thesis - unhas
TRANSCRIPT
THESIS
THE PORTRAITS OF SLAVES’ TRIBULATIONS
IN FRANCES HARPER’S SELECTED POEMS
Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin University in partial fulfillment of requirement to obtain
Sarjana Degree in English Department
PONCO ADYIE SUGAMA
F211 11 270
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT for His mercy,
guidance and help, which are given to him so the writer is able to finish this thesis
entitled “The Portraits of Slaves’ Tribulations in Frances Harper’s Selected
Poems”. Similarly, greetings and blessings always devoted to our prophet
Muhammad S.A.W., family, and his companions.
This thesis is arranged as one of the requirements to complete the studies
of Sarjana Degree in English Department, Hasanuddin University. The writer
realizes that there are still shortcomings and errors in the writing of this thesis and
all that cannot be separated from the limited ability and knowledge of the writer.
The writer also realizes that this thesis cannot be created without the help and
guidance from various parties.
With all due respect, the writer expresses his greatest thanks to:
1. Dr. Abidin, M.A., Dipl. TESOL., and Sitti Sahraeny, S.S., M.AppLing., as
the Head and the Secretary of English Department.
2. Prof. Drs. Burhanuddin Arafah, M.Hum., Ph.D. and Dr. Fathu Rahman,
M.Hum., as the first and the second Supervisors, who have sincerely
spared the time and thought to guide the writer in the midst of their busy
works so that this thesis can be completed.
4. All lecturers and academic staff of English Department, Faculty of Cultural
Sciences, Hasanuddin University, who have helped in the lecturing and
administration process during the lecture.
Thanks a lot for their motivation, contribution, and supports. May Allah SWT
always give His mercy and guidance and multiply the reward of all parties who
have been sincere in giving aid, support, and prayer to the writer. Aamiin yaa
Rabbal’alamiin.
Makassar, November 06, 2017
The Writer
3. Dr. Muhammad Syafri Badaruddin, M.Hum. and Drs. Raden S.M. Assagaf,
M.Ed., as the Examiner who has provided critics and suggestions so that
this thesis becomes a better scientific work.
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DEDICATION
Yang Utama dari Segalanya... Sembah sujud serta syukur kepada Allah SWT. Taburan cinta dan kasih sayang-Mu telah memberikanku kekuatan, membekaliku dengan ilmu serta memperkenalkanku dengan cinta. Atas karunia serta kemudahan yang Engkau berikan akhirnya skripsi yang sederhana ini dapat terselesaikan. Sholawat dan salam selalu terlimpahkan keharibaan Rasullah Muhammad SAW.
Kupersembahkan karya sederhana ini kepada orang-orang yang sangat kukasihi dan kusayangi:
Ibunda dan Ayahanda Tercinta Sebagai tanda bakti, hormat, dan rasa terima kasih yang tiada terhingga kupersembahkan karya kecil ini kepada (Alm.) Ayah, Abdul Gani dan Ibu, Sundari Sahid yang telah memberikan kasih sayang, segala dukungan, dan cinta kasih yang tidak terhingga dan tidak mungkin dapat kubalas hanya dengan selembar kertas yang bertuliskan kata cinta dan persembahan. Semoga ini menjadi langkah awal untuk membuat kalian bahagia karna kusadar, selama ini diriku belum bisa wujudkan hal itu. Untuk Ayah dan Ibu yang selalu membuatku termotivasi dan selalu menyirami kasih sayang, selalu mendoakanku, selalu menasehatiku untuk menjadi lebih baik, Terima Kasih Ayah.... Terima Kasih Ibu...
Kakak dan Keponakan Untuk kakak-kakakku, Anita Sudarwati, S.T., Luc Pagani, Rini Rachmawaty, S.Kep.Ns.,MN., Ph.D., Marco Messina, Rachmad Ibrahim, S.E., Sistra Andarissa dan para ponakanku, Alisha, Danastri, Aurora, Nixie, dan Adriano, tiada yang paling mengharukan saat kumpul bersama kalian, walaupun sering bertengkar tapi hal itu selalu menjadi warna yang tak akan bisa tergantikan, terima kasih atas doa dan bantuan kalian selama ini, hanya karya kecil ini yang dapat aku persembahkan. Maaf belum bisa menjadi seseorang yang dapat dibanggakan, tapi aku akan selalu menjadi yang terbaik untuk kalian semua...
My Best friend’s Buat sahabatku “Zafril”, terima kasih atas bantuan, doa, nasehat dan semangat
yang selalu kamu berikan selama masa perkuliahan dan masa sulitku, aku tak
akan melupakan semua yang telah kamu berikan selama ini. Buat sahabat-
sahabatku (Wellis Gaming) indah & Oce (Beauty and The…ah sudahlah), Uceng
“@babiharam”, Ashar “astaghfirullaaahh!!”, Anca “The Playboy Master”, Jabbar
Tokuda, Arga “DC fan Maniac”, dan Ipul “selera rumor”, (mencari cinta sejati)
Jailani “The Boss”, Eki “Ukhti Hunter”, Ima “The Sparkling Princess”, Este “Ma True
Babe” dan Nawir “Sate Sadiieezz”, terima kasih atas bantuan kalian, semangat
kalian dan candaan kalian, aku tak akan melupakan kalian. Buat sahabat-
sahabatku Caterpillar 2011 yang turut membantu selama ini, terima kasih atas
bantuan dan ingatan indah yang telah kita ukir, semoga keakraban dan
pertemanan kita akan terus berlanjut hingga ajal menjempul.
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ABSTRACT
PONCO ADYIE SUGAMA. 2017. The Portraits of Slaves’
Tribulations in Frances Harper’s Selected Poems (supervised by
Burhanuddin Arafah and Fathu Rahman).
The objectives of this research are to reveal the intrinsic elements as
structure and to prove that structure in literary works especially poetry has
significant function that works simultaneously in aim of portraying the
tribulations of slaves in Frances Harper’s selected poems: The Slave
Mother (1854), The Slave Auction (1854), and Bury Me In a Free Land
(1858). In conducting this research, the writer uses qualitative method by
using the library as the foundation of data for analyzing and studying and
also using structuralism approach through analysis of the literature itself
(intrinsic elements) consisting of various elements such as diction, figurative
language, imagery, and tone. These elements work closely and play an
important role in portraying tribulations of slaves.
The results of this research indicate that the three works of Harper is
a dense literary work of intrinsic elements. Each intrinsic element in the
poems has its own function in order to display the tribulations of the slaves.
Diction as a device to reinforce the essence of meaning, figurative language
distributes the meaning implicitly that requires high interpretation, imagery
makes the reader can feel the scenes, and tone as poet/speaker’s attitude
in conveying the poems to the readers.
Keyword: Poetry, Structuralism
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ABSTRAK
PONCO ADYIE SUGAMA. 2017. Potret Kesengsaraan Budak-
Budak Dalam Puisi-Puisi Pilihan Karya Frances Harper (dibimbing oleh
Burhanuddin Arafah dan Fathu Rahman).
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan unsur-unsur
intrinsik sebagai struktur dan untuk membuktikan bahwa struktur dalam
karya sastra khususnya puisi memiliki fungsi penting yang bekerja
bersamaan dalam upaya menggambarkan kesengsaraan budak dalam
puisi-puisi pilihan karya Frances Harper: The Slave Mother (1854), The
Slave Auction (1854), and Bury Me In a Free Land (1858). Dalam
melakukan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan
menggunakan perpustakan sebagai landasan data untuk penganalisaan
dan pengkajian serta menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme melalui
analisis terhadap karya sastra itu sendiri (unsur intrinsik) yang terdiri dari
berbagai unsur seperti: diksi (diction), gaya bahasa (figurative language),
citra (imagery), dan nada bicara (tone). Unsur-unsur tersebut bekerja
secara seksama dan berperan penting dalam menggambarkan
kesengsaraan budak-budak.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketiga karya-karya Harper
merupakan karya sastra yang padat akan unsur-unsur intrinsik. Setiap
unsur intrinsik dalam puisi-puisi tersebut memiliki fungsi masing-masing
demi menampilkan kesengsaraan budak-budak. Diksi (diction) sebagai alat
untuk memperkuat esensi makna, gaya bahasa (figurative language)
mendistribusikan makna secara tersirat sehingga membutuhkan
interpretasi yang tinggi, citra (imagery) membuat pembaca dapat
merasakan adegan-adegan, dan nada bicara (tone) sikap penyair dalam
menyampaikan puisi ke pembaca.
Kata kunci: Puisi, Strukturalisme
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ___________________________________________________ i
VALIDATION PAGE ii
APPROVAL PAGE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ____________________________________ iv
DEDICATION PAGE v
ABSTRACT _______________________________________________ vi
ABSTRAK _______________________________________________ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ____________________________________ viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ________________________________ 1
A. Background of The Research __________________________________ 1
B. Scope of Problems ____________________________________________ 2
C. Focus of Research ____________________________________________ 3
D. Research Questions ___________________________________________ 3
E. Objectives of Research __________________________________________ 3
F. Significance of Research ________________________________________ 4
CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ____________________ 5
A. Previous Study _______________________________________________ 5
B. Definition of Poetry ____________________________________________ 6 1. Figurative Language ___________________________________________________ 6 2. Imagery _____________________________________________________________ 12 3. Diction ______________________________________________________________ 14 4. Tone ________________________________________________________________ 15
C. Structuralism Approach. ______________________________________ 15
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY _____________________________ 17
A. Methodology _________________________________________________ 17
B. Source of Data _______________________________________________ 17
C. Data Collection ______________________________________________ 18
D. Research Procedure __________________________________________ 19
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH ANALYSIS ________________________ 20
A. Data Description. _____________________________________________ 20 1. The Slave Mother. ____________________________________________________ 20
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a. The Poem _________________________________________________________ 20 b. Poem Explication ___________________________________________________ 21 c. Figurative Language and Imagery. ___________________________________ 23
2. The Slave Auction. ___________________________________________________ 24 a. The Poem _________________________________________________________ 24 b. Poem Explication ___________________________________________________ 25 c. Figurative Language and Imagery ____________________________________ 26
3. Bury Me in A Free Land. ______________________________________________ 27 a. The Poem _________________________________________________________ 27 b. Poem Explication ___________________________________________________ 28 c. Figurative Language and Imagery ____________________________________ 29
B. Analysis of Data. _____________________________________________ 31 1. The Slave Mother. ____________________________________________________ 31
a. Diction Analysis. ___________________________________________________ 31 b. Figurative Language Analysis. _______________________________________ 32 c. Imagery Analysis. __________________________________________________ 45 d. Tone Analysis. _____________________________________________________ 49
2. The Slave Auction. ___________________________________________________ 51 a. Diction Analysis. ___________________________________________________ 51 b. Figurative Language Analysis. _______________________________________ 52 c. Imagery Analysis. __________________________________________________ 59 d. Tone Analysis. _____________________________________________________ 63
3. Bury Me in A Free Land. ______________________________________________ 64 a. Diction Analysis. ___________________________________________________ 64 b. Figurative Language Analysis. _______________________________________ 66 c. Imagery Analysis. __________________________________________________ 73 d. Tone Analysis. _____________________________________________________ 78
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION _______________ 83
A. Conclusion. __________________________________________________ 83
B. Suggestion. __________________________________________________ 85
BIBLIOGRAPHY __________________________________________ 86
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of background of some sub-chapters. They are
background of research, scope of the problems, focus of research, research
questions, objectives of research, and significance of research.
A. Background of the Research
Structure is a complex whole shape. Every object, or event is a structure
consisting of various elements that each element is in a relationship. Poetry
is an object, therefore it must be a structure. Forley states that structuralism
is the notion that the essence of things does not lie in the thing itself, but lies
in the relationships within the thing (Siswantoro, 2014: 13). Ratna also
states the same thing that every element in literature has no meaning in
itself, the elements can be understood solely in interrelation process. The
total meaning of each entity can be understood only in its integrity to its
totality (Ratna, 2013: 76-77).
As a genre, poetry differs from novel, drama or short story. The
difference lies in the density of the composition with strict conventions, so
that poetry does not give loose space to the poet in creating freely. Naturally,
Perrine says that poetry is the most condensed and concentrated form of
literature. The density of the composition is marked by the use of few words,
but reveals more. Poetry as a literary form using language as a medium of
disclosure. But poetry has its own characteristics of the ability to express
more intensive and more than the ability possessed by colloquial language
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(Siswantoro, 2014: 23). Similar opinion is also stated by Lotman. According
to him, colloquial language is straightforward, oriented to the common laws
and abstract ideas. By contrast, the language of literature both in detail and
in its entirety, enters into various systems of relationships resulting in more
than one meaning simultaneously (Faruk, 2014: 97).
According to biography.com, Frances Harper (1825-1911) was an
African-American abolitionist, poet, and author. She was born free in
Baltimore, Maryland, United Stated of America (USA). As grown up in
slavery era, she decided to be part of abolitionist. Most of her literary works
were meant as social critic to create the abolition of slavery. The writer
chooses three poems of Frances Harper: The Slave Mother (1854), The
Slave Auction (1854), and Bury Me In a Free Land (1858) to be analyzed
as an object of research. The writer believes Harper’s poems consists of
structures that works simultaneously in portraying tribulations of slaves.
Then the writer compiles them into a title The Portraits of Slaves’
Tribulations in Frances Harper’s Selected Poem.
B. Scope of Problems
The writer finds that Harper’s poems on the subject of slavery and
contain intrinsic elements which are various. These intrinsic elements are
kinds of diction, figurative language, imagery, tone. These intrinsic elements
are structures that do not work individually but simultaneously in aim of
portraying tribulations of slaves. Therefore, the writer intends to analyze the
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poems to the intrinsic elements. The writer then explains how the intrinsic
elements work according to theory.
C. Focus of Research
The writer limited the problems of the research to the intrinsic elements
that portray tribulations of slaves such as diction, figurative language,
imagery, and tone that shown through Harper’s selected poem: The Slave
Mother, The Slave Auction, and Bury Me in a Free Land. Therefore, the
analysis of the poems will be applied by using structuralism approach.
D. Research Questions
In accordance with the title of this thesis, there are some questions are
raised to motivate the writer to do this research that are:
1. What kinds of intrinsic elements are used by the poet in the selected
poems?
2. How do the intrinsic elements portray the tribulations of slaves in the
selected poems?
E. Objectives of Research
In this research, the writer is going to accomplish some goal to be
attained according to the statement of problems as follows:
1. To reveal the intrinsic elements as structure of the selected poems.
2. To prove that structure in literary works especially poetry has
significant function that works simultaneously in aim of portraying the
tribulations of slaves in the selected poems.
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F. Significance of Research
The writer believe that this thesis would give significant advantages both
to theoretical and practical use to readers especially students in English
Department of Hasanuddin University. Theoretically, this thesis will be
useful as a reference for readers who want to analyze a poem through
Structuralism approach as literature criticism. From the theory used in this
thesis, the readers will come to a new understanding of intrinsic elements
that work simultaneously in literary works especially in Harper’s poems that
describes tribulations and violence as it is portrayed in her poems.
Practically, the readers will have better comprehension about the use of
literature especially poetry as unit of structures that is related each other
and work simultaneously in finding meaning.
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CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Literature review consists of some theories. The main purpose of the
existence of literature review is to strengthen the arguments through some
theories. In this chapter the literature review is about the theory related to
this study itself.
A. Previous Study
Previous study contains the other thesis that has the same literature
or aspects which is related to this thesis by comparing it with those theses
before. The writer found the thesis that has the same theme, that is:
1. Rama R. Marpaung. (2009) “An Analysis of Racial Issue in Some
Langston Hughes’ Poems” discusses and focus on the negatively
racial discriminations that happened to the Black people, such as: skin
color, prejudice, discriminations, stereotypes, and racial segregation which
is contained in Langston Hughes’s poems. He uses the descriptive
qualitative method and also structuralism approach.
2. Rijal Muamar H. (2014). “Racism in Claude McKay’s Selected
Poems” focus on revealing the racism issues shown in Claude McKay’s
Selected poems through the poetical devices and the conflict between
blacks and whites in the poems. Based on analysis, this research shows
that the issue of racism shown in this study is position of blacks are always
at the bottom and whites are always on the top of the various aspects of
community life. This thesis concludes that racism is one of world’s major
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problems that must be faces and resolved. He uses the descriptive
qualitative method and also structuralism approach.
All of the theses above have common aspects of study with this thesis.
Their objectives are to portray the meanings or events of poems by using
the descriptive qualitative method and structuralism approach. The thesis
of Rama R. Marpaung focuses on racial issues such as skin color,
prejudice, discriminations, stereotypes, and racial segregation in Langston
Hughes’ poems, the thesis of Rijal Muamar R. focuses on racism in Claude
McKay’s selected poems, and this thesis focuses on slaves’ tribulation in
Frances Harper’s selected poems
B. Definition of Poetry
Perrine (Siswantoro, 2014: 23) said that poetry is a form of literature
which is the most solid and concentrated amongs others literature such as
prose or drama. The solidness of the composistion is marked with the less
use of word, but expresses many things. Hence, poetry can be defined a
kind of language that presents more things and more intensive than what is
meant by daily speaking.
1. Figurative Language
According to Abrams, figurative language is a conspicuous
departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard
meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve
some special meaning or effect. Figures are sometimes described as
primarily poetic, but they are integral to the functioning of language
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and indispensable to all modes of discourse (Abrams, 1999:96).
There are some types of Figurative Language, such as:
a. Simile
A simile is a comparison between two distinctly different things
is explicitly indicated by the word “like” or “as” (Abrams, 1999: 97). It
can be simple, briefly expressed or long and sustained, known then
as the epic simile. Meanwhile, Wren and Martin (Siswantoro 2014:
167) gives definition, “simile is a comparison made between two
objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one point in
common”. Example:
• Onward she waddled like a duck.
• Her eyes sparkled like the stars in the sky
b. Metaphor
Abrams give definition, “a metaphor is a word or expression that
in literal usage denotes one kind of thing is applied to a distinctly
different kind of thing, without asserting a comparison”. I.A.
Richards, also describes a terminology that metaphor itself is
distinguished between the tenor (the main subject) and the vehicle
(the idea that conveys meaning and as a comparison of the main
subject). Then there is a third element which is the element of
similarity, the common ground, between tenor and vehicle (Abrams,
1999: 97). In general, a metaphor is not plainly limited in the number
of resemblances it may indicate. For example: “He is a pig” is to use
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a metaphor that might involve comparisons of appearance morality
as well. Example:
• The crowd swarmed the building – the word swarmed implies that the crowd moved like a swarm of bees.
• Her eyes are sparkles in the sky.
• An aged man is but a paltry thing, / A tattered coat upon a stick
c. Personification
The point of the personification is to express the abstract ideas
to inanimate objects, or aspects of nature is described as if it were
human. Abrams (1999: 99) states that personification in which either
an inanimate object or an abstract concept is spoken of as though it
were endowed with life or with human attributes or feelings.
Example:
• The tree stood tall and proud
• The Grass dances among the breeze in spring
d. Hyperbole
Abrams (1999: 120) states that hyperbole is bold
overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of
possibility. It is means that some words which are used in a poem
is overstatement from true meaning. Example:
• “I’ll die if I don’t pass this course”, the word “die” here is over expression. If we understanding into true meaning is it impossible.
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e. Synecdoche
Abrams (1999: 99) states “Synecdoche is a figurative
language that a part of something is used to signify the whole or
the whole is used to signify a part”. According to Makaryk (in
Siswantoro, 2014), synecdoche refers to the substitution of a part
for a whole, or vice versa. Example:
• Boots on the ground—refers to soldiers
• New wheels—refers to a new car
• Suits—can refer to businesspeople
f. Metonymy
Metonymy is one of figurative language in which something is
called by a new name that is related in meaning to the original
thing or concept. According to Abrams (1999: 98), metonymy is
literal term for one thing is applied to another which it has become
closely associated because of a recurrent relationship in common
experience. Example:
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)
• Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)
g. Irony
Irony is a statement in which the meaning that a speaker implies
differs sharply from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed. The
ironic statement usually involves the explicit expression of one attitude
or evaluation but with indications in overall speech-situation that the
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speaker intends a very different, and often opposite, attitude or
evaluation (Abrams, 1999: 135).
h. Anaphora
Anaphora is figurative language that consists of repeating a
sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby
lending them emphasis. It serves the purpose of delivering an artistic
effect to a passage. It is also used to appeal to the emotions of the
reader in order to persuade, inspire, motivate and encourage them.
Example:
• “What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?”
(The Tyger by William Blake)
i. Apostrophe
According to Abrams (1999: 271), an apostrophe is a direct and
explicit address either to an absent person or to an abstract or
nonhuman entity. Often the effect is of high formality, or else of a
sudden emotional impetus. Example:
• Oh love, Oh night, Oh Summer
j. Euphemism
Euphemism is an inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt
one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing (Abrams, 1999:83).
Example:
• “passed away” instead of “die”
• “Comfort station” instead of “toilet”
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k. Symbolism
Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by
giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal
sense. Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object
representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much
deeper and more significant. Example:
• Crown symbolizes authority and power.
• Doves symbolizes love and affection.
l. Allusion
Allusion is a passing reference, without explicit identification, to a
literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work
or passage (Abrams, 1999: 9). Example:
• In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo states that Rosaline
has Dianne’s (Artemis’) wit.
m. Synesthesia
According to Abrams (1999: 315), synesthesia signifies the
experience of two or more kinds of sensation when only one sense
is being stimulated. In literature the term is applied to descriptions of
one kind of sensation in terms of another; color is attributed to
sounds, odor to colors, sound to odors, and so on. Example:
• You could cut the tension in the air with a knife.
• Actions speak louder than words.
• She spoke in honeyed tones.
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n. Connotation and Denotation
According to Abrams (1999: 46), the denotation of a word is its
primary signification or reference; its connotation is the range of
secondary or associated significations and feelings which it commonly
suggests or implies. Example:
• A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly face.
• A dove implies peace or gentility.
• Home connotes privacy, intimacy, and coziness.
• Politician has a negative connotation of wickedness and insincerity while statesperson connotes sincerity.
2. Imagery
Imagery is one of the most common in critic, and one of the most
variable in meaning. Its applications range all the way from the “mental
pictures” which, it is sometimes claimed, are experienced by the reader
of a poem, to the totality of the components which make up a poem.
Imagery is used to signify all the objects and qualities of sense
perception referred to in a poem or other work of literature, whether by
literal description, by allusion, or in the vehicles (the secondary
references) of its similes and metaphors. (Abrams, 1999: 121).
According to Siswantoro (2014: 215), imagery can be meant as a
mental picture, a picture, portrait or picture of illusion which is created
as a result of a reader’s reaction in understanding the poem. Imagery
emerges as a process to continue imagism that is developing an active
reader to find explicit meanings in the text. To find the imagery, the
readers must have good readings supported by the mastery of
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vocabulary, grammar, and cultural aspects. The readers have to be
aware that the text is not our language, so we must adjust with
enthusiasm the other text. Because of that the readers will be able to
understand imagery by having a good participant with cognitive and
emotional.
Imagery in poetry can be very various which refers to all human
senses such as sight, sound, taste, smell, touch, bodily awareness and
muscular tension that is divided into 7 types of imagery such as visual
imagery, auditory imagery, olfactory imagery, gustatory imagery, tactile
imagery, kinesthetic imagery, and organic imagery.
a. Visual Imagery
Visual imagery is relating to visual scenes, graphics, pictures, or
the sense of sight. It brings the reader to witness events or things in
literary work. Al-Ma’ruf (2009) said that the imagery appearing from
the sense of sight is called visual imagery. This visual imagery is
also very productive used by the author to describe a situation,
place, scene, or building. Example:
• The clouds were low and hairy like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes.
• The iced branches shed ‘crystal shells.’
b. Auditory Imagery
Auditory imagery is the imagery created by the sense of hearing.
It is also productive used in literary works (Al-ma’ruf, 2009). Auditory
imagery is relating to sounds, noises, music, sense of hearing or
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choosing words with a sound that imitates real sounds in the form of
onomatopoeia. Words such as “bang!” “achoo!” “cacaw!” "buzz!" all
work to describe sounds that most people are familiar with.
Onomatopoeia is used mostly in poetry. Example:
• Joanna, the minute she set her eyes on him, let loose the scream of her life.
• The rumbling sound of clouds, indicated start of monsoon.
c. Organic Imagery
According to Al-Ma’ruf (2009), organic imagery is a mental
picture that effect reader’s internal sensation. It can evoke the
personal experiences of a character's physique, body, including
emotion and the senses of hunger, thirst, fatigue, sickness, agony
and pain. Example:
• Life is too much like a pathless wood.
3. Diction
According to Gorys Keraf, diction refers to the choice of words
(Siswantoro, 2014: 199). Which means, a poet in the process of
creating poetry will definitely choose certain words and remove words
that are deemed not to meet the creation of an artistic construction.
Word choice is closely related to the disclosure of an artistic idea so
that the process of creation is not a process of spontaneity.
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4. Tone
According to Perrine, tone in literature especially poetry, can be
defined as the author's attitude to the subject, to the reader, or to
himself. Tone is the emotional color or meaning of the author's work
and an important element of the whole meaning (Siswantoro, 2014:
244).
C. Structuralism Approach.
Etymologically, structure comes from the word structura, in Latin,
meaning form or building. Literary work is a structure. The structure here
means the literary work is the composition of the systematic elements which
there are mutual relationships among them, determine each other. Thus,
the unity of the elements in literature is not just a collection or pile of things,
but they interrelated and interdependent. Therefore, the nature of each
element in the structure has no meaning by itself, but that meaning is
determined by the relationship between all the elements contained in that
structure (Hawkes, 2004: 17-18). With that understanding, the structural
analysis of poetry is an analysis focused into its elements and functions in
the structure of the poem and describes that each element has meaning
when it is related to the other elements and according to its place in the
structure.
Structuralism definitively gives attention to the analysis of the elements
of the work. Every literary work, both literary and the same or different, has
different elements. Different elements also occur as a result of differing
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reception and analysis processes. Therefore, literary works have distinctive
features, autonomous, and cannot be generalized. The elements of poetry
include: themes, stylistic or figurative language, imagery or imagination,
rhythm, rhyme, diction or choice of words, symbols, tones, and
enjambment. On the basis of the autonomous, then there is no standard
rule on an activity of analysis. It means, the elements discussed depends
on the dominance of the elements of the work or the purpose of the analysis.
(Ratna, 2013: 93-94).