
2/59

I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently,

using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.

&uthors signature


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&ckno'ledgement:

I 'ould like to thank my supervisor Ing. gr. !i"# $am%ousek (or his patience) support)valua%le advice and kind guidance.


4/59

Ta#le of $ontents

"%! &ntroduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'

1.1 Motivation......................................................................................................................5

1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................6

%! Defining the $oncept of (False Friends)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*

2.1 Putting it Right: False Friend or False ognate!......................................................."

+%! $lassification of False Friends, $ategori-ing the Uncategori-a#le. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"

/%! Approaches to the Treatment of False Friends%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

'%! Towards a New $-ech0English0English0$-ech False Friends Dictionary%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*

5.1 #co$e.......................................................................................................................... 2%

5.1.1 &he riterion o' For(al #i(ilarit)..........................................................................2*

5.1.2 &he riterion o' Falsit)........................................................................................+2

5.1.+ &he riterion o' Fre,uenc)....................................................................................+-

5.1.- &he riterion o' Fre,uenc) o' rror.......................................................................+6

5.2 For(: Printed and o($uteri/ed False Friends 0ictionaries.......................................+*

5.+ a)out..........................................................................................................................-

5.- ntr): &heoretical 3uidelines 'or False Friends 0ictionar) ntr) o($ilation.............-5

5.-.1 Model False Friends 0ictionar) ntr) ..................................................................-*

1%! $onclusion%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'!

2orks $ited%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'

34sum4 5English6%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'*

3esum4 5$-ech6%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%'7


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8ist of A##reviations

** *alse *riends

L+ *irst Language

L, Second Language

SL Source Language

TL Target Language


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"%! &ntroduction

"%" Motivation

The phenomenon o( -(alse (riends is more or less vaguely kno'n to most language

learners at all levels o( pro(iciency. These tricky 'ords seem to (orm an insepara%le part o(

second language ac/uisition0 they are a pit(all 'hich occasionally traps even those highly

pro(icient in their second language) including translators0 hence (alse (riends need to %e dealt

'ith 'ithin %oth the (ields o( language teaching and translation studies. 1et it is too o(ten the

case that little attention is dra'n to them) particularly i( the meaning divergences are

relatively su%tle. I( the learner does receive some 'arning instruction) it 'ould most likely %e

%ased on) or %y means o( re(erence to) a (alse (riends dictionary) 'hich is e2pected to (urnish

the learner 'ith all the necessary in(ormation.

3ative 45ech learners o( the English language have no' (or more than t'o decades

turned (or advice regarding (alse (riends to a dictionary authored %y !ose( 6ladk7 and entitled

Zrdn slova v anglitin8+99;. The slight %ook 'as pu%lished in +99) %e(ore the age o(

rapid development in the computer science and corpus linguistics) and thus o'es its virtues to

nothing more than the single


7/59

prompted me to 'rite this thesis. &s a learner o( English) no' a student o( the English

language and literature) I have o(ten 'itnessed the 'rong use) on account o( (ormal similarity)

o( a 'ord %y my (ello' students 8and I am not so sel(


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%! Defining the $oncept of (False Friends)

The topic o( (alse (riends is as old as languages themselves. 1et it 'as not until +9,A

that the term -(au2 amis 8du traducteur;) 'hich is generally understood+to %e the *rench

e/uivalent o( the no' commonly used -(alse (riends) 'as coined %y a2ime oessler and

!ules Deroc/uigny in their 'ork entitled -Les *au2 &mis, 84hami5o


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sake o( %revity) neglected %y some more concise de(initions. 6olmes H uerra $amos) to

name one e2ample) are contented 'ith stating that (alse (riends are -'ords in t'o di((erent

languages that are orthographically recogni5a%le) %ut totally di((erent in meaning 8+99J) p.

AA;.

It is) naturally) the degree o( di((erence in meaning) or the degree o( mutual sense

overlap) %et'een look


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,M;) 'here the -strongest versions o( (alse (riends occupy one end o( the spectrum and

-true (riends the other) the t'o phenomena gradually shading into each other.

%" ;utting it 3ight, (False Friend) or (False $ognate).

The term -(alse (riends) though 'idely spread) is %y no means the only one used in

literature on the su%>ect. &ccording to Buncic) as /uoted %y 4hami5o


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overlap %et'een the t'o 'ords involved: -true cognates) -deceptive cognates 8share some

meanings;) -(alse cognates 8share no meanings; and the rather o2ymoronic -accidental

cognates 'hich are no -cognates in the (irst place) (or they -are not etymologically related

%ut >ust happen to share (orm 8de root) ,++) pp. +,+


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To sum up the a%ove) there e2ist at least three di((erent notions o( the status o( -(alse

cognates. ost o(ten) they are presented as identical to -(alse (riends) 'ith no signi(icant

di((erence o%served or ackno'ledged. In addition to this) de root 8,++; presents the terms

-(alse cognates and -(alse (riends as technically re(erring to dissimilar phenomena) 'hile

4hami5o


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+%! $lassification of False Friends, $ategori-ing the Uncategori-a#le.

Divergences in meaning %et'een t'o (ormally similar 'ords (rom t'o di((erent

languages may %e o%served (rom di((erent vie'points and at various levels0 this is re(lected

%y the (act that many diverse classi(ications o( (alse (riends have %een put (or'ard.

& ma>ority o( 'orks concerned 'ith the topic that are availa%le discuss (alse (riends

under the 8imaginary; heading -cognates) taking in their organi5ation into account the

etymological criterion. Scott !arvis) (or instance) (irst distinguishes %et'een -true historical

cognates and non


14/59

t'o languages that are similar %ut neither etymologically nor semantically related. Fhen there

is a semantic or etymological reason 'hich accounts (or the similarity o( a particular (alse

(riends pair) he speaks o( semantic (alse (riends. This group includes not only the -traditional

(alseCdeceptive cognates 8'hich he himsel() as has already %een e2plained) considers a nonectives may %e used instead o( -a%solute0 among others

these are -sheer and -pure in connection 'ith -nonsense) and -dead and -utter in connection 'ith

-silence. &s regards the -a%solutn#Ca%solute pair) collocational restrictions may /uite markedly result in the

e2istence o( a certain degree o( (alse (riendship %et'een the t'o look


22/59

distinct group o( (alse (riends) although they alone may) on occasion) result in the e2istence o(

(alse (riendship %et'een cross


23/59

/%! Approaches to the Treatment of False Friends

In reminiscence o( the (alse (riends semantic continuum 'ith its t'o contrasting ends)

there e2ist t'o opposing vie's on the signi(icance o( cross


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similarity and lead to learners -recklessly guessing the meanings o( 'ords in a (oreign

language) the -conse/uences o( the latter could ... %e particularly dire in L+ to L,

translation) as little time and e((ort 'ould %e spent on other error sources 8Dodds) +999)

p. @+;0 in other 'ords) i( too much attention is paid to avoiding literal 8(ormally similar; items)

mistakes not involving le2is 'ill likely elude the translator) 'ho may thus produce a

translation much 'orse than they 'ould i( (ormally similar items 'ere employed.

1et) on the other hand) the %oundary %et'een 3e'marks -true (riends and -(alse

(riends is precisely as (u55y as are those o( the phenomenon o( (alse (riends itsel() given that)

in his vie') -the degree o( di((erence %et'een (alse (riends may vary (rom complete to

slight and that -true (riends ... have precisely or appro2imately the same meanings

83e'mark) +99A) p. +,=;. These de(initions clearly sho' ho' the t'o phenomena o( the

semantic continuum shade into each other0 -slight di((erence may) in actuality) involve the

same degree o( di((erence as does -appro2imately the same. There(ore) 'hile 3e'mark

maintains that -true (riends outnum%er -(alse (riends) it may) at least in certain cases) %e

disputa%le 'hether a particular crossect to the in(luence o( language dynamics 8de Schryver) ou's H rinsloo)

,M;. There%y (ormally similar cross


25/59

The -(u55iness and multi


26/59

-the hypnotic po'er 'hich the L, source te2t seems to e2ert on the translator) even 'hen he

or she is highly pro(icient and is translating (rom L, into L+ 8p. ,@;. Kn the level o( le2is) the

conse/uence o( this -hypnotic po'er may) in the case o( the 45ech


27/59

unnecessarily preoccupied 'ith le2is to the point o( making mistakes in other areas) or

'rongly employing a (ormally similar item 'here another one 'ould (it %etter. K( course) the

search (or the most suita%le) or the most -appro2imate) translation e/uivalent is among the

essential /uests o( the translator) >ust like (inding a reasona%le e/uivalent is among the

primary concerns o( a language learner) and none o( these is limited to (ormally similar items.

6o'ever) (alse (riends occupy a some'hat -special status due to their comple2ity and

-treacherousness. In addition to providing in one place all the relevant in(ormation) a /uality

(alse (riend dictionary is a relia%le re(erence 'ork0 one that 'ill (urnish learners 8and trainee

translators; 'ith (acts instead o( over


28/59

'%! Towards a New $-ech0English0English0$-ech False Friends Dictionary

The most (re/uently occurring!au" amisshould %e listed) categori5ed and e2plained

%y means o( contrastive comparisons. It is only %y this sort o( analysis that advanced

learners can %e sensiti5ed to the di((iculty o( translating such innocuoususti(ied selection o( the most (re/uent and most misleading (alse (riends

8van $oey) +9AA) p. +@,;. 4ertainly) the /uestion o( the scope o( a (alse (riends dictionary can

%e seen as several(old. ?nless there are some (urther speci(ications) it appears to %e linked to

%asically (our concepts0 these are that o( (ormal similarity) -(alsity) (re/uency and 'hat can

%e termed as -pro%lematicity. In other 'ords) it depends upon 'hich cross


29/59

languages;0 and 'hich tend to %e misused most o(ten. It must %e emphasi5ed that the (our

%elo' discussed aspects 8or criteria; linked to the /uestion o( the scope o( a (alse (riends

dictionary should never %e considered separately) %ut as parts contri%uting to the 'hole.

'%"%" The $riterion of Formal Similarity

&s regards the (irst o( the a%ove listed aspects) (ormal similarity) no universal criteria

are availa%le0 at least) none that 'ould %e applica%le (or the purpose o( a dictionary

compilation. Nan $oey mentions a suggestion in this respect that has %een put (or'ard %y

6ammer and onod) 'ho reserve the term!au" amis(or -pairs sho'ing a di((erence in

spelling (orm o( one letter at most 8disregarding recurrent a((i2es; 8van $oey) +9AA) p. +@J;)

6o'ever) he o%serves that -e2perience 'ith *rench learners o( English does not indicate

that the di((erence o() say) three letters 8in e.g. avisCadvice; makes (alse (riends less

deceptive than the di((erence o( one single letter 8in e.g. dPlaiCdelay; 8van $oey) +9AA)

p. +@J;. Thus) the selection (or le2icographic purposes o( -(ormally similar 'ords

participating in (alse (riends 'ord pairs is usually impressionistic and empirical) %ased on the

compilers su%>ective >udgement and e2perience.

Though van $oey uses the 'ord -selection) it 'ould perhaps have %een more

appropriate to speak o( -identi(ication0 (or identi(ying (ormally similar items in %oth 8or all;

languages is the (irst step that needs to %e taken in compiling a (alse (riends dictionary. The

manner in 'hich this step 'as e2ecuted in the case o(Zrdn slova v anglitin is not

disclosed to the user0 yet) in his pre(ace to the %ook) 6ladk7 8+99; states that the selection o(

head'ords roughly corresponds to #lovn$k spisovn% e&tiny pro &kolu a ve'e(nost8Dictionary

o( Standard 45ech (or Schools and u%lic; (rom the year o( +9GA and the)ongman

*ictionary o! Contemporary +nglish8rocter; (rom the same year. SinceZrdn slova v

anglitinappears to %e designed primarily as a 45ech


30/59

>usti(ied to presume that the entries contained in the mentioned #lovn$k spisovn% e&tiny'ere

manually e2amined) and -(oreign


31/59

It may) in the case o( the a%ove descri%ed pair o( pseudo (alse (riends) %e dou%ted

'hether learners need to %e alerted to the -e2istence o( non


32/59

translation e/uivalent o( %oth -na moment and -5a moment) depending primarily on the

variety o( English0 in British English) -momentarily is traditionally understood to mean -(or

>ust a very short time) 'hile in &merican English) it o(ten denotes -in a moment. Its

a%sence (romZrdn slova v anglitinconstitutes yet another proo( o( the su%>ective nature

o( (ormal similarity. Thus it is clear that the search (or (ormally similar items in the t'o

languages given should not %e a one persons e((ort0 rather) it should %e conducted

collectively %y a group o( teachers) linguists or le2icographers0 language teaching e2perience

'ill de(initely aid this 'ork.

6ladk7s 8+99; process o( identi(ying (alse (riends may) in addition to %eing

inevita%ly su%>ective) %e descri%ed as manual identi(ication. Time demanding though the

process may %e) it does not appear to stand much chance o( %eing (ully replaced 'ith an

automatic method any time soon) given the comple2 nature o( (alse (riendship. Neis%ergs

8+99@;) (or instance) asserts that -inclusion o( con(usa%les in a **s dictionary should %e ...

implemented on individual %asis only 8p. @J,;. 3evertheless) 'ith the development o(

computational linguistics and electronic corpora) numerous attempts have %een made at

automatic identi(ication o( (alse (riends. E2ploring this topic in depth had %etter %e le(t to

computational linguists0 (or the purpose o( this 'ork) a %rie( mention 'ill su((ice. 3akov)

3akov H askaleva 8,9;) (or instance) proposed several algorithms (or ac/uiring (alse

(riends pairs (rom parallel %i


33/59

The success rate o( automatic methods o( (alse (riends identi(ication is generally increasing)

though it is hardly (ully satis(actory. It seems that care(ul scholarly 'ork 'ill al'ays play a

vital part in the identi(ication o( (alse (riends) although automatic processes may (unction as

help(ul complements.

'%"% The $riterion of (Falsity)

In addition to %eing dependent on ho' the concept o( (ormal similarity is perceived)

the scope o( a (alse (riends dictionary depends on 'hich (ormally similar 'ords are

considered to %e -(alse (riends. The concept o( -(alsity has already %een discussed

throughout the previous chapters) most nota%ly in ,. 8De(ining the 4oncept o( -*alse

*riends; and J. 84lassi(ication o( *alse *riends;.

&s can %e seen (rom the latter 8J.;) 'hich takes almost all e2amples (romZrdn

slova v anglitin) the semantic scope o( the phenomenon o( (alse (riends as understood %y

6ladk7 8+99; is remarka%ly 'ide. Nie'ed %ased on the semantic relationships %et'een (alse

(riends included in the %ook)Zrdn slova v anglitin'ell illustrates the e2istence o( the

(alse (riends semantic continuum0 it contains all types o( (alse (riends) ranging (rom pseudo

(alse (riends to nuance di((erentiated 'ord pairs. It) in (act) lists even those pairs o( 'ords the

(alse (riendship status o( 'hich may %e dou%ted) such as -a%solutn#Ca%solute 8discussed in

J.;.

&s has already %een implied in the previous chapter 8M.;) there appears to %e) not

unreasona%ly) a tendency among those in the (ield o( translation studies to grant the status o(

(alse (riendship to a limited num%er o( 'ord pairs rather than ackno'ledge the (ull semantic

scope o( the phenomenon 'ith all o( its su%tleties. Stamenov 8,9;) (or instance) states in his

chapter entitled -4ognates in language) in the mind and in a prompting dictionary (or

translation that di((erences in the polysemous structure and collocational di((erences are

J,


34/59

-enough (or the practical purposes o( translation 8p. ,JJ;0 %y this) he e((ectively disregards

most o( nuance di((erentiated 'ord pairs) pseudo


35/59

similar 'ords should %e e2cluded (rom the dictionary i( they may %e regarded as translation

e/uivalents o( each other in all o( their acceptations) and no signi(icant nuance di((erences

e2ist that 'ould prevent them (rom %eing so. Thus) pairs such as -a%solutn#Ca%solute may %e

considered (or e2clusion.

'%"%+ The $riterion of Fre


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chosen (rom the 45ech part o(Zrdn slova v anglitin 8+99;: dia(ilm) epigon) eskamot[)

konspekt) meliorace) politura) polyhistor) po5Pr) sta([ and necesPr. The most (re/uent o(

these is -epigon) 'ith its (orty


37/59

B34 seventy


38/59

dictionary is almost invaria%ly cited %y ma>or 'orks on the topic o( (alse (riends 'ritten a(ter

+9A,. Fhat makes it uni/ue is its impressive scope: it lists (alse (riends %et'een English and

more than ten other languages) including ortuguese) Dutch) Danish and Turkish. In the

introduction to his dictionary 6ill 'rites that -many items (irst %ecame evident as (alse

(riends in the classroom) indicating 8%y this and else'here; that his students 'ere most

help(ul suppliers o( (alse (riends. 6ills attitude to'ards compiling a (alse (riends dictionary

'as primarily that o( a language teacher rather than language scientist) the motley assortment

o( languages not'ithstanding.

Zrdn slova v anglitin 8+99;) on the other hand) does seem to %e compiled 'ithout

much regard to 'hether the 'ord pairs included are actually likely to lead to misuse. The

45ech -klav#r) (or instance) 'hich entry o( the dictionary has already %een discussed) does

not appear to %e a likely source o( pro%lems since -pino is o(ten used instead) 'hich is

(ormally similar to its usual English e/uivalent) -piano. &lso) the a%sence o( -compromise

(rom the dictionary 8discussed in =.+.+; seems to indicate that the 45echecture. *or the argument to %e

grounded in (act) it is necessary to either dra' on ones teaching e2perience orCand check 'ith

materials 8%oth oral and 'ritten) ideally) and in su((icient amount; produced %y 45ech learners

o( English. Kn an international scale) a nota%le corpus o( learner English has %een compiled

apparently) no e2ception. The 45ech 'ord -smoking re(ers to a dinner >acket0 a meaning 'hich) according to

the dictionary) is shared %y at least t'elve other languages0 among these are odern reek) Turkish) &ra%ic and

3or'egian.

JG


39/59

and pu%lished %y The 4atholic ?niversity o( Louvain) Belgium) under the name o(

International corpus o! learner +nglish. It contains 'ritings %y E*L learners (rom si2teen

di((erent mother tongue %ackgrounds) including 45ech. Such a corpus may %e a valua%le

source o( in(ormation) though a corpus containing solely 'ritings %y 45ech 8Slovak; learners

o( English 'ould %e pre(era%le.

?nless such a corpus is availa%le) it is possi%le to either manually or electronically

compare learners 'ritings 'ith the collection o( 45ech


40/59

-momentarily 8discussed in =.+.+; and -inventory 8p. @@) entry -inventura;) and also o(

'hole (alse (riends pairs) such as -e(ektivnVCe((ectively.

The need (or ** dictionaries to %e regularly updated is most stressed %y Neis%ergs

8+99@; and de Schryver) ou's H rinsloo 8,M;. 6aving indicated in =.+.J that even less

(re/uent or archaic 'ords may have its place in a (alse (riends dictionary) the mentioned

updating is o( prime importance particularly in the case o( those 8t'o; languages the semantic

relations o( 'hich are especially lia%le to constant changes %ecause the speakers o( these

languages (re/uently come into close contact 8de Schryver) ou's H rinsloo) ,M;.

or%ahn


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'ant to %e sho'n total (alse (riends pairs only. & nota%le positive o( computeri5ed (alse

(riends dictionaries is the possi%ility o( lending the user control over the amount o(

in(ormation that is presented to them. This possi%ility is made use o( %y Stamenov 8,9; in

his outline o( a prompting dictionary (or translators 8discussed in =.+.+ and =.J.;. &lso)

computeri5ed 8(alse (riends; dictionaries allo' (or each entry to appear to the user

individually) and this prominence o( an entry on the computer screen may aid in(ormation

retention 8Lau(er) ,) p. A=,;.

&mong the more e2tensive online (alse (riends dictionaries is the Englishect %y Daniel BunOi\) later on %eing trans(ormed

into a -'iki%ook) to 'hich many other people have contri%uted) and 'hich contains lists o(

(alse (riends %et'een virtually all o( Slavic languages.

'%+ 8ayout

The per(ect dictionary is one in 'hich you can (ind the thing you are looking (or

pre(era%ly in the very (irst place you look. 86aas) as /uoted %y Stamenov) ,9)

p. ,M;

eneral layout o( a (alse (riends dictionary concerns the 'ay in 'hich the in(ormation

is presented to the user) starting (rom the 'ay in 'hich entries as units are ordered) to the

M


42/59

order 'ithin individual entries. The layout may either %e (i2ed) not allo'ing (or any changes

to %e made) or) in computeri5ed dictionaries) it may %e (le2i%le 8as discussed in =.,;.

&s (ar as the entry layout is concerned) it needs to %e %orne in mind that) as 6ay'ard

H oulin 8+9AJ; point out) in every (alse (riends pair 8e2cluding pseudo (alse (riends;) an

a%solute minimum o( (our di((erent terms are involved. &ll participants in this 8at least;

(our(old relationship should %e presented in a 'ell


43/59

/igure 0

&ccording to or%ahn


44/59

o( all senses in section one. The second and third parts o( the entry deal 'ith those senses in

'hich the t'o look


45/59

prompting dictionary (or pro(essional translators proposed %y Stamenov 8,9; 8mentioned in

=.+., and =.,;. The idea o( prompting seems highly promising as to the convenience o( use0

instead o( adhering to le2icographic conventions) as doesZrdn slova v anglitin 8+99;)

the prompting dictionary dra's on (indings in psycholinguistics regarding the 'ay in 'hich

the %ilingual mental le2icon 'orks. These include (or instance the (acts that (ormal similarity

and (re/uency aid 'ord recognition and that 'ords 'ith rich semantic representations 8e.g.

highly polysemous 'ords; are recogni5ed (aster than those 'ith poor representations

8Stamenov) ,9) pp. ,JG


46/59

'%/ Entry, Theoretical =uidelines for False Friends Dictionary Entry $ompilation

6aving decided 'hich 'ord


47/59

8d; honetic transcriptions should %e added 'here necessary.

8e; rammatical in(ormation in easyudging the meaning details

8'hich are o( particular importance in the case o( nuance di((erentiated 'ord pairs;.

M@


48/59

&lternatively) the in(ormation contained in them may %e e2haustive) %ut re/uires considera%le

time to e2amine in detail0 Stamenov 8,9;) (or instance) points out that especially in

computeri5ed dictionaries) 'here the displayed in(ormation tends to %e dense) the search (or a

particular meaning may %ecome /uite a task. &lso) as may %e the case 'ith monolingual

dictionaries) the in(ormation in the dictionary employs voca%ulary so sophisticated as to

compel the user to carry out multiple dictionary searches.

In computeri5ed online (alse (riends dictionaries) much use(ul in(ormation may %e

provided to the user %y means o( links to other 8e2ternal; sources) such as other dictionaries)

corpora and others0 these may provide some additional %its o( kno'ledge) regarding) (or

instance) historical development o( the 'ord) and may help the user remem%er the di((erences

%et'een (alse (riends. 6o'ever) e2cessive linking should %e avoided) as it increases time

demands placed on the user and thus e((ectively eliminates one o( the primary positives

pertaining to the use o( a (alse (riends dictionary as opposed to the use o( a range o( other

sources) as discussed in M.. This) moreover) is not to mention that the user may (or some

reason %e unsuccess(ul in accessing the hyperlinked sources. &lso) it is necessary to veri(y

'hether the user) o(ten ignorant o( the (acts kno'n to the compiler) is as likely as the latter to

easily (ind or in(er (rom the content o( the e2ternal sources the in(ormation they are supposed

to. In addition) care(ul guidelines should al'ays %e provided along 'ith all links0 and it is

pre(era%le that all the essential in(ormation %e included directly in the dictionary.

The content o( entries inZrdn slova v anglitino(ten leaves something to %e

desired0 most commonly it is e2amples and e2ample sentences 8or e2planations;) the lack o(

'hich prevents the user (rom >udging the meaning di((erences 8see =.J) *igure J;. In addition

to this) occasionally a note e2plaining style level etc. is missing. In the 45ech


49/59

%e accompanied %y a note in(orming the user o( the archaic nature o( the 'ord0 such a note is

present even in the +9AG)ongman *ictionary o! Contemporary +nglish.

'%/%" Model False Friends Dictionary Entry

6aving thus) in the previous su%chapter) laid some theoretical %asis as to the content o(

a (alse (riends dictionary entry) and) e/ually importantly) having discussed selected (alse

(riends pairs in depth 8in J.;) it is no' natural to proceed to presenting a model (alse (riends

dictionary entry. Belo' 8*igure M; is an outline o( 'hat might %e considered a -standard

entry o( an online (alse (riends dictionary (or at least moderately advanced learners. It uses the

-section layout advocated in =.J. The de(ault setting o( a (alse (riends dictionary (or

advanced learners 8and trainee translators; might %e stripped o( the entirety o( the (irst section)

unless there is a possi%ility o( some meanings (rom this section causing pro%lems on account

o( their similarity or relatedness to some meanings (rom other sections 8as happens to %e the

case o( the orgnCorgan entry;.

native speakers o( 45ech) on the other hand) use 'ords such as -vyuOu>#c# and -pedagog.

MA


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93=>N?93=AN @o,gnB

section " $C orgn EN organ

"%st tGla H a part of oneIs #ody

K$&3 or %vJkonn organi-ace H an organi-ation that has a special purpose

&?T6K$IT1^ sttn# orgn _ an organ o( government

see also s% orgny palestinskP samosprvy _ the organs o( the alestinian &uthority

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+%asopis H a periodical 5pu#lished #y a special interest group6

Tyto noviny %yly o(iciln#m tiskov7m orgnem This paper 'as the o((icial organ

komunistickP strany. o( the 4ommunist arty.

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section $C orgn K EN organ

/%Lad H authority #ody

arlament >e >edin7m a v7luOn7m arliament is the sole

5konodrn7m orgnem W$. legislative %ody o( the 45ech $epu%lic.

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'%oso#a 5povGen Om6 H a person 5deputed to do sth 6

police>n# orgn la'man) la' o((icer

section + EN organ K $C orgn

1% an organ H varhany P Notice, The English QorganQ is singular when we speak of 9NE piece of instrument%

organ pieceCpiece o( organ music sklad%a pro varhany

t'o organs dvo>e varhany

The organ resounded. Narhany se ro5e5vuOely.

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*% mouth organ H foukacO harmonika

7% #arrel organ H flaRinet

%euphorgan H penis

/igure 2. & model (alse (riends dictionary entry

M9


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1%! $onclusion

The purpose o( this thesis 'as to provide theoretical %asis (or the compilation o( a

(alse (riends dictionary) 'hich can then %e used (or a revision o( the %ookZrdn slova v

anglitin%y !ose( 6ladk7 8+99;.

Despite the undenia%le /ualities that must %e granted to it 'ith respect to the time and

age in 'hich it 'as 'ritten) the 'ork %y 6ladk7 has %een proven in this thesis to %e

unsuita%le as a study material. Its dra'%acks concern %oth the in(ormation contained in it as

'ell as the manner in 'hich this in(ormation is presented to the user. any (alse (riends pairs

have eluded the compilers attention) and there is some evidence to suggest that the 45echusted to learners needs0 in

=


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(act) although (alse (riends dictionaries are normally designed (or study purposes and targeted

at language learners) it is the clear internal structure o( entries and su((iciently detailed

in(ormation 'hich may make the dictionary appealing and o( use not only to learners %ut also

to translators.

6o'ever) 'hile the use o( the outlined dictionary 'ill clearly %e marked %y more

convenience) its compilation retains some o( the pit(alls 'hich (aced 6ladk7 more than

t'enty years ago. &n important point made in this thesis is the (act that in compiling a (alse

(riends dictionary there is a great risk o( omissions %ecause o( the su%>ectivity contained to

some measure in almost all o( the criteria linked to the su%>ect o( a (alse (riends dictionary

scope: that o( -(alsity) (ormal similarity) and even ] 'ithout a su((iciently large corpus o(

learners 'ritings at ones disposal ] (re/uency o( error. Thus it is necessary (or the

compilation o( the dictionary to %e team'ork instead o( a single persons e((ort.

The actual process o( compilation 8revision; 'ill dou%tless %ring a%out some /uestions

to %e settled 'hich 'ere not discussed in this thesis. &s regards the planned 45ech


53/59

2orks $ited

&da%) B.) H SchY((ner) 4. 8,;.*eveloping 3ranslation Competence. &msterdam: !ohn

Ben>amins.

BunOi\) D. 8n.d.;/alse !riends o! the #lavist. $etrieved (rom

http:CCen.'iki%ooks.orgC'ikiC*alse`*riends o(`the`Slavist

45674C 4ritish ational Corpus. Brigham 1oung ?niversity: rovo. ,= ar ,+,

http:CCcorpus.%yu.eduC%ncC b.

4asanovas 4atal) .) H K3eill) . 8+99G;. *alse (riends: & historical perspective and

present implications (or le2ical ac/uisition.4arcelona +nglish )anguage and

)iterature #tudies,8) +J


54/59

Filliams 8Eds.;Broceedings o! the +leventh +69)+ International Congress,

+69)+ 0DD2. 8pp. G9G


55/59

6ay'ard) T.) H oulin) &. 8+9AJ;. *alse (riends invigorated. In $. $. . 6artmann 8Ed.;

)+eter 81 proceedingsA International Con!erence on )e"icography at +"eter. 8pp.

+9


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e>st"#k) N. 8,J;. #lovn$k spisovn% e&tiny pro &kolu a ve'e(nostA s dodatkem Finisterstva

&kolstv$, mldeMe a tlov?chovy >esk% republiky. raha: &cademia.

3akov) .) 3akov S.) H askaleva) E. 8,9;. ?nsupervised e2traction o( (alse (riends (rom

parallel %iamins.

rocter) . 8+9GA;.)ongman dictionary o! contemporary +nglish. 6arlo': Longman.

$ing%om) 6. 8,G;. Cross7linguistic similarity in !oreign language learning. 4levedon:

ultilingual atters.

Stamenov) . I. 8,9;. 4ognates in language) in the mind and in a prompting dictionary (or

translation. In S. p(erich) &. L. !ako%sen H I. . ees 8Eds.;)4ehind the mindA

Fethods, models, and results in translation process research. 8pp. ,+9


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1etkin) 3. 8,++;. artial (alse (riends in English


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34sum4 5English6

This %achelor thesis deals 'ith a phenomenon 'hich is kno'n as -(alse (riends and

'ith the compilation o( a (alse (riends dictionary. The purpose o( this thesis is to lay the

ground'ork (or the compilation o( a revised version o(Zrdn slova v anglitin%y !ose(

6ladk7.

*irstly) the concept o( (alse (riends is de(ined and the term is compared 'ith other

terms re(erring to similar phenomena) primarily that o( (alse cognates. *ollo'ing is the

discussion o( categori5ation o( (alse (riends) 'herein the author proposes a division o( (alse

(riends into seven groups. The discussion employs e2tensive and detailed e2amples to

illustrate the di((erences %et'een these groups. Su%se/uently) t'o opposing approaches to the

treatment o( (alse (riends are presented: positive and negative. In this section the need (or

(alse (riends to %e dealt 'ith %oth in the (ield o( translation studies and language teaching is

accentuated.

The (inal chapter o( this thesis is devoted to the creation o( a (alse (riends dictionary.

This chapter is divided into (our su%chapters) each o( 'hich em%races 'hat is perceived as a

%asic aspect) or part) o( a (alse (riends dictionary: the scope) (ormat) layout and the dictionary

entry. The 'hole o( this chapter %oth (unctions as a detailed revie' o(Zrdn slova v

anglitinand contains guidelines (or the creation o( a (alse (riends dictionary. In addition)

aspects o( other (alse (riends dictionaries 'hich are considered %y the author as valua%le are

also presented. 4oncluding this chapter is a model o( a (alse (riends dictionary entry created

on the %asis o( the preceding su%chapters.

The thesis conclusion summari5es the potential %ene(its o( an updated and more usere stanovena de(inice po>mu (alen# p"telP- a tento po>em >e porovnn

s dal#mi v7ra5y) kterP popisu># podo%nP >evy0 to se t7k 5e>mPna term#nu nepravP kognty-

8anglicky (alse cognates-;. 3sledu>e po>ednn# o ro5t"#dVn# (alen7ch p"tel) v nVm[ autorka

prce navrhu>e ro5dVlovat (alenP p"tele do sedmi skupin. o>ednn# o%sahu>e OetnP a

podro%nP p"#klady) kterP ilustru># ro5d#ly me5i tVmito skupinami. otP >sou p"edstaveny dva

protichdnP posto>e t7ka>#c# se p"#stupu k (alen7m p"telm: po5itivn# a negativn#. Tato sekce

vy5dvihu>e nutnost se (alen7mi p"teli 5a%7vat >ak v o%lasti translatologie) tak v o%lasti

v7uky >a5yka.

osledn# kapitola tPto prce se vVnu>e tvor%V slovn#ku (alen7ch p"tel. Tato kapitola

>e ro5dVlena do Oty" podkapitol) 5 nich[ ka[d pokr7v >eden 5e 5kladn#ch aspekt Oi Ost#

slovn#ku (alen7ch p"tel: ro5sah) (ormt) ro5m#stVn# a slovn#kovP heslo. 4el tato kapitola

slou[# >ako podro%n recen5e knihyZrdn slova v anglitina souOasnV o%sahu>e instrukce

pro tvor%u slovn#ku (alen7ch p"tel. romV toho >sou v tPto kapitole takP pre5entovny

nVkterP aspekty >in7ch slovn#k (alen7ch p"tel) kterP autorka pova[u>e 5a cennP a u[iteOnP.

N 5vVru tPto kapitoly se nach5# v5orovP heslo pro slovn#k (alen7ch p"tel) vytvo"enP na

5kladV p"edch5e>#c#ch podkapitol.

RvVr tPto prce shrnu>e mo[nP v7hody aktuali5ovanP a u[ivatelsky p"#>emnV># ver5e

Zrdn?ch slov v anglitin) >e>#[ v5nik tato prce usilu>e podn#tit a dodat pro tento Oel

teoretickP podklady. SouOasnV vak 5vVr prce pouka5u>e na skuteOnost) [e se tato prce

thesis towards a new false friends dictionary

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