Thermodynamics of ProcessUrvish Soni

Zeroth law of thermodynamics:

• If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third systems then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Thermometer

First law of thermodynamics:

•Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another

Examples:

• Power wind

• Generator

• Solar plate

Second law of Thermodynamics

•Entropy of a system increases with increase in temperature of system

Example

• When we give heat to ice cube is convert to liquid phase from solid body this is example of second law of thermodynamics.

Heat Transfer!

Definition : Heat transfer !

•Heat Transfer:• Transfer of heat from one heat source to another substance is known

as heat transfer

Classification

Heat Transfer

Exothermic Endothermic

Exothermic

Exothermic

Exothermic

•An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.

•reactants → products + energy.

Examples

•Combustion (burning)

•Many oxidation reactions, for example rusting

•Neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis

Endothermic

•These are reactions that take in energy from the surroundings.

Endothermic reactions : Example

• Electrolysis

• The reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate

• The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate in a blast furnace

Heat ExchangersUrvish Soni

Definition and Types of Heat Exchangers

• Definition : A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer between two medium (hot to cold.)

Types

• Shell and tube type heat exchanger

• Plate type heat exchanger

• Plate and Shell type heat exchanger

• Plate fin type heat exchanger

• Fluid type heat exchanger

• Direct contact heat exchanger

• Spiral heat exchanger

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Shell and Tube!

Construction

Working of Shell and Tube

Application of HX !

• Process liquid or gas cooling

• Process or refrigerant vapor or steam condensing

• Process liquid, steam or refrigerant evaporation

• Process heat removal and preheating of feed water

• Thermal energy conservation efforts, heat recovery

• Compressor, turbine and engine cooling, oil and jacket water

• Hydraulic and lube oil cooling

• Many other industrial applications

Instrumentation in HXs

Refrigeration System