Formula Ka (25°C)

HSO4- 1.2 × 10-2

HClO2 1.2 × 10-2

HC2H2ClO2 1.35 × 10-3

HF 7.2 × 10-4

HNO2 4.0 × 10-4

HC2H3O2 1.8 × 10-5

[Al(H2O)6]3+ 1.4 × 10-5

HOCl 3.5 × 10-8

HCN 6.2 × 10-10

NH4+ 5.6 × 10-10

HOC6H5 1.6 × 10-10

Formula Ksp (25°C)

BaSO4 1.5 × 10-9

CaCO3 8.7 × 10-9

CaF2 4.0 × 10-11

Ca(OH)2 1.3 × 10-6

CaSO4 6.1 × 10-5

CuS 8.5 × 10-45

FeCO3 2.1 × 10-11

Fe(OH)2 1.8 × 10-15

PbCl2 1.6 × 10-5

PbSO4 1.3× 10-8

PbS 7× 10-29

MgCO3 1× 10-15

Mg(OH)2 8.9× 10-12

AgCl 1.6× 10-10

Ag2CrO4 9.0× 10-12

AgI 1.5× 10-16

Thermodynamic Data at 298K

Substance ΔHf° ΔGf° S°

Al2O3(s) -1676 -1582 51

AlCl3(s) -704 -629 111

C2H4(g) 52 68 219

C2H5OH(l) -278 -175 161

CH4(g) -75 -51 186

CO(g) -110.5 -137 198

CO2(g) -393.5 -394 214

C2H6(g) -84.7 -32.9 229.5

CH3CO2H(l) -484 -389 160.

CH3OH(g) -201 -163 240.

CH3CH2OH(l) -278 -175 161

C6H12O6(s) -1275 -911 212

Cl2(g) 0 0 223

Cl-(aq) -167 -131 57

HCl(g) -92 -95 187

HCl(aq) -167 -131 57

H2(g) 0 0 131

HF(g) -271 -273 174

H2O(l) -286 -237 70

H2O(g) -242 -229 189

Fe(s) 0 0 27

Fe2O3(s) -826 -740. 90.

N2(g) 0 0 192

NO2(g) 34 52 240.

NO(g) 90. 87 211

N2O4(g) 10. 98 304

N2O4(l) -20. 97 209

N2H3CH3(l) 54 180 166

NH3(g) -46 -17 193

HNO3(l) -174 -81 156

NH4Cl(s) -314 -203 96

NH4ClO4(s) -295 -89 186

O(g) 249 232 161

O2(g) 0 0 205

P4O10(s) -2984 -2698 229

H3PO4(s) -1279 -1119 110

Srhombic(s) 0 0 32

H2S(g) -21 -34 206

SO2(g) -297 -300 248

SO3(g) -396 -371 257

Zn2+(aq) -153 -147 -112

Standard Reaction Potentials at 298K

Half-Reaction E° (V)

F2 + 2e- → 2F- 2.87

Ce4+ + e- → Ce3+ 1.70

MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- → MnO2 + 2H2O 1.68

IO4- + 2H+ + 2e- → IO3

- + H2O 1.60

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O 1.51

Au3+ + 3e- → Au 1.50

Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl- 1.36

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 1.33

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O 1.23

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- → Mn2+ + 2H2O 1.21

IO3- + 6H+ + 5e- → ½I2 +3H2O 1.20

Br2 + 2e- → 2Br- 1.09

VO2+ + 2H+ + e- → VO2+ + H2O 1.00

AuCl4- + 3e- → Au + 4Cl- 0.99

NO3- + 4H+ + 3e-→ NO + 2H2O 0.96

ClO2 + e- → ClO2- 0.95

2Hg2+ + 2e- → Hg22+ 0.91

Ag+ + e- → Ag 0.80

Hg22+ + 2e- → 2Hg 0.80

Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ 0.77

O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → H2O2 0.68

MnO4- + e- → MnO4

2- 0.56

I2 + 2e- → 2I- 0.54

Cu+ + e- → Cu 0.52

Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu 0.34

Hg2Cl2 + 2e- → 2Hg + 2Cl- 0.27

AgCl + e- → Ag + Cl- 0.22

SO42- + 4H+ + 2e- → H2SO3 + H2O 0.20

Cu2+ +e- → Cu+ 0.16

2H+ + 2e- → H2 0.00

Fe3+ + 3e- → Fe -0.04

Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb -0.13

Sn2+ + 2e → Sn -0.14

Ni2+ + 2e- → Ni -0.23

PbSO4 + 2e- → Pb + SO42- -0.35

Cd2+ +2e- → Cd -0.40

Fe2+ + 2e- → Fe -0.44

Cr3+ + e- → Cr2+ -0.50

Cr3+ + 3e- → Cr -0.73

Zn2+ + 2e- → Zn -0.76

2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- -0.83

Mn2+ + 2e- → Mn -1.18

Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66

H2 + 2e- → 2H- -2.23

Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg -2.37

La3+ + 3e- → La -2.37

Na+ + e- → Na -2.71

Ca2+ + 2e- → Ca -2.76

K+ +e- → K -2.92

Li+ + e- → Li -3.05

Formula Kb (25°C)

NH3 1.8 × 10-5

CH3NH2 4.38 × 10-4

C2H5NH2 5.6 × 10-4

C6H5NH2 3.8× 10-10

C5H5N 1.7 × 10-9

Energy Conversion Factors

1 cal = 4.184 J

1 eV = 1.62018×10-19 J

1 eV = 96.485 kJ·mol-1

1 C·V = 1 J

1 kWh = 3.600×103 kJ

1 L·atm = 101.325 J

Molar Heat Capacities at 298 K

Substance CV CP

He, Ne, Ar 12.47 20.80

H2 20.54 28.86

N2 20.71 29.03

N2O 30.38 38.70

CO2 28.95 37.27

C2H6 44.60 52.92

Formula Ka1 (25°C) Ka2 (25°C) Ka3 (25°C)

H3PO4 7.5 × 10-3 6.2 × 10-8 4.8 × 10-13

H3AsO4 5 × 10-3 8 × 10-8 6 × 10-10

H2CO3 4.3 × 10-7 4.8 × 10-11

H2SO4 Large 1.2 × 10-2

H2SO3 1.5 × 10-2 1.0 × 10-7

H2S 1.0 × 10-7 ~ 10-19

H2C2O4 6.5 × 10-2 6.1 × 10-5

H2C6H6O6 7.9 × 10-5 1.6 × 10-12

* This is really CO2 aqueous. **The Ka2 value for H2S is quite uncertain. Its small size

Specific Heat Capacities

at 298K

Substance C

H2O(l) 4.18

H2O(s) 2.03

Al(s) 0.89

Fe(s) 0.45

Hg(l) 0.14

C(s) 0.71

Fundamental Constants

Avogadro's number NA 6.02214×1023

Gas constant R

8.3145

0.08206

Faraday's constant F 96,485

Planck's constant h 6.62608×10-34 J·s

Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38066×10-23

Speed of light c 2.9979246×108

Electron's mass

9.10939×10-31 kg

0.00054858 u

Electron's charge e -1.60218×10-19 C

Proton's mass

1.672623×10-27 kg

1.0073 u

Proton's charge 1.60218×10-19 C

Neutron's mass

1.672493×10-27 kg

1.0087 u

Hydrogen-1 mass 1.0078 u

Pressure Conversion Factors

1 atm = 1.01325×105 Pa

1 atm = 760 Torr

760 mm Hg

1 atm = 14.70 psi

1 bar = 105 Pa