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INTRODUCTION REFERENCES:
1. Krishnadas, M., Mundinamani, S.M. and Guledgudda, S.S., 2009, Growth and
Instability in Production of Major Spices in India. Proceedings of National Workshop
on Current Trends and Future Prospects in Prododuction and Export of Spice Crops
with special reference to Chillies. UAS, Dharwad. February 27-28. p.226.
2. Govaerts R, Campacci MA, Holland Baptista D et al. (2006) World Checklist of
Orchidaceae. http://www.kew.org/ wcsp/monocots/. Accessed 29 May 2006.
3. Bouriquet, G. (1954). Le vanillier et la vanille dans le monde. Encyclopédie
Biologique XLVI., Paul Lechevalier, Paris VI.
4. Purseglove, J.W., Brown, E.G., Green, C.L.& Robbins, S.R.J. (1981). Chapter 11:
Vanilla. In: Spices: Tropical Agricultural Series, Longman, (Ed.), pp. 644-735,
London.
5. Madhusoodanan, K. J., Radhakrishnan, V.V., and Sudarshan, M.R., 2003, Vanilla,
the prince of spices pp 5-9. Spices Board, Cochin.
6. De Guzman, C. C. Vanilla. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices; Peter, K. V., Ed.; CRC
Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2004; Vol. 2, pp 322−353.
7. Anil Kumar, A.S., 2004. Vanilla cultivation: A profitable Agri-based enterprise.
Kerala Calling, pp. 26–30.
8. Bythrow, J.D. (2005) Vanilla as a Medicinal Plant. Seminars in Integrative Medicine,
Vol. 3, Issue 4, p.129-131.
9. Ho, K., Yazan, L., Ismail, N. and Ismail, M. (2009) Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of
human colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 induced by vanillin. The International
Journal of Cancer Epidemiology, Detection and Prevention, 33, p.155-160.
10. Shanmugavalli, N. and Umashankar, V. (2009) Antimicrobial activity of vanilla
planifolia. Indian Journal or Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 37-40.
11. Rattaz, C., Goubet, N. and Bullinger, A. (2005) The calming effect of a familiar odour
on full-term newborns. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26 (2),
p.86-92.
12. Minoo, D., Jayakumar, V., Veena, S., Vimala, J., Basha, A., Saji, K., Nirmal Babu, K.
and Peter, K. 2008. Genetic variations and interrelationships in Vanilla planifolia and
few related species as expressed by RAPD polymorphism. Genetic Resources and
Crop Evolution. 55:459-470.
13. Chomchalow, N. 1996. Spice production in Asia – An Overview. IBC’s Asia Spice
Markets 1996 Conference, Singapore.
14. Indian food Industry, March-April, 2008
15. Spice India, 2008. New milestones in exports, Spice India. 21(6): 4-7.
16. Murashige, T., 1974, Plant propagation through tissue culture. Plant Physiology, 25:
135-166.
17. Pierik, R.L.M., 1990, Rejuvenation and micropropagation. In: Progress in Plant
Cellular and Molecular Geology (Ed. (Nijkamp) Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordreeht, The Netherlands, pp.91-101.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTER 2 intro:
1. Collin, H. A and Edwards, S., 1998, Plant cell culture. Springer Bios Scientific
Publishers.pp.1-5.
2. SCHLEIDEN, M.J., 1838, Deitrage Zur phytogenesis, Muller, Arch, Anat, Wiss,
11:137-176.
3. SCHWANN, T., 1839, Mikroskopische untersuch un gen uber die ubereinstimmung
in der struktur and dem wach stume der tiere and pfanzen (Ostwalds Kallsiker de
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4. HABERLANDT, G., 1902, Culturvessuche mit isoleerten pflanzenzellen, sitzungsber,
math, naturwiss K1, Kais, Akad, Wiss., III : 69-92
5. Went, F., and Thimann, K.V., 1937, Phytohormones, Macmillan, Inc, New York.
6. SKOOG, F. AND MILLER, C.O., 1957, Chemical regulation of growth and organ
formation in plant tissues cultivated in vitro. Symposium Soc. Experimental Biology,
2: 118-131.
7. Murashige, T., and Skoog, F., 1962, A revised medium for rapid growth and
bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia plantarum., 15: 473-497.
8. Read, P.E., and Szendark.E., (1998) Micropropagation and biotechnology of tropical
and subtropical ornamentals. Acta Horticulturae, 461: 93-103.
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liquid medium. Plant Physiology, 9: 585-600.
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artificial medium. American Journal of Botany, 26: 59-64.
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de turbercules de carotte, C.R. Acadamy of Science, Paris, 208: 118-120.
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virus, C.R. Academy of Science, Paris, 235: 1324-1325.
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karotten, Naturwissenschyaften, 45: 344-345.
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development of cultured cell. II. Organization in cultures grown from freely
suspended cells. American Journal of Botany, 48: 705-708.
15. MOREL, G.M., 1960, Producing virus free Cymbidiom. American Orchid Society
Bulletin, 29:495-497.
16. COCKING, E.C., 1960, A method for isolation of plant protoplasts and vacuoles.
Nature, 187:927-929.
17. COCKING, E.C., 1966, Uptake of foreign genetic material by plant protoplasts.
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18. MURASHIGE, T., BITTER, W. P., RANGAN, T. S., NAUER, E. M.,
ROISTACHER, C. N. AND HOLLIDAY, P.P., 1972, A technique of shoot apex
grafting and its utilization towards recovering virus free citrus clones. Horticulture
Science, 7: 118-119.
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plant hybridization. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA, 69 : 2292-
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20. MURASHIGE, T., 1974, Plant propagation through tissue culture. Plant Physiology,
25: 135-166.
21. MURASHIGE, T., 1978, Principles of rapid propagation, In: Propagation of Higher
Plants Through Tissue Culture a Bridge Between Research and Application (K.
Huges, R. Henke and M. Constantin Eds.) Technology Information Centre, USDE
Oak, Ridge, pp.14-24.
22. NAVARRO, C., ROISTACHER, C. N. AND MURASHIGE, T., 1975, Improvement
of shoot tip grafting in vitro for virus free citrus. Journal of American Society of
Horticulture Science, 100: 471-479.
23. HU, C.Y. AND WANG, P.T., 1983, Meristem, shoottip and bud cultures. In: Hand
book of plant cell culture vol. 1 techniques for propagation and breeding (D.A. Evans,
W.R., Sharp, P.V. Ammirato and Y. Yamada, Eds.), MacMillan Publishing company,
New York, pp. 177-227.
24. LITZ, R.E., 1984, In vitro somatic embryogenesis from nucelluar callus of
monoembrgenic Mangifera indica L. Horticulture Science, 19 : 715-717.
25. LITZ, R.E., 1985, Somatic embryogenesis in tropical fruit trees, In: Tissue Culture in
Forestry and Agriculture. (R.R. Henke, K.W. Hughes, M.J. Constantin and A.
Hollaender, Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp.179-194.
26. EVANS, D.A., SHARP, W.R. AND FLINCK, C.E., 1981, Growth and behaviour of
cell cultures: Embryogenesis and organogenesis. In: Plant Tissue Culture: Methods
and Applications in Agriculture (TA Thrope, Ed.), Academic Press, New York,
pp.45-114.
27. STYLER, D.T. AND CHIN, C.K., 1983, Meristem and shoot tip culture for
propagation, pathogen elimination and germplasm preservation. Horticulture Review,
5: 221- 227.
28. SHARP, W.R., EVANS, D.A., AMMIRATO, P.V. AND YAMADA, Y., 1984, Hand
book of plant cell culture. Volume 2, Crop Species, MacMillan Publishing Co., New
York.
29. ROTOR, G. B., 1949, A method of vegetative propagation of phalanopsis species and
hybrids. American Orchid Society Bulletin, 18: 738-739.
30. Jarret, R.L. and Fernandez, Z.R., (1984), Shoot tip Vanilla culture for storage and
exchange, Plant Genetic Resource News letter, 57: 25-2
31. Kononowicz, H. and Janick, J., (1984), In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia,
Horticulture Science, 19: 58-59.
32. Philip V. J., Nainar, S. A. Z. (1986), Clonal propagation of vanilla planifolia (Salisb)
Ames using tissue culture. Journal of Plant Physiology 122: 211-215.
33. Philip, V. J. and Nainar, S. A. Z. (1988), Structural changes during the in vitro
generation of Vanilla planifolia (orchidaceae); Annnals of Botany, 61: 139-145
34. Philip, V.J. and Padikkala, J., (1989), The role of indoleacetic acid in the conversion
of root meristems to shoot meristems in Vanilla planifolia, Journal of Plant
Physiology, 135: 233-236.
35. Philip, V.J. (1989). Use of tissue culture technology and possibilities of germplasm
conservation, Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2: 114–121.
36. Philip, V.J. (1991). In Vitro, 27: Pt2 44A. (Abstract).
37. Rao, Y. S., Mathew, M. A. , Madhusoodanan, K. J. , and Naidu. R., (1993), Multiple
shoot regeneration in vanilla (vanilla planifolia). Journal of Plantation Crops, 21:
351- 354.
38. Ganesh et al., 1996, Micropropagation of vanilla through node culture, Journal of
Plantation Crops, 24: 16-22
39. Geetha, S. and Shetty, A.S., 2000, In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia a
tropical orchid; Current Science, 79: 886-889
40. George, P. S., and G. A. Ravishankar. (1997), In vitro multipliation of Vanilla
planifolia using axillary bud explants, Plant Cell Reports, 16: 490–494
41. Girirdhar, P., Reddy, D.B., Ravishanker, G.A., (2001), Silver nitrate influence on in
vitro shoot proliferation and root formation in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), Current
Science, 81: 1166-1170.
42. Minoo, D.(2002).Seedling an somaclonal variation and their characterization in
vanilla. Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Calicut University, Calicut,India, pp 110-304
43. Giridhar, P. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2004) Efficient micropropagation of Vanilla
planifolia Andr. under influence of thiadiazuron, zeatin and coconut milk, Indian
Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 113-118.
44. Giridhar, P. and Vijaya Ramu, D. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2003) Phenyl acetic acid-
induced in vitro shoot multiplication of Vanilla planifolia. Tropical Science, 43 (2).
pp. 92-95.
45. Lisha, S. (2003), In vitro response of various explants of Vaniia planifolia Andrews
on SH medium supplemented with different levels of 6-benzylaminopurine,
Dissetation submitted to the University of Calicut for the awar of M.Sc. degree in
Botany. pp 25-33
46. Balasubramanian, S., Parathiraj, S. (2004) ; High frequency cell line derived from
immature seeds for mass multiplication of Vanilla planifolia and its economics,
Journal of Plantation Crops Vol. 32(Supplement): pp. 156-162
47. Cervera, E. and Madrigal, R. (1981), In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia A. .
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 21: 441.
48. Kunisaki, J.T., Kim, K.K. & Sagawa, Y. (1972). Shoot tip culture of Vanda.
American Orchid Society Bulletin, 41: 435-439.
Review for explants
1. Murashige, T., 1974, Plant propagation through tissue cultures, Annual Review of
Plant Physiology., 25: 136-166.
2. George, E. F. and Sherrington, P. D., 1984, Plant propagation by tissue culture, Hand
book of directory of commercial laboratories, Exegetics Ltd. Baningstoke, UK. pp.
67-85.
3. STEWART, J., 1989, Orchid Propagation and Tissue Culture Techniques, Past,
Present and Future, Ed. W. H. Pritchard, Cambridge University Press, U.K.
4. Giridhar, P. and Vijaya Ramu, D. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2003) Phenyl acetic acid-
induced in vitro shoot multiplication of Vanilla planifolia. Tropical Science, 43 (2).
pp. 92-95.
5. Jarret, R.L. and Fernandez, Z.R., (1984), Shoot tip Vanilla culture for storage and
exchange, Plant Genetic Resource News letter, 57: 25-2
6. Kononowicz, H. and Janick, J., (1984), In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia,
Horticulture Science, 19: 58-59.
7. Philip V. J., Nainar, S. A. Z. (1986), Clonal propagation of vanilla planifolia (Salisb)
Ames using tissue culture. Journal of Plant Physiology.122: 211-215.
8. Rao, Y. S., Mathew, M. A. , Madhusoodanan, K. J. , and Naidu. R., (1993), Multiple
shoot regeneration in vanilla (vanilla planifolia). Journal of Plantation Crops, 21:
351- 354.
9. Ganesh et al., 1996, Micropropagation of vanilla through node culture, Journal of
Plantation Crops, 24: 16-22
10. Geetha, S. and Shetty, A.S., 2000, In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia a
tropical orchid; Current Science, 79: 886-889
11. George, P. S., and G. A. Ravishankar. (1997), In vitro multipliation of Vanilla
planifolia using axillary bud explants, Plant Cell Reports, 16: 490–494
12. Girirdhar, P., Reddy, D.B., Ravishanker, G.A., (2001), Silver nitrate influence on in
vitro shoot proliferation and root formation in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), Current
Science, 81: 1166-1170.
13. Minoo, D.(2002).Seedling an somaclonal variation and their characterization in
vanilla. Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Calicut University, Calicut,India, pp 110-304
14. Giridhar, P. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2004) Efficient micropropagation of Vanilla
planifolia Andr. under influence of thiadiazuron, zeatin and coconut milk, Indian
Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 113-118.
15. Lisha, S. (2003), In vitro response of various explants of Vaniia planifolia Andrews
on SH medium supplemented with different levels of 6-benzylaminopurine,
Dissetation submitted to the University of Calicut for the awar of M.Sc. degree in
Botany. pp 25-33
16. Balasubramanian, S., Parathiraj, S. (2004) ; High frequency cell line derived from
immature seeds for mass multiplication of Vanilla planifolia and its economics,
Journal of Plantation Crops Vol. 32(Supplement): pp. 156-162
17. Philip, V.J. (1989). Use of tissue culture technology and possibilities of germplasm
conservation, Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2: 114–121.
18. Philip, V. J. and Nainar, S. A. Z. (1988), Structural changes during the in vitro
generation of Vanilla planifolia (orchidaceae); Annnals of Botany, 61: 139-145
19. Minoo, D., Sajina, A., Babu, K.N. and Ravindran, P.N. (1997). Ovule culture of
vanilla and its potential in crop improvement. ln: (eds. Edison, S., Ramana, K.V.,
Sasikumar, B., Babu, KN. and Eapen, S.J.) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal &
aromatic plants. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biotechnology of Spices and
Aromatic Plants, Calicut, lndia, 24-25 April, 1996, pp. 112-118.
20. PETT, B., KEMBU, A.B., TAYLOR, M.B., POWASEU.I AND THORPE, P., 1999,
Factors influencing vanilla mass propagation in vitro, Proceedings of the Regional
Tissue Culture Workshop, Apia, Samoa, 5-13 June 1997. PRAP-Report Pacific
Regional Agricultural Programme, 7: 13-15.
21. MATHEW, K.M., RAO, Y.S., KUMAR, K.P., MADHUSOODANAN, K.J., POTTY,
S.N. AND KISHOR, P.B.K., 1999, In vitro culture systems in Vanilla, Plant tissue
culture and biotechnology : Emerging Trends. Proceedings of a Symposium held at
Hyderabad, India, 29-31 January, pp.171-179.
22. Njoroge AM, Gitonga L, Mutuma E, Mimano L, Macharia C, Wasilwa L, Muli S,
Kiuru P, Mungai, A (2005). Propagation of high quality planting materials of Vanilla
(Vanilla planifolia) through tissue culture. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
(KARI), Thika National Agricultural Research Laboratories Nairobi-Kenya: 1-4.
23. Lee-Espinosa HE, Murguı´a-Gonza´lez J, Garcı´a-Rosas B, Co´rdova- Contreras AL,
Laguna-Cerda A, Mijangos-Corte´s JO, Barahona- Pe´rez LF, Iglesias-Andreu LG,
Santana-Buzzy N (2008) In vitro clonal propagation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia
‘Andrews’). Hort Sci 43(2):454–458
24. Mary, S., Thomas, L., Nair, R.V. and Mallika, V.k. (1999). In vitro seed culture of
vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.). Journal of Plantation Crops, 27 (1): 13-21.
25. Minoo, D., Sajina, A., Babu, K.N. and Ravindran, P.N. (1997). Ovule culture of
vanilla and its potential in crop improvement. ln: (eds. Edison, S., Ramana, K.V.,
Sasikumar, B., Babu, KN. and Eapen, S.J.) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal &
aromatic plants. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biotechnology of Spices and
Aromatic Plants, Calicut, lndia, 24-25 April, 1996, pp. 112-118.
26. BEECHEY, N., 1970, Spethoglottis plicata a Malayan Orchid. American Orchid
Society Bulletin, 39: 900-902.
27. PHILLIP, V. J. AND NAINAR, S. A. Z., 1986, Clonal propagation of Vanilla
planifolia using tissue culture. Plant Physiology, 122: 211-215.
28. Gonzalez-Arnao, M. , Lazaro-Vallejo, C. , Engelmann, F. , Gamez-Pastrana, R. ,
Martinez-Ocampo, Y. , et al. (2009). Multiplication and cryopreservation of vanilla
(vanilla planifolia 'andrews'). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology -
Animal,45(5), 574-582.
29. SAGAWA, Y., SHOJI, T. AND SHOJI, T., 1966, Clonal propagation of Cymbidium
through shoot meristem culture. American Orchid Society Bulletin, 35:118-122.
30. VAJRABHAYA, M., 1978, Tissue culture of dormant buds from cattleya back bulbs.
Orchid Reviews, 86: 256-257.
31. ARDITTI, J., 1977, Clonal Propagation of orchid by means of tissue culture-a
manual, In: Orchid Biology, Reviews and Perspectives. Ed. Arditti, J, Cornell
University press, Ithaca, New York, pp 203-293.
32. SAGAWA, Y. AND KUNISAKI, J. T., 1982, Clonal propagation of orchids by tissue
culture. In Plant Tissue Culture, Maruzen, Tokyo, pp. 683-684.
33. SAGAWA, Y., 1962, Embryo culture in phalonopsis, American Orchid Society
Bulletin, 31: 819-821.
34. SAGAWA, Y. AND SEHGAL, O. P., 1967, Aseptic stem propagation of Vanda
“Miss Joaquim”. Pacific Orchid Society Bulletin, 25: 17-18.
35. STEWART, J. AND BUTTEN, J., 1976, Tissue culture studies in phaphiopedilum.
Proceedings of Eight World Conference of in vitro and in Greenhouse, pp. 372- 378.
36. VIJ, S. P. AND PATHAK, 1990, Micropropagation of orchids through leaf segments.
Journal of Orchid Society of India, 4: 69-88.
37. GOH, C. J., 1989, Orchids–monopodials. In: Handbook of Plant Cell Culture V:
Ornamental Species, McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 596-663.
38. INTOWONG, O. AND SAGAWA, 1973, Clonal propagation of Pahalaenopsis by
shoot tip culture. American Orchid Society Bulletin, 43: 893-895.
39. SINGH, F. AND PRAKASH, D., 1984, In vitro propagation of Thunia alba through
flower stalk cuttings. Scientia Horticulture, 24: 385-390.
Decontamination References:
1. RAZDAN, M. K., 1993, An introduction to plant tissue culture, Oxford and IBH
publishing company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 32-36.
2. Abebe, Z., A. Mengesha, A.Teressa and W. Tefera, 2009. Efficient in vitro
multiplication protocol for Vanilla planifolia using nodal explants in Ethiopia,
African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 6817-6821.
3. Geetha, S. and Shetty, A.S., 2000, In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia a
tropical orchid; Current Science, 79: 886-889
4. Janarthanam, B. and Seshadri, S. 2008. Plantlet regeneration from leaf derived callus
of Vanilla planifolia Andr. In vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant 44: 84–
89.
5. Tan BC, Chin CF, Alderson P (2011a) An improved plant regeneration of Vanilla
planifolia Andrews. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 21(1):27–33
6. Lee-Espinosa HE, Murguı´a-Gonza´lez J, Garcı´a-Rosas B, Co´rdova- Contreras AL,
Laguna-Cerda A, Mijangos-Corte´s JO, Barahona- Pe´rez LF, Iglesias-Andreu LG,
Santana-Buzzy N (2008) In vitro clonal propagation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia
‘Andrews’). Horticultural Science, 43(2):454–458
7. Neelannavar V S;Biradar M S;Anil Kumar; Shivamurthy D., Horticulture Dep. Univ
of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005 , In vitro propagation studies in vanilla
(Vanilla planifolia andr.) , 2011,11(1),377-8
Culture media References:
1. MURASHIGE, T. AND SKOOG, F., 1962, A revised medium for rapid growth and
biosassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology, 15: 473-497.
2. Vasil, I. K. and Thorpe, T. A., 1994, Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Netherlands.
3. GIRIRDHAR, P., REDDY, D.B., RAVISHANKER, G.A., 2001, Silver nitrate
influence on in vitro shoot proliferation and root formation in vanilla (Vanilla
planifolia). Current Science, 81: 1166-1170.
4. GEETHA, S. AND SHETTY, A.S., 2000, In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia a
tropical orchid. Current Science, 79: 886-889.
5. Tan BC, Chin CF, Alderson P (2011a), An improved plant regeneration of Vanilla
planifolia Andrews. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 21(1):27–33
6. Ganesh et al., 1996, Micropropagation of vanilla through node culture, Journal of
Plantation Crops, 24: 16-22
References for growth regulator:
1. Gonzalez-Arnao, M. , Lazaro-Vallejo, C. , Engelmann, F. , Gamez-Pastrana, R. ,
Martinez-Ocampo, Y. , et al. (2009). Multiplication and cryopreservation of vanilla
(Vanilla planifolia 'andrews'). In vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology -
Animal,45(5), 574-582.
2. Tan BC, Chin CF, Alderson P (2011a), An improved plant regeneration of Vanilla
planifolia Andrews. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 21(1):27–33
3. Janarthanam B and Seshadri S (2008), Plantlet regeneration from leaf derived callus
of Vanilla planifolia Andr. In vitro Cellular Developmental Biology‐Plant 44: 84‐89.
4. Girija S, Ganapathi A and Vengadesan G (1999) Micropropagation of Crossandra
infundibuliformis (L.) Nees. Scientia Horticulturae 82: 331‐337.
5. Mohapatra A and Rout GR (2004) In vitro micropropagation of Geoderum purpureum
R.Br. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 4: 568‐570.
6. Nagesh KS (2008) High frequency multiple shoot induction of Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn.: Shoot tip V/S Rhizome disc. Taiwania 53(3): 242‐247.
7. Abebe, Z., A. Mengesha, A.Teressa and W. Tefera, 2009. Efficient in vitro
multiplication protocol for Vanilla planifolia using nodal explants in Ethiopia,
African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 6817-6821.
8. George , E. F. and Sherrington, P. D., 1984, Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture,
Vol. 1,Exgetics Limited, England, pp. 45-49.
9. VUYLSTEKE, D. AND DE, LANGHE, E., 1985, Feasibility of In vitro propagation
of bananas and plantains. Tropical Agriculture, 62 : 14-16.
10. WICKSON, M. E. AND THIMANN, K. V., 1958, The antagonism of auxin and
kinetin in apical dominance. Plant Physiology, 11: 62-94.
11. Bhat, N. (1994). Studies on propagation of vanilla Vanilla planifolia Andr. M.Sc.
(Agri). Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
12. Jarret, R.L. and Fernandez, Z.R., (1984), Shoot tip Vanilla culture for storage and
exchange, Plant Genetic Resource News letter, 57: 25-2
13. Kononowicz, H. and Janick, J., (1984), In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia,
Horticulture Science, 19: 58-59.
14. Philip V. J., Nainar, S. A. Z. (1986), Clonal propagation of vanilla planifolia (Salisb)
Ames using tissue culture. Journal of Plant Physiology, 122: 211-215.
15. Rao, Y. S., Mathew, M. A. , Madhusoodanan, K. J. , and Naidu. R., (1993), Multiple
shoot regeneration in vanilla (vanilla planifolia). Journal of Plantation Crops, 21:
351- 354.
16. Ganesh et al., 1996, Micropropagation of vanilla through node culture, Journal of
Plantation Crops, 24: 16-22
17. Geetha, S. and Shetty, A.S., 2000, In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia a
tropical orchid; Current Science, 79: 886-889
18. George, P. S., and G. A. Ravishankar. (1997), In vitro multipliation of Vanilla
planifolia using axillary bud explants, Plant Cell Reports, 16: 490–494
19. Girirdhar, P., Reddy, D.B., Ravishanker, G.A., (2001), Silver nitrate influence on in
vitro shoot proliferation and root formation in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), Current
Science, 81: 1166-1170.
20. Giridhar, P. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2004) Efficient micropropagation of Vanilla
planifolia Andr. under influence of thiadiazuron, zeatin and coconut milk, Indian
Journal of Biotechnology, 3: 113-118.
21. Lisha, S. (2003), In vitro response of various explants of Vaniia planifolia Andrews
on SH medium supplemented with different levels of 6-benzylaminopurine,
Dissetation submitted to the University of Calicut for the awar of M.Sc. degree in
Botany. pp 25-33
22. Minoo, D., Sajina, A., Babu, K.N. and Ravindran, P.N. (1997). Ovule culture of
vanilla and its potential in crop improvement. ln: (eds. Edison, S., Ramana, K.V.,
Sasikumar, B., Babu, KN. and Eapen, S.J.) Biotechnology of spices, medicinal &
aromatic plants. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biotechnology of Spices and
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