INIS-mf—11498

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COOLING

SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS

CONDENSER

Thesis for the degree of Master of Science

in Nuclear Engineering

by

A. Beck

Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Engineering

Sciences Nuclear Engineering Department

June 1965

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COOLING

SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS

CONDENSER

Thesis for the degree of

Master of Science in

Nuclear Engineering

by

A. Beck

Ben-Gurion University of the Megev

Faculty of Engineering Sciences

Nuclear Engineering DeDartment

June 1985

::•! -H:: WORK AN ATTENPT ^AZ DONE TO CONCENTRATE ON THE

THC.-̂ 'OS'.'NAMIC THEORY, THE ENGINEERING SOLUTION AHD THE WATEF,

OUANTI-IE:; NEEDED FOR OPERATION OF A WET, AS WELL AS WET. DRY

COOLING TOWERS COUFLED TO A NUCLEAR TURBINE CONDENSER.

IN r;sc DESIGN OF A CONDENSER - COCLING TOWER SYSTEM, WE

^CE2 A30t.iT TWO HUNDFED VAPIABLi-. TC HAKE THE SOLUTION FAST

-,:;2 ijAr;"',- .A COMPUTE." OCDEL WA.; DEVELOPED, THE COMPUTER

rn0G.~AM IS ABL£ TO GI--E THERMOOYNAMIC ENGINEERING SOLUTION

: '-. " ' .POI'^C rGi'i£E!t£E.~ - wOOLIi iu FOwER S'iSTEMt

-vr AMOUNT OF WATER EVAPORATION "ROW THE COOLING TOWERS I

FUNCTION OF 'HE CLIMAX CONDITION ARRC'JNC THE SITE. FOR THE

CALCULATIONS WE USES METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE NORTH NEGEV

iREA ^Mr "ECIVED AUTHENTIC ANALYSIS. THE FIRST ESTIMATION

-JAS DONE WITH THE EXTREME WEATHER CONDITION TO GET THE

AMOUNT OF WATER THAT WILL EVAPORATE FROM THE COOLING TOWER.

FOR A WET COOLING TOWER (FRESH WATER) THE AMOUNT OF WATER

THAT WILL uVAFORATE APPEARS TO 3E 12.5 MILLION CUBIC METER

PZF YEAR • FOR COOLING A NUCLEAR STATION, PWR TYPE, ?50 MWE

OUTPU

THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT 10 NECESSARY TC ADD TO THE

SYSTEM DURING A YEAR 13 BIGGER AND IS A FUNCTION OF THE

BLOW- DOWN RATE FROM THE TOWER AND THE EVAPORATION. BECAUSE

OF THE HIGH IMPORTANCE NOT TO WASTE FRESH WATER IT'S

RECOMMENDED TO DESIGN THE SYSTEM SO THAT THE SALT HARDNESS

CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOW-DOWN WATER WILL BE IN THE

APPROPRIATE LEVEL. IN SUCH DESIGN IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO

RETURN THESE WATER FOR AGRICULTURE USES. THIS DESIGN MEANS

THAT THE YEARLY ADDITIONAL AMOUNT OF FRESH WATER WILL BE

ONLY FOR COMPENSATION OF EVAPORATION FROM THE COOLING TOWER.

ANOTHER OPTION OF USING THE BLOW-DOWN WATER IS TO OPERATE

"SALT CONCENTRATORS" NEAR THE STATION. THESE SYSTEMS CAN

PRODUCE "ZERO DISCHARGE'' FFOM THE STATION. MOST OF THE BLOW

DOWN WATER WILL BE TREATED ON SITE AND BECOME FRESH-WATER

FGR REUSE IN THE COOLING TOWER. THE WASTE CONCENTRATED BRINE

WILL BE COLLECTED IN A SMALL POND AND THE SOLID SALT WILL

SETTLE ON THE POND 30T-QM. WITH SUCH SYSTEMS (THAT ARE

EXPENSIVE IN OPERATION) THE STATION WILL NEED ALMOST QNL\'

MAKE - UP WATER FOR COMPENSATION OF EVAPORATION FROM THE

COOLING TOWER.

THE TECHNOLOGY OF WET COOLING TOWER USING SEA WATER IS

KNOWN, AND THERE ARE NO TECHNICAL OR ENGINEERING LIMITATION

FOR USING IT. THE MAIN PROBLEMS USING SEA WATER FOR COOLING

AT AN INLAND SITE ARE: CARRING THE WATER FROM SEA TO THE

SITE AND THE DRIFT FROM THE COOLING TOWERS. BOTH CAN BE

SOLVED WELL TECHNICALLY. THE COST OF COOLING TOWERS USING

SEA- WATER IS ABOUT 10% MORE THEN COOLING TOWERS USING FRESH

WATER (WITHOUT THE COST OF CARRING THE WATER). SO, THE

PROFITABILITY OF USING SEA WATER FOR COOLING A NUCLEAR

POWER STATION IN AN INLAND SITE IS IN THE NATIONAL

PRIORITIES AND NOT IN THE ENGINEERING FIELD.

THE TECHNOLOGY OF DRV AND DRY/WET COOLING TOWERS IS KNOWN

FOR SMALL FOSSIL UNITS. FIRST ESTIMATIONS SHOW THAT THE USE

OF COMBINED SYSTEM, WET/DRY COOLING TOWER, IS POSSIBLE IN

THE NORTH NEGEV AREA. SUCH SYSTEMS WILL REDUCE SIGNIFICANTLY

THE AMOUNT OF WASTED FRESH WATER FOR COOLING NUCLEAR POWER

PLANT. LACK OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IS THE MAJOR

PROBLEM IN THE ACCEPTABILITY OF WET/DRY COOLING TOWERS.

3ECAU3E COOLING TOWERS ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR SYSTEMS THAT

I.')FLUE;JCZ3 3,-J THE ECONOMIC OPERATION OF THE iMuCLiEAf; POWER

PLANT DURING THE LIFE TIME OF THE STATION, IT IS IMPORTANT

TO CHOOSE CAREFULLY THE BEST ANE MOST SUITABLE COOLING

SYSTEM. THIS WORK ATTEMPT TO GIVE GOME HANDY TOOLS FOR

MAKING THIS CHOICE EASY.

-13

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