thermodynamic and enthalpy chart

€Tech YORK Production System

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Copyright 1999 by York International

Thermo-dymanic and Enthalpy Chart


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• Quick Physics Review• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart• Water Chiller Pressure-Enthalpy Chart• Pressure-Enthalpy Chart curves• Cycles in refrigeration


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First Law of Thermodynamics

• You can neither produce nor destroy energy.

• You can only change its form

• Heat and mechanical energy are mutually convertible


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Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Heat flows from a body of higher intensity to a body of lower intensity


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Boyle’s Law

• The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure (if the temperature of the gas remains constant)

• To increase the pressure, reduce the volume

• If the volume is doubled, the pressure will be reduced by 50%


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Charles Law

• The volume of a gas is in direct proportion to its temperature, provided the pressure is kept constant, and...

• the pressure of a gas is in direct proportion to its temperature, provided that the volume is kept constant


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Pressure and Boiling Temperature• Water boils at

100°C at sea level

• Water boils at 84°C at the top of The MONT BLANC (4807 m above sea level)


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Negative Pressure

• Vacuum• Rated in mm of mercury

(mm HG)


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Gauge Pressure

• Relative to atmospheric pressure

• Calibrated to read zero when open to ambient air


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THE CALORIE

• The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water on 1°degree Celsius


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THE JOULE

• 1 KCal = 1000 Calories

• 1 KCal = 4,185 KJoules

• 1 Kcal = -1fg

• 1 BTU = 1,052 Kjoules


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THE WATT

• 1 Watt = 1 Joule/ 1second

• 1 KWatt = 1000 Watt

• 1 HP = 0,745 KWatt


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Heat Transfer and Change of State

• Boiling occurs at a constant temperature


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Heat Transfer and Change of State

• Condensation occurs at a constant temperature

Light


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Changes of states for water

Pressure :1013 mbar


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Sensible Heat Gain

Adding Heat

WATER

Atmospheric pressure


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Vaporization

Water Boiling

Liquid turns to vapor

Atmospheric Pressure


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Saturation

212° F

Atmospheric Pressure

Both liquid and vapor in the same container

100° C


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Changing the Saturation Point

Water Boiling

A pressure cooker prevents vapor from escaping.

An increase in pressure on the surface of a liquid, will produce an increase of the boiling point of that liquid. 1 bar gauge

120°C


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Lowering the Saturation Point

Water Boiling

A vacuum pump draws all air out of the vessel.

A decrease in pressure on the surface of a liquid, will produce a decrease of the boiling point of that liquid. 23,3 mbar vacuum

20°C


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mbar

1.013 1.98 3.63 10 15.6 120

°C 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 325

6.2

°C

bar

mmHg

-15 0 10 20

Pressure/Temperature relationship for water

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1.9 6.1 12.2 23.3 42.2 73.7 123 198 310 473 700 1013

1.43 4.58 9.2 17.5 31.8 55.3 92.5 149 233 355 525 760


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Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart


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Pressure

Enthalpy

Heat Content(KJoules/Kg)



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Pressure

Enthalpy


Liqu

id L

ine


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Liquid - VaporMixLi

quid

Lin

e

Vap

or L

ine


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Pressure

Enthalpy


100% Liquid


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Pressure

Enthalpy


100% Vapor


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Pressure

Enthalpy

20% Liquid 80% Vapor



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Pressure

Enthalpy


Evaporator


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Evaporator

Refrigerant absorbs heat from load


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Pressure

Enthalpy

Evaporator


Refrigeration

Effect


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Compressor


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Pressure

Enthalpy


CompressorHead Pressure


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Condenser

Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere


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Pressure

Enthalpy

- Thermal expansion valve

- Fixed orifice- Variable orifice

Metering Device



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Pressure

Enthalpy


Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Metering Device


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser

Metering Device

Refrigerant absorbs heat from load

Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere


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Pressure

Enthalpy

Pressure - Enthalpy Chart (Water Chiller)

44°6°C


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Pressure

Enthalpy


44° 6°C


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Pressure

Enthalpy


6°

12°


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Pressure

Enthalpy


6°

12°

35°


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Pressure

Enthalpy


Cooling Tower

6°

12°

35°


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Pressure

Enthalpy


35°

30°

Cooling Tower

6°

12°


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Bi-stage cycle NH3 with Flooded economizer


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Bi-stage cycle NH3 with partial injection


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THE END

HOURRA !!!

thermodynamic and enthalpy chart

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