.

the speed o' serial *no+lede trans'er communication is declared in rate or it +ill &e re'erred to as

&aud. to permit the compati&ility amon electronic communication instrumentality created &y

varied ma*ers and inter'acin normal re'erred to as R%4:4 +as set &y the physics industries

Association in 1@B3. no+adays R%4:4 is that the most enerally used I/! inter'acin normal. This

normal is employed in $Cs and diverse 'orms o' instrumentality. >o+ever since the quality +as

set lon &e'ore the arrival o' the TTL loic 'amily its input and output voltae levels don=t seem to

&e TTL compati&le. In R%4:4 one &it is delineated &y -: to -457 +hereas a 0ero &it is delineate

: to 457 creatin -: to : inde'inite. "or this reason to attach any R%4:4 to a microcontroller

system +e have a tendency to should use voltae converters li*e MAO4:4 to attach the TTL loic

levels to R%4:4 voltae levels and contrari+ise. MAO4:4 ICs area unit unremar*a&ly remar*ed as

line drivers. The R%4:4 ca&les area unit typically remar*ed as D-@ instrumentality. In la&elin

D-@$ re'ers to the plu instrumentality 8male9 and D-@% is 'or the soc*et instrumentality

8'emale9. the &est association &et+een a laptop and microcontroller needs a minimum o' : pins

TOD

ROD and round. several o' the pins o' the R%4:4 instrumentality area unit used 'or sha*e

sinals. they=re &ypassed since they=re not supported &y the UART chip. IM $C/ compati&les

computers supported ;2B8232B 2342B :2B 62B and $entium9 microprocessors unremar*a&ly


40/70

have 4 C!M ports. each C!M ports have R%4:4 port connectors. several $Cs use one every o' the

D-45 and D-@ R%4:4 connectors. The C!M ports area unit selected as C!M1 and C!M4. +e

+ill connect the inter'ace to the C!M t+o port o' a laptop 'or serial communication e;periments.

+e have a tendency to use a D@ instrumentality in our arranement.

Too$s SOFT0ARE DEVE/OPMENT

EA8/E? .or PCB Des"('"'(:

Co'."(*r"'( EA8/E#lo&al )A#L) parameters can &e adusted in theControl $anel.

The 'ollo+in editor commands can &e used to customi0e the +ay )A#L) +or*s. They can &eiven either directly 'rom an editor +indo+=s command line or in the eale.scr'ile.

User I')er.%#eCommand menu M)(Ucommand..EAssin *eys A%%I#('unction*ey command..E

%nap 'unction %)T%(A$L)(#T> num&erE%)TCATC>"ACT!R valueE%)T%)L)CT"ACT!R valueE

Content o' menus %)TU%)DLAW)R% name H num&erE%)TIDT>M)(U value..E%)TDIAM)T)RM)(U value..E%)TDRILLM)(U value..E


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%)T%MDM)(U value..E%)T%IF)M)(U value..E%)TI%!LAT)M)(U value..E%)T%$ACI(#M)(U value..E%)TMIT)RM)(U value..E

ire &end %)TIR))(D &endnrEeep on/o'' %)T))$ !"" H !(E

S#ree' D"s5$%yColor 'or rid lines %)T C!L!R#RID colorEColor 'or layer %)T C!L!RLAW)R layer colorE"ill style 'or layer %)T "ILLLAW)R layer 'illE#rid parameter %)T MI(#RID%IF) pi;elsEMin. te;t si0e displayed %)T MI(T)OT%IF) si0eEDisplay o' net lines %)T()TIR)IDT> +idthE

Display o' pads %)T DI%$LAWM!D) R)AL H (!DRILLE%)T $AD(AM)% !"" H !(E

Display o' &us lines %)T U%IR)IDT> +idthEDRC 'ill style %)T DRC"ILL 'illnameE$olyon processin %)T $!LW#!(RAT%()%T !"" H !(E7ector 'ont %)T 7)CT!R"!(T !"" H !(E

Mode P%r%,e)ers$ac*ae chec* %)TC>)CJC!(()CT% !"" H !(E

#rid parameters #RIDoptionsEReplace mode %)TR)$LAC)%AM) (AM)% H C!!RD%EU(D! u''er %)TU(D!L!# !"" H !(Eire !ptimi0in %)T!$TIMIFI(# !"" H !(E(et +ire termination %)TAUT!)(D()T !"" H !(EAutomatic unctions %)TAUT!U(CTI!( !"" H !(E

Prese))"'(s$ad shape C>A(#)%>A$) shapeEire +idth C>A(#)IDT> valueE

$ad/via diameter C>A(#)DIAM)T)R diameterE$ad/via/hole drill diam. C>A(#)DRILL valueE%md si0e C>A(#)%MD +idth heihtETe;t heiht C>A(#)%IF) valueETe;t line +idth C>A(#)RATI! ratioETe;t 'ont C>A(#)"!(T 'ontE$olyon parameter C>A(#)T>)RMAL% !"" H !(E


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$olyon parameter C>A(#)!R$>A(% !"" H !(E$olyon parameter C>A(#)I%!LAT) distanceE$olyon parameter C>A(#)$!UR %!LID H >ATC>E$olyon parameter C>A(#)RA(J valueE$olyon parameter C>A(#)%$ACI(# distanceE

Dr%w"'( % S#!e,%)"#

Cre%)e % S#!e,%)"# F"$eUse "ile/(e+ and %ave as to create a schematic +ith a name o' your choice.

/o%d % Dr%w"'( Fr%,eLoad li&rary "RAM)% +ith U%)and place a 'rame o' your choice +ith ADD.

P$%#e Sy,


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8e'er%)"'( % Bo%rd .ro, %

S#!e,%)"#y usin the !ARDcommand or clic*in the %+itch-to-oard icon you can enerate a &oard'rom the loaded schematic 8i' there is no &oard +ith the same name yet9.

All the components toether +ith their connections dra+n as air+ires appear &eside a &lan*&oard ready 'or placin. $o+er pins are automatically connected to the appropriate supply 8i' notconnected &y a net on the schematic9.

The &oard is lin*ed to the schematic via"or+ardac* Annotation. This mechanism ma*es surethat schematic and &oard are consistent. hen editin a dra+in &oard and schematic must &eloaded to *eep "or+ardac* Annotation active.

Se) Bo%rd O*)$"'es %'d P$%#e Co,5o'e')sThe &oard outlines can &e adusted +ith the M!7) and %$LITcommands as appropriate &e'oremovin each pac*ae on the &oard. !nce all pac*aes have &een placed theRAT%()%Tcommand is used to optimi0e air+ires.

De."'e Res)r"#)ed Are%sI' required restricted areas 'or the Autorouter can &e de'ined as R)CTanles $!LW#!(s or

CIRCL)s on the tRestrict &Restrict or vRestrict layers. (ote? areas enclosed &y +ires dra+n onthe Dimension layer are &orders 'or the Autorouter too.

Ro*)"'(Air+ires are no+ converted into trac*s +ith the aid o' the R!UT) command. This 'unction can

also &e per'ormed automatically &y theAutorouter+hen availa&le.

Cre%)"'( % /"


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$ac*aes are the part o' the device that are added to a &oard.

Clic* the )dit $ac*ae icon and edit a ne+ pac*ae &y typin its name in the (e+ 'ield o' thedialo &o;.

%et the proper distance #RID.

(AM)and place $ADs properly.

Add te;ts b(AM) and b7ALU) +ith the T)OT command 8sho+ actual name and value in the&oard9 and dra+ pac*ae outlines 8IR)command9 in the proper layers.

Cre%)e % Sy,


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Co')ro$s$ulldo+nmenu

activates the pulldo+n menu at the top o' the editor +indo+

Action tool&ar activates the action tool&ar containin &uttons 'or


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Ke"$ UV"s"o' .or ARM Pro(r%,"'(:

INTRODUCTION:

In this chapter the so't+are used and the lanuae in +hich the proram code is de'ined is

mentioned and the proram code dumpin tools are e;plained. The chapter also documents the

development o' the proram 'or the application. This proram has &een termed as %ource codeN.

e'ore +e loo* at the source code +e de'ine the t+o header 'iles that +e have used in the code.

1:.4 Tools Used?


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"iure 1:.1 Jiel %o't+are- internal staes

C?1 Co,5"$er A?1 M%#ro Asse,


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7ision: adds many ne+ 'eatures to the )ditor li*e Te;t Templates Xuic* "unction (aviation

and %ynta; Colorin +ith &race hih lihtin Con'iuration i0ard 'or dialo &ased startup and

de&uer setup. 7ision: is 'ully compati&le to 7ision4 and can &e used in parallel +ith

7ision4. 7ision: is an ID) 8Interated Development )nvironment9 that helps you +rite

compile and de&u em&edded prorams. It encapsulates the 'ollo+in components?

P[A proect manaer.

P[A ma*e 'acility.

P[Tool con'iuration.

P[)ditor.

P[A po+er'ul de&uer.

BUI/DIN8 AN APP/ICATION IN VISION:

To &uild 8compile assem&le and lin*9 an application in 7ision4 you must?

1. %elect $roect -8'ore;ample1BB)OAM$L)%>)LL!>)LL!.U749.

4. %elect $roect - Re&uild all taret 'iles or uild taret.7ision4 compiles assem&les and lin*s

the 'iles in your proect. Creatin Wour !+n Application in 7ision4? To create a ne+ proect in

7ision4 you must?

1. %elect $roect - (e+ $roect.

4. %elect a directory and enter the name o' the proect 'ile.


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:. %elect $roect - %elect Device and select an 2351 451 or C1B;/%T13 device 'rom the Device

Data&ase. 6. Create source 'iles to add to the proect.

5. %elect $roect - Tarets #roups "iles. Add/"iles select %ource #roup1 and add the source 'iles

to the proect.

B. %elect $roect - !ptions and set the tool options. (ote +hen you select the taret device 'rom

the Device Data&ase all special options are set automatically. Wou typically only need to

con'iure the memory map o' your taret hard+are. De'ault memory model settins are optimal

'or most applications.

Q. %elect $roect - Re&uild all taret 'iles or uild taret. De&uin an Application in 7ision4?

To de&u an application created usin 7ision4 you must?

1. %elect De&u - %tart/%top De&u %ession.

4. Use the %tep tool&ar &uttons to sinle-step throuh your proram. Wou may enter # main in the

!utput indo+ to e;ecute to the main C 'unction.

:. !pen the %erial indo+ e;ploitation the %erial 1 &utton on the tool&ar. correct your proram

e;ploitation commonplace choices li*e %tep #o rea* and so on. &einnin 7ision4 and

ma*in a $roect 7ision4 may &e a commonplace indo+s application and &ean &y clic*in on

the proram icon. to ma*e a replacement proect 'ile choose 'rom the 7ision4 menu $roect ,

(e+ $roect]. This opens a customary indo+s dialo that as*s you 'or the ne+ proect 'ile

name. +e propose that you ust use a separate 'older 'or every proect. you=ll merely use the icon

produce (e+ "older durin this dialo to induce a replacement empty 'older. Then choose this

'older and enter the 'ile name 'or the ne+ proect i.e. $roect1. 7ision4 creates a replacement

proect 'ile +ith the name $R!)CT1.U74 that contain de'ault taret and 'ile cluster name. you=ll

see these names +ithin the $roect indo+ - "iles. currently use 'rom the menu $roect - choose

Device 'or Taret and choose a C$U 'or your proect. The choose Device panel sho+s the

7ision4 device in'o. simply choose the microcontroller you utili0e. +e tend to square measure

e;ploitation 'or our e;amples the $hilips 23C51RD C$U. This choice sets necessary tool choices

'or the 23C51RD device and simpli'ies durin this approach the tool Con'iuration uildin

comes and ma*in an >)O "iles Typical the tool settins &elo+ choices - Taret square measure


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all you +ish to start out a replacement application. you=ll translate all supply 'iles and line the

appliance +ith a clic* on the uild Taret tool&ar icon. once you &uild an associate application

+ith synta; errors 7ision4 can sho+ errors and +arnin messaes +ithin the !utput indo+ -

uild pae. A dou&le clic* on a messae line opens the supplied 'ile on the riht location in a very

7ision4 editor +indo+. !nce you have ot +ith success enerated your application you=ll &ein

de&uin. +hen you have ot tested your application it=s needed to ma*e associate $hilips >)O

'ile to trans'er the pac*ae into associate read-only memory computer prorammer or machine.

7ision4 creates >)O 'iles +ith every &uild method once produce >)O 'iles &elo+ choices 'or

Taret - !utput is ena&led. you=ll &ein your promenade prorammin utility +hen the create

method once you speci'y the proram &elo+ the choice Run User $roram 1.

C$U %imulation 7ision4 simulates up to si;teen M&ytes o' memory 'rom that areas may &e

mapped 'or &ro+se +rite or code e;ecution access. The 7ision4 machine traps and reports

&anned operation. additionally to memory mappin the machine conointly provides support 'or

the interated peripherals o' the assorted 2351 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals o' the C$U

you have ot elect square measure orani0ed 'rom the Device

D%)%


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ne;t. The proect structure or tool parameters cannot &e chaned. All &uild Commands ar disa&led.

disassem&ly indo+ The disassem&ly +indo+ sho+s your computer virus as mi;ed provides and

proram or simply assem&ly code. A trace history o' antecedently dead directions +ould possi&ly

even &e displayed +ith recti'yin - &ro+se Trace Records. to vary the trace history set recti'y

)na&le/Disa&le

Trace Recordin.

I' you choose on the activity indo+ as a result o' the active +indo+ all proram step commands

+or* on computer hard+are instruction level rather than proram provide lines. you may opt 'or a

te;t line and set or modi'y code &rea*points e;ploitation tool&ar &uttons or the conte;t menu

commands. you may use the dialo recti'y - Inline Assem&ly] to modi'y the computer hard+are

directions. that permits you to correct mista*es or to ma*e temporary chanes to the $C proram

you are de&uin.

I,5$e,e')%)"o' %'d Res*$)


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F"(:PCB /%yo*) %) Hos5")%$Tr%.."# /"(!) S"de

Description o' the proect?A&ove 'iure sho+s the oard layout at the receiver end

+hich +ill lo all the date recived and +ill display it on lcd the data +hich a&ove

module +ill receive is &in send 'rom the vehicle unit +hich contains L$C4162

&oard and some patient monitorin sensors named as smart sensors mounted in the

vehicle itsel' at remote end the data is &ein monitored and stored in the &u''er o'the microcontroller unit then it is &ein transmitted throuh R" module havin

'requency o' 4.6 #>F.


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F"(: S#!e,%)"# /%yo*) %) Hos5")%$Tr%.."# /"(!) S"de

%chematic Description?!ur receiver end +hich is also responsi&le 'or automation o' tra''ic liht

system consist o' various electronic components and ics li*e ATM)#A:42UL(433:%$DT


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RelayLCDRecti'ierQ235Trans'ormer and many more &asic components. the overall +or*in o'

the receiver end is lo*e it receives data 'rom the remote end throuh r' receiver and then display

on LCD.A Relay arranement is also provided in to the circuit causin the smart tra''ic liht

control mechanism. +hich +or* li*e 'ollo+in steps iven &elo+?

S)e51: Re#e"4e D%)% .ro, )!e re,o)e s"de

S)e5+: S)ore )!e d%)% "' % 4%r"%


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CONC/USION

This version o' our proect can send a reply once +e send an %M% and conointly sends the

position o' the vehicle in terms o' latitude and meridian once there=s any accident. It doesn=t\t tell

the precise nature o' the accident +hether or not it=s severe or simply a entle one. ith the

assistance o' measurin instrument detector +e are a&le to tell the precise position o' the vehicle.

+e are a&le to predict +hether or not the vehicle is in traditional position or the +ron +ay up.

This proect may &e increased in 'uture &y modi'yin +ithin the proram to search out the

particular position o' the vehicle and conointly in accident inter'erence. this may even &e

increased &y mechanical loc*up all the &ra*es ust in case o' the accident. In several accidents it

&ecomes severe &ecause the drivers lose manaement and can\t stop the vehicle. throuhout the

accident the measurin instrument detector can trier &ecause o' vi&rations that are received and

processed &y the %partan processor. The processor ouht to &e connected to devices +hich miht

loc* the &ra*es once triered. y this improvement +e are a&le to stop the vehicle and miht cut

&ac* the impact o' the accident. this may &e accustomed stop vehicle larceny. ust in case o' any

larceny the o+ner +ill trac* the situation o' the vehicle.

In a pu&lic transport system the implementation o' this instrumentation can ease the 'ol*s. once

conveyance systems li*e a &us trains this area unit put in +ith this instrumentation 'ol*s +ill

understand the situation o' the vehicle and arrive +ithin the stop in time. Modi'yin the code G+e

+illH+e +illH+e are a&le to &uild it to send the position o' the vehicle sporadically to a sined

mo&ile rane in order that 'irms can *eep a +atch on their vehicles. so +e are a&le to &uild use o'

the out there technoloy to the ood thin a&out the 'ol*s &y savin the lives o' the 'ol*s and

servin to the homeo+ners o' the vehicle to stay trac* o' their vehicles.

REFERENCES


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K1 A&dus %amad Jamal A*ira !hata un-ichi Imura Ja0uyu*i Aihara and Tomohisa >aya*a+a 843169 \%mart

Drivin o' a 7ehicle Usin Model $redictiveControl 'or Improvin Tra''ic "lo+ I))) Transactions !n Intellient

Transportation %ystems 7ol. 15 (o. 4 April.

K4 M. Ames C. U. %araydar T. )l&att and T. Talty 843169 Intravehicular +ireless net+or*sN I))) #lo&ecom

(ovem&er pp. 1,@.

K: I Wuanuo Ouemin 8%herman9 %hen Fhao >ai1 843169 \);plicit Rate ased Transmission Control %cheme in

7ehicle-to- In'rastructure Communication (et+or*s I)))/CIC ICCC431: China Communications anuary 4316.

K6 )ui un #ahun un %eon Jim %un Jim %unoon $ar*843139 \)''ects o' Desin "actors o' the

Instrument Cluster $anel on Consumers A''ection IM)% 4313 March.

K5 #ovindarau aadeeshraa $arve0 Ahmed Thulasi Ram 843169 \)m&edded ased 7ehicle %peed Control

%ystem Usin ireless Technoloy International ournal !' Innovative Research In )lectrical )lectronics

Instrumentation And Control )nineerin

7olume 4 Issue 2 Auust.

KB #ummare*ula %atti&a&u %atyanarayan Jona 843169 \ Automatic 7ehicle %peed Control ith ireless In-

7ehicle Road %in Delivery %ystem Usin ARM Q International ournal !' Technoloy )nhancements And

)merin )nineerin Research 7olume 4 Issue 2 I%%( 4:6Q-642@.

KQ >en* (imeier eroen $loe (athan van de ou+ and %inan oncu 843169 \Cooperative Adaptive Cruise

Control? (et+or* - A+are Analysis o' %trin %ta&ility I))) Transactions on Intellient Transportation %ystems

7ol. 15 (o. 6 Auust.

K2 %.7. Jarmare R. Je+ate (ehal %ayan*ar %unil and %iddharth #avhale 843169 \Automatic %peed Control

%ystem &y the Color %ensor 'or Automo&iles -An Innovative Model ased Approach International ournal o'

Advanced Mechanical )nineerin.I%%( 4453-:4:6 7olume 6 (um&er 4 pp. 44:-4:3.

K@ . Levine and M. Athans !n the optimal error reulation o' a strin o' Movin vehiclesN 843139 I)))

Transaction Automation Control volume 11 no. : pp. :55, :B1 uly.

K13 O. Liu A. #oldsmith %. %. Mahal and . J. >edric* )''ects o' communication delay on strin sta&ility in

vehicle platoonsN 843139 I))). Intellient Transport %ystem pp. B45,B:3.


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K11 (. (avet W. %on ". %imonot-Lion and C. il+ert 843139 Trends in automotive communication systemsN

I))) Transaction volume @: no. B pp. 1436,144: une.

K14 D. $rashanth J. $oornima (aa yothi . 7amsi*rishna 843169 \An Intellient Transport (aviation and

7ehicle %peed Monitorin %ystem Usin Arm@ International ournal !' )nineerin And Computer %cience I%%(?

4:1@-Q464 7olume : Issue 11 (ovem&er.

K1: A. %aniovanni-7incentelli and M. Di (atale )m&edded system desin 'or automotive applicationsN 843139

I))) Transaction volume 63 no. 13 pp. 64,51 !ct.

A55e'd"9 Code


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$roect %napshots?

F"(: Tr%'s,"))er e'd

/PC+123 Bo%rd


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F"(: I's)r*,e')%)"o' C$*s)er @Re#"e4er D%)% $o((er %'d s)ree) $"(!) #o')ro$

C Code %) )!e

Tr%'s,"))er e'd

.or /PC+123

Bo%rd:

PINOUT:

/CD

- /PC+123 POT

- /PC+123

----------------- -------------------

DB2 - P61 Vo*)1 P6+?

DB? - P61> Vo*)+ P6+3

DB - P613 Vo*) P6+;

DB> - P61; Vo*)2 P66

RS - P61+

E - P61

R0 - 8ND


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/ED1 - P6+6

/ED+ - P6+1

/ED - P6++

/ED2 - P6+

INC/UDES

G"'#$*de #o'."(!

E'd o.

INC/UDES

Pr"4%)e M%#ro De."'")"o's

Gde."'e /ED1 @1+6 Ass"(' /ED1 5"' '*,


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I'5*): No'e

O*)5*): No'e

O4er4"ew: M%"' e'r)y 5o"')

No)e: No'e

*'s"('ed "') d%1

"') "L6

*'s"('ed #!%r &L6

"') ,%"'@4o"d

*'s"('ed #!%r s)r1 L SYSTEM QrQ'

*'s"('ed #!%r s)r+ L READYQrQ'

.$o%) 4%$1L6

.$o%) 4%$+L6

.$o%) 4%$L6

.$o%) 4%$2L6

PINSE/1 L 691??21366

PINSE/1 L691?626666

PINSE/1 L ANA/O8INDIR1 B") +?:+2 o. PINSE/1


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re("s)er

IODIR6 L @ANA/O8IN1 Se$e#) )!e AD6+

I'5*)

PINSE/1 L ANA/O8INDIR+ B") +?:+2 o.

PINSE/1 re("s)er

IODIR6 L @ANA/O8IN+ Se$e#) )!e AD6+

I'5*)

PINSE/1 L ANA/O8INDIR B") +?:+2 o.

PINSE/1 re("s)er

IODIR6 L @ANA/O8IN Se$e#) )!e AD6+

I'5*)

PINSE/1 L ANA/O8INDIR2 B") +?:+2 o.

PINSE/1 re("s)er

IODIR6 L @ANA/O8IN2 Se$e#) )!e AD6+

I'5*)

Ad#6I'")@16 5%ss #!%''e$ '*,


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4o$)%(e o' C!%r%#)er /CD

U%r)6P*)S@QrQ'

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thesis vehicle arm.docx

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