thesis on water proofing

THESIS 2009‐10 Selection of Appropriate Waterproofing Techniques for Buildings

Nitin Jadav (5106) | School of Building Science & Technology, CEPT University 1

1.1 Introduction A waterproof coating is a substance or material made to coat an object or surface and prevent it from suffering any negative effects from exposure to water. Waterproofing is a treatment which is used to protect the surface or structure from the water. It creates a water resistant barrier which is impervious and protective to the surface below. In old structures, due to aging there may be problems of leakages and dampness which cause unhygienic conditions. Even in new construction due to poor quality of material or workmanship leakage and dampness problems start in early days which generally affect the strength as well as the aesthetics and finally cause non serviceability to the occupants. Whenever any building element starts showing the dampness or leakage sometimes it becomes difficult to identify the source and after identifying the source the selection of the appropriate technology is the main task.

Photo 1. Effect of absence of waterproofing Treatment

Different waterproofing techniques prevail in the current scenario like Polyurethane coatings, Cement paints, Sealers, Silicon based water repellents, Nanotechnology, etc. Waterproofing is typically done for internal areas like bathrooms, toilets, basements etc. and external areas like roofs, balconies, retaining walls and terraces. Waterproofing of swimming pools, terrace gardens, and sunken slabs requires good skills and experience. Good quality of waterproofing can increase the life of the structure.

1.2 Need for the Study

Photo 2. Leakage on sunken slab There are many factors which affect the servicability of the buildings and water related problems are a major concern. Construction is a part of development of any area or city and speedy development sometimes it leads to the problems to the structure. Leakage and dampness are the main problems which affect the structure and the main cause of that may be poor quality of materials, poor quality of workmanship, improper plumbing, inadequate supervision, defective design or improper construction practice. For making structure waterproof or water resistant there are many waterproofing techniques available which may protect the structure from negative effects of water, but it is difficult to choose the correct waterproofing technique for the structure. There are many factors which affect the selection of appropriate waterproofing technique like appearance, environment exposure, cost, loading to the structure etc. Thus there is a need to study various waterproofing techniques to facilitate the selection of appropriate waterproofing technique.

Photo 3. Effect of absence of waterproofing Treatment

on wall



Research Methodology

Literature Study

Data Collcection & Data Analysis

Conclusion

To identify causes and effects of

leakage and dampness

To identify suitability of

different waterproofing

techniques

To identify appropriate

waterproofing technique for the specific work and

condition.

1.3 Objective Chart 1 Objective of the study

1.4 Scope This thesis addresses: 1. Waterproofing materials and techniques Buildings currently undergoing waterproofing treatment have been taken up as case studies for understanding the application of the technique for various structural elements. 2. Efficiency of waterproofing techniques Buildings that have undergone waterproofing treatment 5 or more years prior have been investigated for the symptoms and distresses resulting due to inadequacy or deficiency in the treatment. For both major objectives, building case studies have been taken in two different environmental conditions:

A. Case studies of buildings in Ahmedabad for high temperature variations

B. Case studies of buildings in Mumbai for heavy rainfall and high water table conditions

1.5 Methodology

Chart 2 Methodology for study

Method of study is on the basis of literature study and case studies. The literature study gives the basic understandings but the main focus is on case studies.

Literature Study From books available for waterproofing techniques and waterproofing materials. Magazines, Papers, and Articles related to waterproofing materials and application are studied to know about new arrival of material and technique.

Case Studies Ongoing case studies of different waterproofing techniques are studied to understand the application methodology of the techniques. Case Studies where waterproofing Treatments applied 5 or more years before are checked for understanding of the current scenario Data Analysis Data analysis is based on the data collected by the case studies. Comparative Analysis is done as method of analysis because the collection of data is on the same bases, which are affecting the all waterproofing techniques.

Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusions and Recommendations are on the basis of the data collection and data analysis.



(3)

(1)

(4)

(7)

(6)

(2)

(5)

(9)

(8)

(1) Defected Exterior Surface (2) Tile Joints Leakage (3) Rising Dampness (4) RCCLintel and Masonary wall joints(5) Parapet terrace floor joints (6) Improper Slope of terrace floor (7) Improper Roofing (8) Improper Plumbing (9) Underground Watertank

2.1 Locations of Penetrating Water into the Building There are various points from where water starts penetrating1 into the building. These points can be created by faulty construction, or during the use of the structure. Some major points or locations from where water can enter into the structure are identified in the figure below.

Fig. 1. Locations of penetrating water into the building

1 Penetration: see definitions



2.2 Causes of Leakage and Dampness Any Leakage or Dampness2 mainly occurs due to,

• Inadequate Design • Poor Quality of Materials used • Poor Quality of Workmanship

Reasons for leakage and dampness in various structural areas are identified below

Basement Floor Uplift Pressure of Water Leakage of underground pipe Improper slope of the floor

Probably the most common cause of wet basements is improper roof drainage, downspouts that discharge directly to foundation walls. Improper surface drainage is usually a result of soil around house sloping towards the house. Ideally soil should slope away from building. Cracks in foundation walls or basement floor will allow ground water to percolate. Walls

Poor Quality of Materials Poor Quality of Workmanship Improper/ Defected Plumbing Improper Joints Failure of DPC

Damaged DPC can be a cause of leakage. Even a hair line crack caused due to any such reasons will lead to dampness due to capillary action. If separate walls instead of common walls are constructed between two houses, there will be gap between two walls at top. During rains, the water will enter through the gap between two walls. There will be dampness in toilets & kitchen due to carelessness in fittings of water supply and sanitary fittings by plumbers.

Roofs / Slab Improper joints Improper Slope Honeycombing in Concrete High Temperature variations Unfinished junction of roof and

walls. Defective joints of rain water

pipes.

2 Damp: see definitions, annexure, page iv

2.3 Effects of Leakage and Dampness The effects of leakage and dampness are summarized below. Aesthetical

• Blistering3 of Paints • Swelling3 of Plaster • Paints peel off3 • Debonding of Tiles • Deterioration3 of the building façade

Structural • Corrosion3 of metal • Loss of valuable space • Overloading due to repair by conventional

method

Others • Moisture or Dampness can cause short

circuit of lighting and power points • Health problems due to dampness • Deterioration of property value • Damage to stored articles

The moisture content of the structure may rise to a level at which decaying organisms may grow, or the materials themselves may be adversely affected. Where evaporation takes place, the deposition of soluble salts on the surface or within the pores of materials can cause aesthetic and structural damage.

3 Chapter 4, 4.1 Waterproofing Terminology



2.4 Classification of Waterproofing Techniques

Chart 3 Classification of Waterproofing Techniques

Waterproofing Treatment

Integral Waterproofing

Compound

mixed with cement during

construction

Surface Treatment

Coatings

Epoxy, Acrylic Polymer,

Cementitious Coating,

Transparent Water

Repellent

Membranes

1mm,2mm,3mm,4mm th

Bituminous Membrane,

Tarfelts

Penetrants

Crystallisation,Nanotechnology Waterproofing

Others

Brickbatcoba,Boxtype

Waterproofing, Injection Grouting



2.4.1 Integral Waterproofing Compound

Admixtures that reduce the permeability of concrete are called integral waterproofing compounds. An integral water proofing compound may be in form of powder or liquid and it can be mixed with cement which result in reduction in permeability of the concrete and make the concrete hydrophobic. The Indian Standard specifications IS:2645 for integral water proofing compounds describes that it shall be used in such proportions that it should not be exceeding more than 3 percent by weight of cement. Adequately cured concrete works as watertight and stops the passage of water. Properly cured concrete has less capillaries and pores which reduce the chances of water to pass. Water penetrates in concrete in two ways. First, when there is a hydrostatic pressure on one side of concrete mass. Secondly water can be absorbed by capillary action and travel through the concrete to a face where it evaporates because the air in contact with that surface is unsaturated. Water proofing compounds are normally combinations of permeability reducing chemicals, water repellents and capillary pore blocking materials. So, to make concrete impermeable and water repellent we need water proofing compounds.

2.4.2 Surface Treatment Water proofing treatment applied over existing or old surface is called as surface treatment. Surface treatment covers the expose surface and protects against the water or moisture penetration. Many types of materials are available nowadays which are applied over the surface to protect against moisture or dampness. Surface Treatment can be further classified in three types. (i) Coatings (ii) Membranes (iii) Penetrants.

2.4.2.1 Coatings4 A waterproof coating is a substance or material made to coat an object or surface and prevent it from suffering any negative effects from exposure to water. Waterproof coatings can be used to prevent wood, cement, or metal from suffering the effects of exposure to water. The ease of application has led to widespread use of film 4 Construction waterproofing Handbook

forming water repellents. The products like acrylic paint, silicon polymers are commonly used in the world for waterproofing application. These film formers have particle size greater than 100 ηm,5 which will not allow them to penetrate inside the pores of the building materials but form a film covering and preventing the surface from water absorption. Generally, these polymer films are hydrophobic but they need to be continuous and defect-free and also must be UV resistant. It is found that during application ensuring continuous film on rough surface is not easy which leads to weak points for film former. All the typical polymer films tend to break down under UV leading to cracking of the films in 2-5 years, which leads to failure in terms of losing of hydrophobicity and water repellency. Waterproof coatings are classified generally by their binder types. The type of resin materials added to the coating in parts the waterproofing characteristics of the coating material. Binders are present in the vehicle portion of a coating in either of two types an emulsion occurs when binders are dispersed or suspended in solvent for purposes of application. Solvent based materials have the binder dissolved within the solvent. A thermoplastic polymer coating dries by the solvent evaporating and leaving behind the binder film. This is typical of water based acrylic elastomeric coatings used for waterproofing. A thermosetting polymer reacts chemically or cures with the binder and can become part of the binder film that is formed by this reaction. Resins used in elastomeric coatings are breathable. They allow moisture vapor transmission from the substrate to escape through the coatings without causing blisters in the coating film. This is a favorable characteristic for constructions detail at under sites of balconies that are subjected to negative moisture drive. Thermosetting materials such as epoxy paints are not breathable. They will blister or become unbonded from substrate if subjected to negative moisture drive. Acrylics are film-forming repellents. Acrylics are formulated from copolymers. Their penetration into substrates is minimal, and they are therefore considered film-forming sealers. Acrylics are available in both water- and solvent-based derivatives. They are frequently used when penetrating sealers are not acceptable for

5 1 ηm =10⁻⁹meter



substrates such as exposed aggregate panels, wood, and dense tile. They are also specified for extremely porous surfaces where a film buildup is desirable for water repellency. Acrylics do not react chemically with a substrate, and form a barrier by filming over surfaces. Acrylics are available in transparent and opaque stains. Acrylics are compatible with all masonry substrates including limestone, wood, aggregate panels, and stucco that has not previously been sealed or painted. Silicone-based water repellents are manufactured by mixing silicone solids (resins) into a solvent carrier. Although most silicone water repellents are advertised as penetrating, they function as film-forming sealers. The silicone solids are deposited onto the capillary pores of a substrate, effectively forming a film of solids than repels water. All silicone water repellents are produced from the same basic raw material. Water repellents are produced by combining or reacting different compounds with this base silane material. The major difference in each of these derivatives is its molecular size. By penetrating substrates, they react chemically with atmospheric moisture, by evaporation of solvents, or by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form silicone resins that repel water. A major disadvantage of silicone water repellents is their poor weathering resistance. Ultraviolet-intense climates can quickly deteriorate these materials and cause a loss of their water repellency. Cementitious coatings are highly resistant to accelerated weathering, as well as being sail-resistant. However, acid rain (sulphate contamination) will deteriorate cementiiious coatings as it does other masonry products. Cementitious coatings are breathable, allowing transmission of negative water vapor. This avoids the need for completing drying of substrates before application, and the spalling that is caused by entrapped moisture. Cementitious coatings are widely used on bridges and roads, to protect exposed concrete from road salts, which can damage reinforcing steel by chloride attack. Typically, primers are not required for cementitious coating applications, but bonding agents are usually added during mixing. In some cases, if substrates are especially smooth or previous coatings have been removed, a direct application of the bonding agent to substrate surfaces is used as a primer. Cementitious based products should

not be applied over substrates other than masonry substrates such as wood, metal, or plastics When structure is made of exposed brick work or exposed RCC, aesthetics becomes the major issue when repairing or waterproofing is required. The primary purpose of applying water-repellant coatings to exposed brick or RCC walls is to minimize water absorption into the walls.

2.4.2.2 Membranes6 Tarfelt is a hessian based bituminous waterproofing felt. Tarfelt is produced by saturating hessian with straight grade bitumen & coating it with special grade of oxidized bitumen compound. This combination gives proven waterproofing qualities of bitumen & ease of application. Tarfelt offers total impermeablity to water. It has good strength, bondability and seam integrity. Tarfelt is easy to repair & maintain. SBS modified asphaltic membranes were firstly used for flat roofs waterproofing in France during the early ’70’s. Styrene – Butadiene – Styrene is a thermoplastic polymer with exceptional flexibility which was found to modify asphaltic membranes in an optimum way. Enhanced elasticity: resistance to creep and fatigue. Very good behaviour in lower temperatures. APP( atactic polypropylene) modified bitumen membranes are produced from a blend of special grade thermoplastic polymers & distilled bitumen. This combination gives the proven waterproofing qualities of bitumen plasticity, excellent resistance to heat, ageing & weathering, & ease of application by torch welding. APP modified waterproofing membrane with mineral top are specially designed for non-accessible roofs. They do not need to be covered with concrete or tiles. Specially processed mineral chips are applied on the membranes on line with the production stage. Mineral finish protects the membranes from UV rays and enhances the life of the waterproofing system. Mineral finish also improves the bonding with subsequent floor treatments in case of waterproofing of basements. Polymer based waterproofing membrane is spray applied in conjunction with a water soluble catalyst through specifically designed spray equipment. The waterproofing membrane shall be, a two part spray applied material for waterproofing concrete using specifically designed spray application equipment. The coating shall be applied at the

6 STP limited www.stpltd.com



recommended coverage rate to provide a nominal dry film thickness of 2 mm in a single coat application. The cured membrane shall have elognation properties in excess of 2000% with a recovery of 95% at 350% elongation and have crack bridging capability of 10mm to withstand movement within the concrete. It is a spray applied polymer based waterproofing membrane designed for a range of applications including basements, underground structures, roofing, tunnels, watertanks, pile tops, terraces, balconies and equipment foundations. Spray membrane is applied to an unprimed substrate using specifically designed spray application equipment. It is applied in a single coat using wet on wet passes to give a nominal dry film thickness of 2 mm. The material is applied from the lowest to the highest point in slow even strokes. Overspray can be prevented by the use of baffle boards or by masking off. Care is to be taken when spraying in windy conditions. Whilst nominal dry film thickness of 2mm are recommended as standard, 3mm & 4mm thickness may be applied to suit particular site conditions. As the conversion from wet film to dry is instantaneous dry film measurements may be taken 5 minutes after time of application. In certain conditions intercoat blistering may occur as a result of water loss. These blisters will shrink back over a period of 36 hours and will have no effect on subsequent product performance. Membrane must be protected from traffic, backfill, settlement scour, following trades and weathering immediately after application using geotextile materials, protection board, sand, screed or polyethylene as appropriate. In most general applications a 200gm/ m2 weight geotextile will be applied to the membrane immediately after the product has been sprayed and the surface is still wet but not tacky. The 200gm/m2 weight geotextile will provide protection from penetration and settlement scour in most applications. It is not necessary to clean the spray application machine after use. The dip tubes and spray hoses can be left full of material and simply transferred to the drums of material even after standing overnight. It is important however that unused drums of material are re-sealed to prevent skinning of the material. Clean down the spray tips of the gun with kerosene after use. The material must not be stored at temperatures below 5°C or above 50°C. Suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye protection are required.

Rubber membrane is an economical, flexible, liquid applied membrane for use on Concrete, block or foundations. It is a water based, cold applied liquid rubber waterproofing membrane that remains highly flexible when cured. Aquaseal developed this product to provide economical and quality waterproofing for all types of residential or commercial construction. It is solvent free and non-flammable, and forms a flexible seamless membrane that provides superior waterproofing protection. It has excellent adhesion to substrates such as concrete, cement blocks, bricks, stone, insulated concrete forms, wood, metal, etc., and cures to form a tough water and vapor proof coating. It is designed for exterior waterproofing but can be used on interior applications such as beneath tiles in shower and bathroom areas, or as a water and vapor barrier under a concrete sub-floor. It can be applied with a brush, roller or airless sprayer. Bituminous membrane reinforced with PVC has been produced in Turkey. Its long life and easy use provides maximum waterproofing. It has high tensile strength, high resistance to low temperature and tearing can be used on every surface. The bituminous membrane reinforced with PVC which can be used on any floor requiring water isolation has a non combustible and non flammable structure minimizing the damages caused by application errors. It can be used for water terrace floors, inclined concrete roofs, curtain walls, foundations, basement walls, and for wet isolation areas. It should not be exposed to UV rays and sudden change of temperature. 100 mm overlapping along the length side and 150 mm overlapping along the width side is required. For more protection mineral coated membranes can be used.

2.4.2.3 Penetrants7 Most penetrants are solvent based, soluble monomeric material with less than 6 ηm size. They easily penetrate inside the pores and sub-branches of the pores. There are two types of penetrants (i) non reactive and (ii) reactive. Non-reactive penetrants are oils and other low viscosity hydrophobic material, which coats the pore of the substrates, and provide water repellency. However, these types of materials are also biodegradable and loose hydrophobicity

7 Nanotechnology in waterproofing of building materials‐ Dr. Prakash Mehta



within a year. Additionally, these products also provide food for mold or fungus growth. The reactive penetrants chemically react with the substrate and provide molecular level hydrophobicity to the treated surface and 3-5 mm deep in the substrate. Therefore, these types of waterproofing products provide protection for a very long period. Additionally, the product is bound chemically on a molecular level to the substrate. As a result; weathering (UV radiation) and natural abrasion have virtually no effect and hence very limited effect on the waterproofing capacity. The durability of Concrete structures depends on extent of destructive reactions occurring during the life cycle of the structure. All the reactions require water as reactant or as reaction medium. If intrusion of water is reduced then these reactions can be minimized and durability of the structure can be increased. Therefore it is important to protect cementatious material from water. Most of the building materials are very porous and attract water because of the hydrophilic nature and similarity with the structure of water. Therefore, most of the building material easily wet and absorb water in the pores. The size of the water molecule is 0.18 ηm (1nanometer=10⁻⁹meter i.e. .00018 microns). The size of the pores in most of the building materials, range from 5 to 200 ηm. The size of most of the pollutants like acids, chlorides & sulphates would range between 1 to 2 ηm. Even with the dense concrete and stones the pore size is much larger than water allowing easy entry with the hydrophilic nature of the building material.

2.4.2.4 Others There are some waterproofing treatments which are actually surface treatments but not a part of coatings or membranes or penetrants like, brickbat waterproofing, box type waterproofing and injection grouting. Brickbat waterproofing is a conventional technique of waterproofing which is directly applied over the roof surface or sunken slabs. It consists of putting brickbats on roof to give a slope and then grouting the same with mortar and waterproofing compounds. It provides slope so that water drains away. Box type waterproofing also called as a stone waterproofing which consists of stones as water barriers. Horizontal and vertical surfaces are covered by the layer of stones over the mortar bedding which is prepared with integral

waterproofing compound. Kota stones are used for this treatment as it is cheap and water impermeable. This type of treatment can be applied over the positive side but in general it is applied over both positive and negative side. Injection Grouting is a treatment where waterproofing compound is diluted with water and injected to the affected area. Mostly it is applied over the wall surface. Grouting holes are prepared 45 degree aligned to the horizontal by drilling machine and nozzles inserted and fixed in the grilled holes. Material is then injected in the holes till it comes out from the nearby hole or back pressure is created. Injected material reaches to the capillaries due to pressure and sets and fills the capillaries so that water cannot enter or pass through.

Waterproof sand8 This sand is typical sand (silica grains) that has been treated with the vapors of a silicon compound. While normal sand is hydrophilic (water-loving), this treatment causes the sand to become hydrophobic (water-hating) due to the non-polarity of silicone and the polarity of water. It can be used in the foundations; a layer of waterproofing sand below the foundations will stop the rising dampness problem.

Photo 4. Waterproof Sand

8 Ref: www.nextbigfuture.com



2.5 Characteristics of good waterproofing material

• Seamless layer • Self crack bridging capacity • Good adhesion to substrate • Breathability with concrete • Less dead load • Resistance to algae, fungus, mold, etc • Ease of work • Makes the surface completely impervious • Flexibility to withstand expansion and

contraction • Environment friendly • Resistance to heat and UV rays • Consistency of quality and workmanship • Economical and durable • Easily repairable

2.6 Surface Preparation Before application of any treatment, surface preparation is required. Any treatment cannot be applied over the existing surface directly. Proper cleaning or repairing of the surface is required before application of the waterproofing treatment so that it work properly. Some major points for surface preparation before waterproofing treatment application are listed below.

• Surface must be cleaned and dried properly so that any cracks on the substrate can be visible.

• Surface can be cleaned by wire brush to remove rust and dust from the substrate.

• Any cracks other than hairline cracks, shall be opened and filled with cement sand slurry. Any loose particles must be removed from the surface.

• Cleaning to remove deposits of oil and grease other than dirt and contaminants should be performed prior to surface preparation.

• Tapping the surface lightly with hammer gives the sound which indicates the unsound or brittle or hollow concrete. It must be removed and repaired.

• Wetting the surface with water shows the hairline cracks clearly. Hairline cracks retain moisture for longer period and show

much darker portion than the surrounding area so that cracks can be clearly visible.

• High pressure water jet can be used to clean or remove the unwanted particles from the surface. Complete drying of the surface is required before application of treatment.

• For localized removal of unwanted particles or materials hammer and chisel can be used.

• Cleaned roof surface shall be then properly leveled and proper slope shall be given to the substrate.

Photo 5. Surface Preparation

Photo 6. Cleaning the surface with wire brush



Environmental Condition Buildings of two major cities having different environmental conditions have been taken for study. Ahmedabad is selected for heavy temperature variations and Mumbai is selected for heavy rainfall and high water table condition.

Chart 4 Environmental conditions of Ahmedabad9

Chart 1 shows Ahmedabad is having minimum temperature is between 10⁰-15⁰C and maximum temperature is between 40⁰-45⁰C.

Chart 5 Environmental Conditions of Mumbai3

Chart2 shows the minimum temperature is about 15º-20ºC and maximum is about 30º-35ºC. Highest rainfall period is June to August and it is about 60-70 cm.

9 Ref: www.mustseeindia.com

Table 1 List of Case Studies

WP Treatment Case Studies

Ahmedabad

Polymer modified cementitious Coating

Fun Point, Sabarmati Swimming Pool

Coal Tar Epoxy Coating

Riverfront project, Auda STP Plant

Tarfelt Doordarshan Building IIM Labour colony

APP modified bituminous membrane Alfaone Mall,Vastrapur

APP modified torch on Membrane

Military Engineering Services, Shahibaug Doordarshan Building IIM Building

Crystalline Coating Adani Bungalow Duet hotel(5 star)

Nanotechnology

Boxtype Waterproofing

International Airport, Ahmedabad BSNL Building, Income Tax Building, Passport Office Building

Brickbat coba Mudra Institute(MICA), Civil Hospital

Injection Grouting

Underground water tank, Mumatpura Khokhra Water Tank, Gomtipur Water tank Naroda Water tank

Cementitious Tile Joint, SBR Latex Amrita School

Transparent Water Repellent Coating IIM Main Gate

Acrylic Polymer Doordarshan Building, Science City

Mumbai

Cementitious Coating Lodha Pavillion

Foam waterproofing Chinchpokli

Cementitious Coatings Phoenix Mills

Membrane+Brickbat Lodha Enclave

Draincell+geotextile Lodha Encalve

Bandage+Cementitious Coating Phoenix Mills

Ongoing Case Studies Case Studies for Inspection



3.1 Case Studies of Ahmedabad This includes ongoing case studies of different waterproofing techniques of Ahmedabad.

1. Polymer Modified Cementitious Coating

Site: Fun Point, S.G. Highway

Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free from any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Polymer modified cementitious material is mixed with cement in 1:1 proportion, where 1 part of cement and 1 part liquid material is used. After mixing it is stirred well to get proper mix and then it is applied over the cleaned surface. Prepared material is then directly applied by brush over the surface. One coat is applied and kept it to dry for one day and then second coat is applied.

Name of WP technique

Cementitious Coating

Material Name Fastflex-Polymer modified Cementitious Coating

Base Water What is the color of the material?

grey

Is it available in parts? Yes If yes, Name and No of parts

1 part Liquid and 1 part Power

Mixing Ratio 1:1 Is Primer Required? No For Material How many no of coats are required?

2 coats

What is the drying time of coat?

6-8 hours

Type of Application of material (Brush/Roller/other)

Brush Applied

What is the coverage area of material?

1 kg /sqmt/ 2coats

What is the expected life of the Treatment?

5 Years

What is the Load on Structure after application of treatment?

Negligible

What are the application areas? Bathrooms, Wet Areas, Swimming Pools, Water tanks, Basements What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Cannot be applied over plastered surface, for R.C.C. surface only Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides. Cost: Rs. 347/ Sqmt

Photo 7. Polymer modified Cementitious Coating

2. Coal Tar Epoxy Coating

Site: AUDA STP Plant Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Name of WP technique

Coal Tar Epoxy Coating

Material Name Coal Tar Epoxy Base Water What is the color of the material?

black


1 part Liquid and 1 part Hardener

Mixing Ratio 20 kg epoxy : 5kg Hardener

Is Primer Required? Yes If yes, What is the base of Primer?

oil

Type of Application of primer coat (Brush/Roller/other)

Brush

What is the thickness of Primer coat?

100 micron

What is the drying time of primer coat?

6-8 Hours

For Material How many no of coats are required?

2 coats


8-10 hours

What is the thickness of coat?

200 microns




Brush Applied


3 sqmt/ Kg/2coats


3-5 Years


Negligible

What are the application areas? Steel, Concrete, Pipelines, Sewage Water Treatment Plant What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV Stable, Not environment friendly, Cannot be applied over wet areas Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides. Cost: Rs. 130/ Sqmt

Photo 8. Coal tar Epoxy Coating

3. 5 Layer Tarfelt Treatmet

Before applying primer coat, surface is made dry if it is cleaned by water. If surface is dried completely, 100 micron thick primer coating is applied over the cleaned and dried surface. Oil base primer is used which is in black color and can be directly applied over the surface by brush. After application of Primer coating, it is kept for drying for 6-8 hours. After completion of Primer coating, a coat of hot bitumen of 90/15 is applied 1.2 kg/ sqmt over the primed surface by the use of the especially on site made tool. Tarfelt layer is then applied over the bituminous surface when it is hot so that tarfelt sticks with the

bituminous base. It is done with the use of protective tools like gloves and shoes. Again a layer of hot bitumen is applied 1.2 kg/sqmt over the tarfelt layer and at the same time when bitumen is hot, aggregates are spread over the bituminous surface. Tarfelt is not UV protected and during extreme heat it melts so aggregates works as protective barrier to the tarfelt and provide bonding if it is covered by floor finish. Instead of aggregates a coat of silver aluminum paint can also be done.


5 Layer Tarfelt treatment

Material Name Tarfelt What is the color of the Membrane?

Black


Oil Base


Brush Applied


1.2 kg/sqmt


6-8 hours

For Material Tarfelt is a composition of bitumen and jute. What is the size of the Roll 1m x 50m What is the thickness of the Tarfelt sheet?

3mm

How it is applied? (Torching/Adhesive) Laid over the hot bituminous surface

What is the overlapping length of membranes?

75 mm

How joints are treated? By providing proper overlapping and applying hot bitumen between two layers. What is the expected life of the Treatment?

3-5 yrs


Considerable Loading

What are the application areas? Roofs, Terraces What are the advantages of the treatment? Resistance to heat, Flexible material. What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV protected, Reflective coating over the surface is required. If joints are not treated properly it starts leaking from the joints. Precautions required Use of hand gloves and protective tool while working with hot bitumen.



Fig. 2. Layers of Tarfelt Treatment

4. APP Modified Bituminous Membrane Site: Alfa one Mall, Vastrapur Before applying primer coat, surface is made dry if it is cleaned by water. If surface is dried completely, 100 micron thick Primer coating is applied over the cleaned and dried surface. Water base primer is used which is in black color and can be directly applied over the surface by brush. After application of Primer coating, it is kept for drying for 6-8 hours. After completion of Primer coating, Membranes are started laying from the lowest position and laid in perpendicular direction to the gradient. 1mm thick APP modified bituminous membranes are used. First all the membrane rolls are laid over the primer surface perfectly. Then membrane is rolled again to half the length and hot bitumen is laid over the primer surface and at the same time membrane is unrolled and pressed so that it can stick with the surface.85/25 grade Bitumen is used. Photo 9. Handmade Tool

A handmade tool is used for laying the hot bitumen. Then the same procedure is repeated again for 2nd layer of membrane. Care is taken that the new layer membrane joints should not come over the previous layer joints. At every joint 75 mm overlapping is provided and treated properly by hot bitumen to get continuous layer.After second layer of membrane, hot bitumen is laid over the membrane surface again and then 120 GSM Geo Textile Fabric is laid over the hot bituminous layer. Fabric should not be kept open to weather so it is then covered by PCC.

Photo 10. Laying the 1mm membranes

Primer Application

Hot Bitumen Application

Tar felt Layer

Protective Coat

Hot Bitumen Application




Bituminous Membrane

Material Name APP Modified bituminous Membrane

What is the color of the Membrane?

Black


Water Base


Brush Applied


100 micron


6-8 hours

For Material What is the thickness of the membrane sheet?

1mm

What is the size of the Material?

1m x 20 m Roll

How it is applied? Hot bitumen is laid over the primer surface and above which membranes are laid. What is the overlapping length of membranes?

75 mm

How membrane joints are treated? Hot bitumen is laid between two membrane layers What is the expected life of the Treatment?

5 yrs



What are the application areas? Roofs, Terraces What are the advantages of the treatment? Resistance to heat, Flexible material. What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV protected, Reflective coating over the surface is required. If joints are not treated properly it starts leaking from the joints. Precautions required Use of hand gloves while working with hot bitumen.

5. APP Modified Torch on Membrane Site: Military Engineering Services Quarters

Before applying primer coat, surface is made dry if it is cleaned by water. If surface is dried completely, 100 micron thick Primer coating is applied over the cleaned and dried surface. Oil base primer is used which is in black color and can be directly applied over the surface by brush. After application of Primer coating, it is kept for drying for 6-8 hours. Photo 11. Primer Application for Torch on

Membranes

After completion of Primer coating, Membranes are started laying from the lowest position and laid in perpendicular direction to the gradient. 3mm thick APP modified torch on bituminous membranes are used.

Photo 12. Laying the Torch on Membranes

Membranes are applied by heating one surface of membrane by LPG torch adequately to form a thin film of bitumen to create a good adhesion between substrate and membrane. 75 mm overlapping is provided at membranes joints and treated properly. At joints membranes are torched at both the layers so that it starts



melting and by trowel the surface is finished to get monolithic layer. An anticorrosive aluminum finish reflective paint at 100 gm/sqmt is applied over the membrane surface to protect against sunlight and UV rays.

Photo 13. Torching the Membranes


Torch on Membrane

Material Name APP Modified bituminous Membrane

What is the color of the Membrane?

Black


Oil Base

Color of the Primer Black Type of Application of primer coat Brush Applied What is the thickness of Primer coat?

100 micron


6-8 hours

For Material What is the thickness of the membrane sheet?

3mm

What is the Size of the Membrane

1m x 10 m Roll

How it is applied? (Torching/Adhesive) Torched to one surface and laid over the primer surface. What is the overlapping length of membranes?

75 mm

How membrane joints are treated? Torched at both the layers and finished with trowel to get monolithic layer What is the expected life of the Treatment?

5 yrs



What are the application areas? Roofs, Terraces What are the advantages of the treatment? Resistance to heat, Flexible material.

What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV protected, Reflective coating over the surface is required. If joints are not treated properly it starts leaking from the joints. Precautions required Use of hand gloves while torching. Cost: Rs. 320/ Sqmt

6. Crystalline Coating Site: Adani Bungalow After cleaning the surface water is sprayed by jet spray. Spraying the water by jet, opens the pores and water get accumulated in the pores. Spraying of water is done for 2 days and material application is started over the wet surface. Before application of the crystalline material all the cracks and construction must be opened and treated by cementitious material so that it fills the cracks and defects. Crystalline Material comes in powder form which is mixed with water in 1:3 proportions where 1 part is powder and 3 part is water by volume. Properly mixed material is then applied by brush over the wet R.C.C. surface. Material penetrates up to 1 m in the applied surface and fills the pores. It can be applied on both +ve and –ve side of the surface. The material penetrates deep into the capillaries of the concrete and forms crystals that completely seal the capillaries and cracks to drive out moisture. Name of WP technique

Crystalline coating

Material Name Penetron Base Water What is the color of the material?

white

Is it available in parts? No Is Primer Required? No For Material How many no of coats are required?

1 coat


6-8 hours



Brush Applied


1.4-1.6 kg/sqmt


5-7 Years


Negligible



What are the application areas? Swimming Pools, Water tanks, Basements What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Cannot be applied over plastered surface, for R.C.C. surface only Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides. Does not require any protection during backfilling or by steel, wire mesh or during any procedure. Cost: Rs. 450/ Sqmt

7. Nanotechnology Waterproofing

Before application of the treatment all the cracks and construction must be opened and treated by cementitious material so that it fills the cracks and defects. Zycosil is a Organosilicon material, it comes in liquid form which is diluted with water. Dilution proportion for horizontal Surfaces 1:10 and for vertical surfaces 1:20.Properly mixed material is then applied by brush over both +ve and –ve surfaces.


Nanotechnology Waterproofing

Material Name Zycosil Base Organosilicon based What is the color of the material?

Light Yellow. Becomes clear when diluted with water

Is it available in parts? No Is Primer Required? No For Material How many no of coats are required?

1 coat


2-3 days before application of any other treatment


4-6 nm (1nm = 10⁻⁹ m)


Brush Applied


Horizontal Surface 30-40 sqmt/kg Vertical Surface 60-80 sqmt/kg


20+ Years


Negligible

What are the application areas? New-Old Buildings, Exposed Structures, Stones, Plastered Surfaces. What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Cannot be applied over acrylic paint, cannot seal major cracks Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides, UV Stable, non flammable, Does not require any protective tool while application, Environment friendly, cheap. Cost: Rs. 90-100/ Sqmt

Untreated Treated

Photo 14. Nanotechnology Penetrant Coated RCC block

8. Box type Waterproofing Site: International Airport, Ahmedabad

First the surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied is made clean and dry. Integral Waterproofing material 100 ml/50 kg cement is mixed to make mortar. Cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement: 3coarse sand) is prepared and laid as base coat of 20-25 mm thick on the surface. After lying the base coat surface is kept for curing for 2 days. Kotah stone is non porous material and it is used in waterproofing treatment. 20-25mm thick kotah stone is used as bedding by keeping 10-15mm gap at joints. After completion of bedding the joints are kept clean and cement slurry is poured in the joints and finished with thick cement slurry. Cement mortar of 1:3 proportion is used as top finish. First waterproofing is done for horizontal surfaces and then waterproofing for vertical surfaces is done. For walls other than basement walls waterproofing is done up to 550mm height.



20-25mm th kotah stone

20-25mm 1:3 cement mortar bedding10-15mm joints

20-25mm th 1:3 cement mortar top finish

550m

m

RCC slab RCC wall

RCC wall

-ve+ve

Box type Treatment

Fig. 3. Application of side of Box type Waterproofing

This Treatment must be applied over the positive side of the surface. If it is applied over negative side of the surface it will not show the dampness or leakage but the effect of moisture or dampness may affect the strength of the wall which cannot be visible so it is required to provide waterproofing treatment on positive side.

Fig. 4. Box type Waterproofing



Brickbats

RCC Slab

20-25mm th top finish

20-25mm th cement mortar

Joints

1.00

1.00

1.00

9. Brickbat Waterproofing Site: MICA, Ahmedabad First terrace surface is made clean then inspected for cracks in R.C.C. If any cracks observed then it is treated and repaired as per IS specification. Surface is than grouted with cement slurry and then it is covered with cement mortar 1:4 ( 1 cement: 4 coarse sand) of 20-25 mm thick layer. Integral waterproofing compound is added 1 ltr per 1 bag of cement. Brickbats are laid over the surface starting with brick on edge. It is start from the central portion and gradually smaller brickbats are used to maintain slop. Gaps between brickbat pieces are kept up to 20 mm and it should not be more than 20 mm. Brickbat surface is then cured for 7 days by sprinkling water over it. After curing cement mortar of 1:4 mix proportions is laid over the surface with integral waterproofing compound added in cement. Coving (watta) is done at the junction of parapet or wall as shown is sketch. Top surface is then finished and made smooth. And after completion of surface finish it is kept for 48 hours. After completion of surface preparation water ponding is done up to 15 cms and kept for 72 hours for inspection and during this period there should not be any leakage or water accumulation. The rain water down take pipe level should be minimum 2-3 cms below the finished waterproofing surface. Cost: Rs. 270 / Sqmt

Photo 15. Brickbat Waterproofing

Fig. 5. Brickbat Waterproofing

10. Injection Grouting Site: BPC Project, Mumatpura First Points where injections are to be done are marked at every 1 m interval. Marking is done in 3 layers and points are marked alternate to each layer as shown in figure.

Fig. 6. Marking for Injection Grouting

By the use of drilling machine holes are made over the marked points. Holes are made at 45 degrees to the horizontal and up to half of the width of the structure. Nozzles are then placed and fixed in the drilled holes. Nozzles are fixed with cement mortar grout so that it will not move while grouting the holes. Fixed nozzles are then placed to set for 1 day and on the second day injection grouting starts.



Nozzle

45°

45°

Fig. 7. Drilling for Injection Grouting

Non shrink grout material is used for injection grouting. 250 gm powder is mixed with 50kg bag of cement and then water is added to make the material inject able. Injection grouting starts with the upper point and it is pressured till the material start coming out from the lower point or the back pressure is created. Then the hole is kept for 1 hour and the same procedure repeated again and it is applied for all the holes till the back pressure is created so that it ensures that every capillaries are filled with the material. Nozzle holes are then plugged with cement mortar. Cost: Rs. 90-100 / Sqmt or Rs. 250-350 / Sqmt

11. Cementitious Tile Joint Filler Site: Amrita Vidhyalayam First all tiles and joints made clean and dry so that foreign materials wash away. By the use of cutter all the tiles joints are made open and the particles which came out from the joints are kept out of the floor and again floor is made clean. Cementitious grout material is mixed with SBR Latex and properly mixed to form a paste. Cementitious tile joint filler is used as grout material which is mixed with Latex. Prepared paste is then directly applied by hand to the tile joints by ensuring all the joints are filled properly and no gape left. Cementitious tile joint filler comes in powder form and it can be used for up to 5 mm cracks. Material should not come to direct contact to eyes, skin. Use of Protective tools like hand gloves are necessary. Coverage: 40 running mts/ 1kg material at 3mm tile joints widths.



3.2 Case Studies of Mumbai This includes case studies of different waterproofing techniques in Mumbai. Mumbai is having heavy rainfall which increases the leakage and dampness problems so to make the structure waterproof, combination of waterproofing treatments used.

1. Foam Waterproofing Site: Lodha Pavilion Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Cementitious Coating is applied over the cleaned surface. 2 coats of cementitious coating are directly applied by brush over the surface. Brickbat waterproofing is done over the treated surface by providing 1:100 slope. After application of brickbat waterproofing it is kept for 2 day for curing. Ponding is done for curing the treated surface. Over the brickbat treated surface, 80 mm thick Polystyrene Foam is laid one by one. Foams are laid with interlocking systems. No adhesive or any other materials applied to fix the foams. After laying the Foams, 100 mm thick cement mortar layer is applied.


Foam Waterproofing

Material Name Dow Roofmate RM SL-G Base What is the color of the material?

Sky blue

Layers 1st Cementitious Coating- 2coats

2nd Brickbat Waterproofing 3rd Polystyrene Foams 4th Cement Mortar- 100mm

thick Is Primer Required? No For Polystyrene Foam What is the Size of the Material

1250mm x 600 mm

What is the thickness of the Material

30,40,50,60,80,100,120mm


10 Years

What is the Load on Structure after application of

Considerable loading due to BB treatment and top layer.

treatment? What are the application areas? Roofs, Gardens

Advantages Easy to apply. No adhesive or any other material required Cost: Rs. 1746 / Sqmt

Fig. 8. Size of Polyester Foam



Cementetious Coating

Brickbat waterproofing

Polystyrene Foam

100 mm Th IPS

Fig. 9. Foam waterproofing

2. Draincell+Geotextile Site: Chinchpokli Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Cementitious Coating is applied over the cleaned surface. 2 coats of cementitious coating is directly applied by brush over the surface. Brickbat waterproofing is done over the treated surface by providing 1:100 slope. After application of brickbat waterproofing it is kept for 2 day for curing. Ponding is done for curing the treated surface. Over the brickbat waterproofing, Draincells are laid one by one and interlocked eachother. Draincells are used to drain the water to the outlet. Geotextile fabric is laid over the Draincells. Geotextile Fabric does not allow the sand and other particles to pass through and it allows water to pass to the Draincell so that water passes to the outlet. After laying the Fabric, sand filling for gardening is done over the Fabric directly.

Photo 16. Draincell


Draincell + Geotextile

What is the color of the material?

Draincell- Black Fabric-White

Layers 1st Cementitious Coating- 2coats

2nd Brickbat Waterproofing3rd Draincell 4th Geotextile Fabric 5th Sand Filling for

gardening Is Primer Required? No For Draincell What is the Size of the Material

450mm x 450mm

What is the thickness of the Material

30mm


10 Years


Considerable loading due to Draincell and Geotextile Fabric

What are the application areas? Terrace Gardens

What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Advantages Easy to apply. No adhesive or any other material required, allows water to drain to the outlets. Geotextile Cost: Rs. 40-50/ Sqmt

Photo 17. Joints of Draincell



Cementetious Coating


DraincellGeotextile Fabric

Sand Filling

Fig. 10. Draincell+Geotextile Waterproofing

3. Cementitious Coating Site: Lodha Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Polymer modified cementitious material comes in two parts, 1 part liquid and 1 part powder. Both the parts are mixed and stirred well to get slurry. After mixing it is stirred well to get proper mix and then it is applied over the cleaned surface. Prepared material is then directly applied by brush over the surface. One coat is applied and keep it to dry for minimum 2 hours and then second coat is applied. Apply each coat at different directions. The freshly applied coating shall be protected from direct rain, dirt, oil, grease or other loose particle for at least 12 hours and it is foot trafficable after 24 hours. Permanent water resistance shall be achieved after a full hardening of 14 days.

Photo 18. Cementitious Coating


Cementitious Coating

Material Name Greanseal Flexi 201 Base cement What is the color of the material?

grey


1 part Liquid and 1 part Power

Mixing Ratio 1:1 Is Primer Required? No For Material How many no of coats are required?

2 coats


Min 2 hours Can be usable after 1 day

Type of Application of material

Brush Applied


0.75-1 kg/sqmt/2 coats


5 Years


Negligible

What are the application areas? Bathrooms, Wet Areas, Swimming Pools, Water tanks, Basements What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV resistant, over coating is required when open in direct sunlight Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides. Can be applied on damp surfaces No water or other material required to be added



4. Bandage for Joints Site: Phoenix Mills Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied is made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. Polymer modified cementitious material comes in two parts, 1 part liquid and 1 part powder. Both the parts are mixed and stirred well to get slurry. After mixing it is stirred well to get proper mix and then it is applied over the cleaned surface. Prepared material is then directly applied by brush over the surface. One coat is applied and keep it to dry for minimum 2 hours. Adhesive is properly applied to the floor-wall junctions and also to the back side of bandage so that it sticks properly. Bandage is a waterproof roll which comes in 120mm x 50 m size and it is used for waterproofing and at joinery crack resistance also. After application of bandage, second coat of cementitious material is applied over the bandage, floor and walls opposite to the previous coating directions. The freshly applied coating shall be protected from direct rain, dirt, oil, grease or other loose particle for at least 12 hours and It is foot trafficable after 24 hours. Permanent water resistance shall be achieved after a full hardening of 14 days. Name of WP technique

ARDEX Bandage+Cementitious Coating

Material Name ARDEX waterproof Bandage and Greanseal Flexi 201

For ARDEX Bandage What is the size of the Bandage

120mm x 50 m Roll

Type of Application Apply Adhesive For Cementitious Material How many no of coats are required?

2 coats


Min 2 hours Can be usable after 1 day

Type of Application of material

Brush Applied


0.75-1 kg/sqmt/2 coats


5 Years


Negligible

What are the application areas? Floor-Wall Joints, Bathrooms, Wet Areas, Swimming Pools, Water tanks, Basements What are the Limitations of the Material/Treatment Not UV resistant, over coating is required when open in direct sunlight Advantages Can be applied over both +ve and –ve sides. Can be applied on damp surfaces No water or other material required to be added Cost: Rs. 706 / Sqmt

Photo 19. Bandage at Wall-Floor Joint

Photo 20. Bandage at Wall-Floor Joint



3mm th Membranes


RCC Slab

5. Torch on Membrane + Brick bat Waterproofing

Site: Lodha Encalve Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied, made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. APP modified 3mm Torch on membranes are used as first layer of treatment (for application procedure, see page 12, case study 5). Brickbat Waterproofing treatment is then applied over the membrane surface as second layer of treatment (for application procedure, see page 15, case study 9) This combination of 2 treatment is used for terrace waterproofing. Brickbats provides slope for water to drain and protect the membranes. Mumbai is having heavy rainfall during rainy season as shown in chart 210, and due to heavy rain any treatment fails so combination of treatment works better than a single treatment.

Fig. 11. Torch on Membrane+Brickbat Waterproofing

10 Chart 2, Environmental Conditions of Mumbai, Page 8, Chapter 3



3mm Membrane


DraincellGeotextile Fabric

Sand Filling

RCC

6. Garden Waterproofing

Site: Lodha Enclave

Surface where waterproofing treatment is to be applied is made clean and free any other foreign materials. Wire brush is used to remove rust and dust particles. APP modified 3mm Torch on membranes are used as first layer of treatment (for application procedure, see page 12, case study 5). Brickbat Waterproofing treatment is then applied over the membrane surface as second layer of treatment (for application procedure, see page 15, case study 9) Draincell are laid as third layer and geotextile fabric as forth layer of the treatment (for application procedure, see page 18, case study 2). Sand filling is then donw over the top surface of treatment. This combination of treatment is used for garden waterproofing, where plantation will be done in the filled sand. Poured water will pass through the geotextile and drain through the draincell over the brickbat surface.

Fig. 12. Garden Waterproofing



4.1 Waterproofing Terminology11

.

11 Failure Mechanism in Building Construction‐ David H. Nicastro

Blister A local separation or delamination between two layers of a coating or membrane, or between the substrate and the coating or membrane, characterized by a raised area on the surface with a cavity below, sometimes filled with liquid or gas. Blisters are usually caused by penetration of moisture through areas of poor adhesion

Rising dampness, Capillary riseUpward absorption of a liquid, usually water, into porous building materials, caused by capillarity.

Corrosion The deterioration of metal by an electro chemical reaction with its environment or another material with which it is in contact.

CrackingThe separation of a material into parts and the resulting manifestation of the separation; essentially linear discontinuity produced by fracture; or an elongation narrow openings.

Deterioration The gradual adverse loss of physical or chemical properties of a material.

DiscolorationAn unintended change in the color of a building material over time, usually implying a process acting on the material itself, which cannot be reversed or cleaned off, as opposed to a superimposed foreign material. The most common cause of discoloration is the weathering of pigments.



Efflorescence Salt accumulation (usually white) on the surface of a building material by drying or evaporation of the water. Efflorescence most commonly consists of calcium and carbon sulfate and chlorides on the surface of the masonry. The source is often unhydrated lime, which reacts with water and atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate.

Flaking An early stage of peeling, delamination , or spalling.

Fungal growth A plant growth obtaining its nutrition by breakdown of organic matter, usually associated with the presence of dampness, for example, timber.

HoneycombingA defective condition in concrete characterized by interconnected large voids resulting from loss or lack of paste. Honeycombing is usually caused by a lack of adequate vibration after placement, in appropriately low slump, or congestion of the reinforcing steel.

Micro cracking Small internal cracks in the material especially concrete, which may form a considerable network before becoming visible at external surfaces, leading to disintegration. Micro cracking can be caused by shrinkage or by external loading.



MoldOne of several woolly or powdery fungal growths that form on the surface of materials in damp, stagnant atmosphere, causing patchy discoloration that is usually green, gray, or black but occasionally pink, red, or yellow. On wood, mold usually has a negligible effect on strength but may cause some loss in toughness and an increase in porosity.

Organic growth Algae, mildew and other micro organisms growth on a surface, resulting in aesthetic distress or decomposition of the substrate.

PeelingThe loss of adhesion and deterioration of a coating, paint, or glaze from the substrate.

Ponding The accumulation of water in a depressed area, usually on a low slope roof or deck. Ponding can create relatively harmless “birdbaths,” or it can be a collapse mechanism. As the weight of additional ponded water causes downward deflection of structural members, additional water can accumulate in the deeper depression.

SpallA fragment loosened or completely dislodged from the surface of masonry usually concrete, which leaves a shallow, typically conical depression. Spalls may be caused by impact, corrosion of embedded steel or cement aggregate reactions.



4.2 Comparision of Coatings

Table 2 Comparison of Coatings

Epoxy Acrylic polymer Cementitious Water Repellent Base Solvent Water Water water Primer Required Yes Yes No No DFT (microns) 200 100-150 150 100-150 No of coats 2 2 2 2 Coverage area 3 sqmt/kg 4-5 sqmt/kg 1 sqmt/kg 5-7 sqmt/Ltr Drying Time 8-10 Hours 4-6 Hours 6-8 Hours 24 Hours Appearance Black Grey Grey Transparent UV Resistance No Yes No Yes Crack Bridging Capacity

Surface Cracks Up to 1mm Up to 1mm Surface Cracks

Application areas Foundations, Concrete, STPs

Bathroom, Parapets, Wet areas, Swimming pools

Bathroom, Parapets, Wet areas, Swimming pools

Concrete, Masonry, Plastered Surface

Use of Protective Equipments

Required Not required Not required Required

Expected Life 5-7 Years 5 Years 5 Years 2-3 Years

The table shows the comparison of the waterproof coatings which are known as film formers also. Epoxy, acrylic polymers, cementitious coatings, and water repellents are the main film formers which are widely used nowadays. Coal tar epoxies are the only solvent based waterproof coatings and others are water based. Epoxies are thick in particle size so it forms a thick film over the surface. Epoxy coated film surfaces are about 200 microns where other film formers forms the film of about 100 to 150 microns. Every coating requires two coats on perpendicular side to each other. One coat in one direction and the other one is when the first coat is not dried completely so that it merges with the coat and forms a seamless thick layer. Coatings require a drying time of 6-8 hours generally but epoxy is having thick layer so it requires 8-10 hours to dry completely. Water repellent coatings are very thin in layer so it cannot be put in use after drying of 6-8 hours. It requires 24 hours for complete drying before use.

Epoxies are generally used for foundation wall and the polymers and cementitious coatings are used for bathrooms, and swimming pools. Water repellent coatings are transparent in nature so it is used for exposed works like exposed brick masonry or exposed RCC where aesthetics are more important. But due to thin layer of film and transparency in nature it washes away in 2-3 years. Other film formers are generally applied with 5 years of expected life period but transparent water repellent requires a coat at every alternate year.



4.3 Comparison of Membranes

Table 3 Comparison of Membranes Torch-on Bituminous Tar felt Composition Polyester core,

Bitumen Polyester core, Bitumen

Hessian, Bitumen

Primer Yes Yes Yes Thickness of Sheet 1-4mm 1-4mm 3mm Type of Application Torching Hot Applied Bitumen Hot Applied Bitumen Color Black Black Black No of Layers As required As required 1-2 Size 1m x 10m, 1m x 20m

1m x 10m, 1m x 20m

1m x 10m, 1m x 20m, 1m x 50m

Overlapping Length 75 mm 75-100 mm 75-100 mm Application Areas Terraces, Roofs Terraces, Roofs Terraces, Roofs Protective coating Required Required Required Protective Equipment while Application

Required Required Required

3mm thick Torch-on membranes are widely used due to ease of application. If hot bitumen applied 1mm thick membranes are used, 2 layers of membranes are required for proper waterproofing. Tar felt is 5 or7 layers treatment which includes application of hot bitumen between layers and tar felt applied surface will not be usable after treatment so now membranes have taken place of tar felts.

Torch on membranes are applied by torching below the membrane layer so that is sticks with the primed surface below and it is better than the hot applied bitumen which is laid over the hot bitumen surface and it requires a good skill of a labor also. Membranes and Tarfelts are used over the terraces and roofs.

4.4 Comparison of Penetrants

Table 4 Comparison of Penetrants Crystalline Penetrants Nanotechnology Waterproofing Material Name Penetron Zycosil Base Cement Organosilane Color White Transparent Molecule Size 200 nm 4-6 nm (0.005 micron) Diluent Water Water Mixing Ratio with water 1:3 Horizontal Surfaces 1:10

Vertical Surfaces 1:20 Crack Bridging Micro Cracks Micro Cracks Penetrates Up to 1 m (1000 mm) 3-5 mm Coverage Area 1.4-1.6 kg/sqmt Horizontal-30-40 sqmt/kg

Vertical- 60-80 sqmt/kg Application Areas Concrete only Concrete, Masonry, Plaster Expected Life 7-10 Years 20+ Years Protective Coating Required No No Protective Equipment Req. No No



Penetrants are the only waterproofing material which penetrates into the structure and fills the pores. Crystalline penetrants are water based penetrans which penetrates deep up to 1 m in depth where nanotechnology waterproofing penetrants penetrate up to 3-5 mm in surface.

Crystalline penetrants fills the pores and cracks by forming the crystalline gel in the capillaries, where organosilane can fill the surface cracks only. Crystalline material can be used only over the concrete surfaces but organosilane can be used over concrete, masonry or plastered surface.

Table 5 Particle size of film formers and penetrants Category Particle Size (ηm) Film Former Acrylic 500-800

Cementitious Coating 700-1000 Epoxy 700-1000

Penetrants Solvant Base 4-6 Water Base 4-6

This table shows the major differences in the particle size between different film formers and the penetrants. Every film forming particle is having size more than 500 ηm and the penetrants having size 4-6 ηm which helps them to go deep in capillaries.

.

4.5 Comparison of Coatings, Membranes, Penetrants and Brickbat koba

Table 6 Comparison of Coatings, Membranes, Penetrants and Brickbat koba Coatings Membranes Penetrants Brickbat koba Thickness 150-300 microns 1mm-3mm 4-6 nm 150mm Loading Negligible Considerable Negligible Considerable Surface preparation

Required Required Required Required

Mixing Can be mixed or diluted before used

Ready to use system Diluted with water Cast at site

Type of Application

Brush/roller/spray Torch/Adhesive/Bitumen

Brush,Spray Specified Procedure

Application +ve/-ve side

Both +ve Both +ve side

Crack bridging capacity

Good/Excellent Depends on coating type

Nil Excellent Nil

Weather resistance

Good Good Excellent Poor

Expected life 3-5 years 5-7 years 10+years 5-7 years Protection required

Required Required Not required Not Required

System Non Destructive Non Destructive Destructive Destructive Quality factors Simple application

with minimum chance of human errors

Simple Application but proper care required for treating the joints

Simple Application Quality of sand, cement and bricks with workmanship are the main factors

Repairing Defected area can be repaired easily

Defected area can be repaired easily

Defected area can be repaired easily

Cannot be repaired



Due to ease of application and less time consuming treatment film formers are widely spread nowadays. These film formers have particle size greater than 100 ηm, which will not allow them to penetrate inside the pores of the building materials but form a film covering and preventing the surface from water absorption. These films are hydrophobic but they need to be continuous and defect-free and also must be UV resistant. It is found that during application ensuring continuous film on rough surface is not easy which leads to weak points for film former. All the typical films tend to break down under UV leading to cracking of the films in 2-5 years, which leads to failure of treatment. Membranes are applied over the roofs and terraces for protection of the substrates but even membranes requires protection from UV rays. It is

flexible material but becomes hard and shows cracks due to exposure in sun and UV rays in 4-5 years. Major problem in membrane treatment is treating the joints. If joints are not treated properly it gets open and starts leaking from that point. Same thing is applicable to tar felts also. Due to extreme heat tar felts start losing strength and stop working. Poor workmanship shows blisters in the membranes and tar felts surface which gives way to water. Penetrants are the only waterproofing materials which penetrate deep in the capillaries and fills the pores specially crystalline materials. Penetrants provide the long expected life of 10 to 20 years which no other waterproofing treatment give. Coatings or membranes are better option than the brickbat koba which is highly destructive and not repairable.

4.6 Defects in Waterproofing Treatments Table 7 Defects in waterproofing Treatments

Coatings Membranes Penetrants Others

WP Treatments

Defects

Coa

l Tar

Epo

xy

Epo

xy +

Fib

re R

esin

Acr

ylic

Pol

ymer

Cem

entit

ius

Wat

er re

pelle

nt

Torc

h on

M

embr

anes

B

itum

inou

s M

embr

anes

Tarfe

lt

Cry

stal

line

coat

ing

Nan

otec

hnol

ogy

wat

erpr

oofin

g

Inje

ctio

n G

rout

ing

Bric

kbat

Kob

a

Box

type

W

ater

proo

fing

Voids/Air Pockets * * * Fungal Growth * * * Blistering * * * * * Peeling * * * Puncture * * * Cracking * * * * * * Impact Damage * * * * * * Leakage through Joints * * * * Effect of temperature variation

* * * * *

Protection to treatment required

* * * *

Protection while application required

* * * * *

Not Repairable * * Not usable after application

* * * * *



Membrane LayerSubstrate

Blister

2nd LayerSubstrate

Blister1st LayerMembrane

-ve side+ve side

Membrane

-ve side+ve side

Membrane

Table 7 shows the different defects in waterproofing treatments. These defects are generally occur during application of treatment like blistering and air pockets in membranes appear due to faulty workmanship during application and peeling and cracking occur after the application in coatings. Membranes do not have the puncture resistance, it can get punctured and if the joints are not treated properly it will be a passage for water get in the substrate. Tarfelt cannot resist the high temperature variations and looses elasticity and shows cracks, which is applicable to coatings and brickbat koba also. Protective coating and a

protective barrier like cover flooring is required to protect the membranes if it is to be put in use for foot traffic which is generally not required in other treatments. Impact can cause a failure of treatments like coatings. Impact loadings affects the coatings and cracks the films which gives the passage for water, whereas other treatments can resist the impact. Only coal tar epoxy coating and brickbat koba treatments are the non repairable and it requires the whole treatment to be redone whereas other treatments can be repaired at the defected portions only.

Fig. 13. Blisters in Membranes

4.7 Treatment Application Surfaces Table 8 Treatment Application Surfaces

Coatings Membranes Penetrants Others

WP Treatments

Application

Surfaces Coa

l Tar

Epo

xy

Epo

xy +

Fib

re R

esin

Acr

ylic

Pol

ymer

Cem

entit

ius

Wat

er re

pelle

nt

Torc

h on

M

embr

anes

B

itum

inou

s M

embr

anes

Tarfe

lt

Cry

stal

line

coat

ing

Nan

otec

hnol

ogy

wat

erpr

oofin

g

Inje

ctio

n G

rout

ing

Bric

kbat

Kob

a

Box

type

W

ater

proo

fing

Concrete * * * * * * * * * * * * * Masonry * * * * * * Plaster * * * * * * * * * * * Old treatment * * * * Table 8 shows the treatment application surface of various waterproofing techniques. All the treatment can be applied over the concrete surface. Transparent water repellent, penetrants and brick bat koba are the only treatment which can be applied over the brick masonry. Even over the plastered surface most of the treatment works but if there is any existing treatment available over the surface, only membranes and brick bat koba can be applicable.



4.8 Effects of the Defects12

Table 9 Effects of the Defects

This table shows the water related defects which generally negatively affect the structure and material. Every defect directly affects the aesthetics and cracking, honeycombing, deterioration etc affects the strength of the structure. Every defect directly affects the concrete and masonry structures and most of the defects directly lead the structure towards deterioration and loss in strength. Loss of function occurs due to corrosion, cracking and deterioration. Metals can be affected due to corrosion and discoloration whereas concrete and masonry can be affected by all the defects. Peeling can cause loss of function and deterioration and it can affect the painted surface.

12 See chapter 4, 4.1 ‘waterproofing terminology’ for explanation of defects

Structural

Material

Defects Aes

thet

ic

Stre

ngth

Cha

nge

in P

rope

rties

Cha

nge

in V

olum

e

Loss

of F

unct

ion

Det

erio

ratio

n

Stru

ctur

al s

yste

m

Con

cret

e

Mas

onry

Met

als

Pla

ster

ed S

urfa

ces

Pai

nted

Sur

face

s

Blister * * * * * * *

Rising Dampness * * * * *

Corrosion * * * * * * * *

Cracking * * * * * * *

Deterioration * * * * * * * *

Discoloration * * * * *

Efflorescence * * * * *

Flaking * * * * * * *

Fungal Growth * * * * *

Honeycombing * * * * * *

Micro Cracking * * * * *

Mold * * * * *

Organic Growth * * * *

Peeling * * * *

Ponding * * *

Spalling * * * * * * *



4.9 Effects of Waterproofing Treatments

Buildings where Waterproofing Treatments applied 5 or more years before have been taken as case studies to check the current scenario and status of the treatment applied.

1. BSNL Building, Navrangpura

Name of Waterproofing Treatment


Year of Application 2004 Type of Structure Framed Structure Location of the Application of Treatment

Basement Floor

Any other treatment applied?

No

Current Scenario Basement is not in use. Treatment is covered with cement mortar finish No leakage or Dampness visible No cracks found in flooring

Even after 5 years the treatment does not show any cracks or leakages and works as watertight structure.

Photo 21. Box type Waterproofing in Basement

2. Income Tax Building, Ambawadi




Basement Floor


No

Current Scenario Basement is in use as parking Treatment is covered by Cement mortar finish No leakage or Dampness visible No cracks found in flooring





3. Shyam Flats, Chandkheda


Brickbat Waterproofing


Bathroom floor


No

Current Scenario Bathroom is in use and Treatment is covered by Tiling Dampness is visible as some patches below slab. No cracks found No Dripping

Brickbat koba Waterproofing Treatment works as watertight barrier for long time if it is covered and protected. It shows cracks due to temperature variations. It imposes unnecessary load on the structure and in case of any damage to the treatment it cannot be repaired. Whole treatment is then required to be dismantled which actually affects the floor slab.

Photo 24. Effect of Brickbat Waterproofing in sunken Slab

4. IIM main Gate, Vastrapur


Transparent water repellent Coating

Year of Application 2005 Type of Structure Exposed RCC and

Brick masonry Location of the Application of Treatment

Ground Floor, Main Gate


No

Current Scenario Dampness is visible as some patches below slab. No cracks found No Dripping

Photo 25. Dampness Patches on wall

Photo 26. Dampness Patches on Slab bottom



Photo 27. Efflorescence on the Exposed Brick Masonry

Photo 28. Rising Dampness

Photo 29. Molds on the Exposed Wall

Transparent water repellant Coatings are film formers which protects the buildings from water without affecting the aesthetics. It protects from the water but for a short period of time. After 2 or three years it washes away with the rains.

So it is required to apply water repellant coatings every alternate year to protect the structure from water.

5. IIM Staff Quarters


APP modified Torch on Membranes

Year of Application 2004 Type of Structure Exposed RCC and

Brick masonry Location of the Application of Treatment

Terrace Floor


No

Current Scenario Treatment is covered by China mosaic Dampness is visible as some patches below slab. Cracks Visible on the China mosaic Joints are opened at vatta

Membranes require a protective coating over the surface otherwise they crack under direct contact with sun light and temperature. China mosaic can be used as protection for membranes but if china mosaic cracks it cracks the membranes also. Due to temperature variations china mosaic shows cracks after 3-4 years.

Photo 30. Crack below the terrace slab



Photo 31. Crack on the Terrace Floor

6. Science City


Acrylic Polymer Coating


Terrace Floor


No

Current Scenario Dampness is visible below slab. Cracks Visible on the floor surface Joints are opened at vatta

Acrylic Polymer Coating works as water tight barrier for long time. It generally does not show any cracks up to 4-5 years. After 5 years it starts showing surface cracks.

Photo 32. Cracks on the coated Floor

Photo 33. Cracks at vatta

7. IIM Labour Colony


Tar felt Waterproofing

Year of Application 2004 Type of Structure Load bearing Location of the Application of Treatment

Terrace Floor


No

Current Scenario Dampness is visible below slab. Cracks Visible on the floor surface Joints are opened at vatta Blistering visible

Tarfelt requires protective barrier against direct sun light and Temperature. After 4-5 years it becomes rigid due to extreme heat and starts showing cracks. Opened joints lead to leakage and damage to the substrate.

Photo 34. Opened joint at vatta



Photo 35. Blistering and Cracks

8. Municipal Swimming Pool, Sabarmati


Polymer modified Cementitious Coating

Year of Application 2005 Type of Structure Location of the Application of Treatment

Swimming Pool Surface


No

Current Scenario Cementitious coating is covered by tiling. No leakage or Dampness found

Polymer modified cementitous coatings requires protective barrier. If coating is protected with the tiling, it works for a long period of time and even after 5 years it does not show any cracks or dampness.

9. Municipal water tank, Khokhra


Injection Grouting

Year of Application 2003 Type of Structure RCC Structure Location of the Application of Treatment

RCC walls


No

Current Scenario Heavy Dampness

patches visible Leakage at one point Surface deterioration at one point due to leakage Efflorescence visible

Injection grouting does not require any protection and works as a good waterproofing but after 5 years at some points it shows the leakage or dampness patches. It can be repaired from where leakage or dampness started.

Photo 36. Leakage and Efflorescence

Photo 37. Surface Deterioration

Photo 38. Surface Deterioration



10. Municipal water tank, Naroda


Injection Grouting


RCC walls


No

Current Scenario Heavy Dampness patches visible Efflorescence visible

Photo 39. Efflorescence on wall

Photo 40. Dampness patches below Lintel

11. Municipal water tank, Gomtipur


Injection Grouting


RCC walls


No

Current Scenario Heavy Dampness patches visible Efflorescence visible

Photo 41. Efflorescence on the walls

Photo 42. Efflorescence on the walls



Here are the element wise preferable waterproofing treatments which are classified on the basis of various factors affecting the selection of the technique.

5.1 Basement

1 Walls Description Preferable Treatment +ve side Coatings

Membranes

Penetrants

Injection Grouting

Box Type Treatment

-ve side Injection Grouting

Penetrants

2 Type of wall

Description Preferable Treatment Exposed Transparent water

repellent Plastered Coatings

Membranes

Penetrants

Injection Grouting

Box Type Treatment

3 Loading on Structure

Description Preferable Treatment Negligible Loading Coatings

Penetrants

Considerable Loading Membranes

Tar felts

Brickbat coba

4 Weather Effect

Description Preferable Treatment

High temp Variations Membranes

Penetrants

5 Installation Time

Description Preferable Treatment Speedy Coatings

Penetrants

Time Consuming Membranes Tar felts Brickbat coba

6 Sub Surface Condition

Description Preferable Treatment Dry Coatings

Membranes Box type Treatment Brickbat coba

Wet Crystalline Penetrant

7 Crack Bridging Capacity

Description Preferable Treatment Poor Membranes Good Acrylic Polymer

Tar felts Excellent Penetrants

8 Ease of Repair

Description Preferable Treatment Defected portion can be repaired

Coatings Torch on Membranes

Penetrants

Entire to be redone Brickbat coba

Tar felts

Note: Brickbat coba and Tar felts can be done only on floors.



5.2 Wall

1 Walls Description Preferable Treatment +ve side Coatings

Membranes

Penetrants

Injection Grouting

-ve side Injection Grouting

Penetrants

2 Type of wall

Description Preferable Treatment Exposed Transparent water

repellent Plastered Coatings

Torch on Membranes

Penetrants

Injection Grouting

3 Loading on Structure Description Preferable Treatment Negligible Loading Coatings

Penetrants

Considerable Loading Torch on Membranes

4 Weather Effect

Description Preferable Treatment

High temp Variations Membranes

Penetrants

5 Installation Time


Penetrants

Time Consuming Membranes



Membranes Wet Crystalline Penetrant

7 Crack Bridging Capacity Description Preferable Treatment Poor Membranes Good Acrylic Polymer

Excellent Penetrants

8 Ease of Repair



Penetrants Entire to be redone -

5.3 Floor

It includes bathroom, toilet floors and sunken slabs


Penetrants

Considerable Loading Brickbat coba

2 Installation Time


Penetrants

Time Consuming Brickbat coba

3 Crack Bridging Capacity

Description Preferable Treatment Poor Coatings Good Acrylic Polymer

Excellent Penetrants

4 Ease of Repair


Coatings Penetrants

Entire to be redone -



5.4 Roofs

1 Type of Roof Description Preferable Treatment RCC Flat roof Coatings

Tar felts

Membranes

Penetrants

Brickbat coba

Sloping Roof Coatings

Membranes

Tar felts

Penetrants

Roofing Sheet Membranes

Tar felts

Coatings

2 Usage

Description Preferable Treatment Accessible Roof Acrylic Polymer

Membranes Non Accessible Roof Epoxy

Tar felts


Penetrants

Considerable Loading Membranes

Tar felts

Brickbat coba

4 Weather Effect

Description Preferable Treatment UV rays Penetrants

Acrylic Polymers Membranes

High temp Variations Membranes Penetrants

Heavy Rainfall

Coatings Brickbat coba Penetrants

5 Installation Time


Penetrants Time Consuming Membranes

Tar felts Brickbat coba



Membranes Tar felts

Wet Crystalline Penetrant

7 Crack Bridging Capacity Description Preferable Treatment Poor Membranes Good Acrylic Polymer

Tar felts Excellent Penetrants

8 Ease of Repair Description Preferable Treatment Defected portion can be repaired


Penetrants

Entire to be redone Brickbat coba

Tar felts



6.1 Conclusion After studying and analyzing the various waterproofing techniques and learning from the case studies it can be inferred that selection of appropriate waterproofing technique for a building is related to the environmental conditions and surface conditions. Due to high temperature variations treatment shows the cracks and in heavy rainfall waterproofing fails when exposed to the environment. Surfaces specially floors or roofs, when not in good condition or slope, require a proper surface treatment before application of any waterproofing treatment for good results of waterproofing. Coatings are the easiest way of waterproofing. Its load on the structure is negligible and easy application saves application time. Membranes are suitable for roofing, and provides good protection against water but they require a protective coating if it is to be used for foot traffic. Penetrants are the best waterproofing materials as they penetrate deep and fill the pores causing negligible loading easy application procedure and having long expected life but it requires a proper surface preparation. Boxtype waterproofing is applicable for basements and foundations but it gives heavy loads and adds the cost and while application use of stone may damage the substrate. Brickbat koba is widely used waterproofing treatment but it cannot work where there are heavy temperature variations because it shows cracks and it is a non repairable treatment. Even while application of brickbat it may damage the substrate due to poor workmanship. Acrylic polymer coating is a preferable method for sunken slabs, roofs, swimming pools etc because it is a water base material and provides breathability to the structure. Crystalline penetrants in spite of higher cost, it is a preferable method for concrete surfaces as it gives long time protection. New technology of waterproofing Nanotechnology is a water base material and penetrant with 20 years of expected life. It is the most preferable waterproofing technique and it can be applicable to all the surfaces except painted surfaces. It is transparent in nature so it can be applied over exposed surfaces also whereas other transparent water repellents washes away within 2 years of application.

Sometimes only one treatment cannot work properly, so combination of treatments can provide better waterproofing to the structures. Use of good quality material and good workmanship can reduces the chances of water related problems and preventive action at earlier stage is very important than rectifying the defects at later stage.

6.2 Recommendation

6.2.1 Suggestions • Proper care, precautions, and a good

workmanship should be applied while construction to reduce the water related problems.

• Surface should be properly cleaned, dried, free from any foreign material and cracks etc before application of treatment.

• Before application of coatings any cracks or defects to the substrate should be removed for better applications and results.

• For coatings, apply second coat on perpendicular direction to the first coat.

• Ensure proper slope and use waterproof tile grout for tile joints in toilet and bathroom floors.

• Re-slope exterior grading with soil to provide natural drainage of water away from the building.

• Do not use brickbat koba treatment, it implies unnecessary load to the structure and it is non repairable. Use coatings instead.

• Always provide waterproofing treatment to the positive side, from where water starts affecting the building element.

• Roof or terrace waterproofing treatment should be covered by china mosaic for better results and long life of the treatment.

6.2.2 Future scope of Study • A similar research can be carried out for

industrial buildings. • New arrival like dimpled membrane, PVC

membranes, and nanotechnology waterproofing can be studied in detail.

• Sodium bentonite waterproofing sand is available only in Kutch and Malaysia and it is used in YMCA Ahmedabad.



Jury Comments and Clarifications The following comments provided by the jury are clarified in relation to the thesis.

1. Brickbat koba should be done on the bed concrete and then membrane should be applied. (with ref to Mumbai case study 5 Page.25)

It shows the incorrect construction practice at site. Membrane will not provide proper bonding between concrete and brickbat koba so brickbat koba must be done first and then membranes should be applied over it.

Corrected Figure

2. Box type Waterproofing is shown in –ve side ( case study 8, fig 4, page.18)

It shows the application procedure and for correct side of waterproofing it is shown in fig 17. It shows that waterproofing must be done on +ve side of the substrate.

3mm th Membranes


RCC Slab

RCC wall

-ve+ve

Box type Treatment


Nitin Jadav (5106) | School of Building Science & Technology, CEPT University

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Need for the Study ................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Locations of Penetrating Water into the Building ......................................................................... 3

2.2 Causes of Leakage and Dampness ........................................................................................ 4

2.3 Effects of Leakage and Dampness ......................................................................................... 4

2.4 Classification of Waterproofing Techniques ............................................................................ 5

2.4.1 Integral Waterproofing Compound ................................................................................................... 6

2.4.2 Surface Treatment........................................................................................................................... 6

2.4.2.1 Coatings ...................................................................................................................................... 6

2.4.2.2 Membranes ................................................................................................................................. 7

2.4.2.3 Penetrants ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.4.2.4 Others ......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.5 Characteristics of good waterproofing material ..................................................................... 10

2.6 Surface Preparation ............................................................................................................. 10

Chapter 3: Case Studies

3.1 Case Studies of Ahmedabad ..................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Case Studies of Mumbai ........................................................................................................... 21

Chapter 4: Data Analysis

4.1 Waterproofing Terminology .................................................................................................. 27

4.2 Comparision of Coatings ...................................................................................................... 30

4.3 Comparison of Membranes .................................................................................................. 31

4.4 Comparison of Penetrants .................................................................................................... 31

4.5 Comparison of Coatings, Membranes, Penetrants and Brickbat koba .................................. 32

4.6 Defects in Waterproofing Treatments ................................................................................... 33

4.7 Treatment Application Surfaces ............................................................................................ 34

4.8 Effects of the Defects ........................................................................................................... 35

4.9 Effects of Waterproofing Treatments ......................................................................................... 36

Chapter 5: Selection Methodology

5.1 Basement ............................................................................................................................. 43

5.2 Wall ...................................................................................................................................... 44



5.3 Floor .................................................................................................................................... 44

5.4 Roofs ................................................................................................................................... 45

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 47

6.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 47

6.2.1 Suggestions .................................................................................................................................. 47

6.2.2 Future scope of Study ................................................................................................................... 47

Annexure

1. Questionnaire for Liquid applied surface Treatments…………………………………………………i

2. Questionnaire for Membrane applied surface Treatments…………………………….……………..ii

3. Inspection Form for Waterproofing Treatments Applied( 5 or more years before)…….………….iii

4. Definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….iv

5. References…………………………………………………………………………………….....…………v

List of ChartsChart 1 Objective of the study ..................................................................................................... 2

Chart 2 Methodology for study ..................................................................................................... 2

Chart 3 Classification of Waterproofing Techniques .................................................................... 5

Chart 4 Environmental conditions of Ahmedabad ...................................................................... 11

Chart 5 Environmental Conditions of Mumbai ............................................................................ 11

List of Figures Fig. 1. Locations of penetrating water into the building ............................................................... 3

Fig. 2. Layers of Tarfelt Treatment ........................................................................................... 14

Fig. 3. Application of side of Box type Waterproofing ................................................................ 18

Fig. 4. Box type Waterproofing ................................................................................................. 18

Fig. 5. Brickbat Waterproofing .................................................................................................. 19

Fig. 6. Marking for Injection Grouting ........................................................................................ 19

Fig. 7. Drilling for Injection Grouting.......................................................................................... 20

Fig. 8. Size of Polyester Foam.................................................................................................. 21

Fig. 9. Foam waterproofing ....................................................................................................... 22

Fig. 10. Draincell+Geotextile Waterproofing ............................................................................... 23

Fig. 11. Torch on Membrane+Brickbat Waterproofing ................................................................ 25

Fig. 12. Garden Waterproofing................................................................................................... 26

Fig. 13. Blisters in Membranes................................................................................................... 34



List of Tables Table 1 List of Case Studies ...................................................................................................... 11

Table 2 Comparison of Coatings ................................................................................................ 30

Table 3 Comparison of Membranes ........................................................................................... 31

Table 4 Comparison of Penetrants ............................................................................................. 31

Table 5 Particle size of film formers and penetrants ................................................................... 32

Table 6 Comparison of Coatings, Membranes, Penetrants and Brickbat koba ........................... 32

Table 7 Defects in waterproofing Treatments ............................................................................. 33

Table 8 Treatment Application Surfaces ..................................................................................... 34

Table 9 Effects of the Defects .................................................................................................... 35

thesis on water proofing

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