thermochemistry - caldwell-west caldwell public schools · involving reactions in aqueous ......

95
THERMOCHEMISTRY CHAPTER 11

Upload: others

Post on 14-Mar-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

THERMOCHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 11

Page 2: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nThermochemistry:   The study of the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions and changes in the physical states of matter. 

Page 3: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nWork:    Energy used moving objects against a force. 

nFormula:     Work = Force * Distance 

Page 4: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nHeat:   Energy transfer from one object to another. Represented by the symbol q.

Page 5: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nEnergy:   The ability to do work or supply heat.

Page 6: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEATn There are two main types of energy:

A. Kinetic:    Energy of motion 

Page 7: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEATB. Potential:    Energy of position

nInternal Energy The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles making up a substance. 

Page 8: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEATnSystem:   That which is under study, e.g.. a reaction. 

nSurroundings:   Everything outside of the system. 

Page 9: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nUniverse:     System + surroundings.    

Page 10: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

nThere are two types of thermodynamic reactions:     A. Endothermic     B. Exothermic

Page 11: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEAT

A. Endothermic:    A chemical reaction or physical change in which heat is absorbed (q is positive). 

Page 12: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEATB. Exothermic:    A chemical reaction or  physical change in which heat is released (q is negative). 

Page 14: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ENERGY AND HEATnLaw of Conservation of Energy:   Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Page 15: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

nCalorie:   A.The amount of heat energy    needed to raise 1 g H2O at 1°C.

   B. 1 cal = 4.184 Joule   

Page 16: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

nJoule:   A.The SI unit for energy       B. One joule of heat raises the    T of 1 g of water.

      C.  1 J = 0.2390 cal

Page 17: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

nSpecific heat capacity (C) or (Cp) 

    A. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C 

Page 18: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring HeatB. Equation:

      q = m x c x ΔT  q = heat  m= mass of material  c = specific heat  ΔT = change in T

Page 19: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

C. Units are      J/g°C.

Page 20: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring HeatnHeat Capacity

A. An object's ability to absorb or release heat. 

Page 21: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

B. Depends on the product of its specific heat capacity and the mass. ( c x m) 

Page 22: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

C. Depends on heat divided by the change in temperature (q/∆ T). 

Page 23: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring HeatD. Units are 

usually J/°C.

Page 24: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Measuring Heat

Examples:1. The T of Cu with a mass of 95.4 g increases from 25°C to 48°C when the metal absorbs 849 J. What is the specific heat capacity of Cu?

Page 25: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Given: m = 95.4 g q = 849 JT1 = 25 °C T 2 = 48 °C

∆ T =  23 °C

Page 26: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Formula:q = m x c x ∆T

c = q

m x ∆T

Page 27: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

c = 849 J

95.4 g x 23 °C

= 0.387 J / g°C

Page 28: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

2.   How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of Hg to 52 °C?

Page 29: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Given: C = 0.14 J/g°Cm = 250 g∆T = 52°C 

Page 30: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Formula: q = m x c x T

q =

250 g x 0. 14 J / g °C x 52 °C

= 1820 J= 1.82 kJ

Page 31: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

3. Calculate the mass of water required to change the temperature to 56 °C and produce 1324 J of energy?

Page 32: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Given: 

q = 1324 J C =  4.184 J/g°C

T = 56 °C  m = ?

Page 33: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

q = mcTFormula:

m = q

cT

Page 34: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

m = 1324 J

(4.184J /g°C) (56 °C)

= 5.66 g

Page 35: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

nWe can determine the heat flow (Hrxn) associated with a chemical reaction by measuring the temperature change it produces.

Page 36: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

nCalorimetry is   The measurement of heat flow.

Page 37: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

nA calorimeter is    An apparatus that measures heat flow.

Page 38: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

nThere are two types:   1. Coffee cup

   2. Bomb calorimeter

Page 39: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

CalorimetrynCoffee cup  A. Constant Pressure

   B. Used in heat changes involving reactions in aqueous solutions. 

Page 40: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

C. The reaction occurs in a known volume of water.

Page 41: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of
Page 42: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calorimetry

nBomb Calorimeter:  A. Constant Volume

   B. Used to measure heat flows for gases and high temperature reactions. 

Page 43: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of
Page 44: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

EnthalpyA. The variable H

B. The energy gained or lost

C. q =H

Page 45: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

nExample 1:50 ml of 1.0 M HCl and 50 ml of NaOH are combined in a constant pressure calorimeter. The temperature of the solution is observed to rise from 21.0 °C to 27.5 °C. Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction (assume density is 1.0 gram/ml, and that the specific heat of the solution is that of water).

Page 46: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

T =  6.5° C c= 4.18 J/g° C

m = 100 mL x 1 g/mL= 100 g

Hsolution = ?

Page 47: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Formula:

Hsolution = mcT

(100 g)(4.18 J/g°C) (6.5 °C)

= 2717 J

Page 48: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

nThe heat absorbed by an aqueous solvent is equal to the heat given off by the reaction of the solutes: 

nqaq solution = -qrxn 

Page 49: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Final answer is

-2717 J

Page 50: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Why?

Page 51: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Because we were looking for the qrxn

Page 52: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Exothermic or Endothermic??

Page 53: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Exothermic

Why?

Negative sign

Page 54: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Example 2:A small pebble is heated and placed in a foam cup calorimeter containing 25 mL of water at 25 °C. The water reaches a maximum temperature of 26.4 °C. How many joules of heat were released by the pebble?

Page 55: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

T = 1.4 °C c = 4.18 J/g°C

m = 25 mL x 1 g1 mL

= 25 g

Page 56: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

H = mcTFormula:

= (25 g) (4.18 J/g°C) (1.4 °C)

= 146 J

Page 57: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Exothermic or Endothermic?

Page 58: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Endothermic

Because it is positive.

Page 59: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Thermochemical Equations

nAn equation that includes the heat change (H) for the reaction.

Page 60: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Thermochemical Equations

nExamples:

n2N(g)  N2(g)  H = -941 kJ

nO2(g)  2O(g)  H = +502 kJ

Page 61: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Enthalpies of Phase Changes

nEnthalpy of fusion (Hfus):

  Heat to melt 1 mole of solid to liquid. 

  Always positive.

Page 62: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Enthalpies of Phase ChangesnEnthalpy of Vaporization (Hvap):

  Heat to evaporate 1 mol of liquid

  Always positive. 

Page 63: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Enthalpies of Phase Changes

nEnthalpy of Condensation (Hcond):

  Heat released when 1 mol of vapor condenses.

  Always negative.

Page 64: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Examples:

1. How many grams of ice at              0°C & 101325 Pa could be melted by the addition of 2.25 kJ of heat?

Page 65: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

What kind of phase change is it?

Fusion

Page 66: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Find the Hfus for water

1 mol = 6.01 kJ

What are you looking for?

Mass of ice melted

Page 67: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

2.25 kJ 1 mol6.01 kJ

18 g H2O1 mol

Hfus GFM H2O

=  6. 74 g

Page 68: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

2. How much heat in kJ is absorbed when 63.7 g H2O (l) at 100°C is converted to steam at 100°C?

Page 69: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

What kind of phase change is it?

Vaporization

Page 70: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Find the Hvap for water

1 mol = 40.7 kJ

What are you looking for?

Amount of heat

Page 71: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

63.7 g H2O 1 mol

18 g H2O40.7 kJ1 mol

= 144 kJ

 GFM H2O  Hvap

Page 72: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Enthalpy of formation (Hf)

nThe enthalpy associated with the reaction that forms a compound from its elements in their most thermodynamically stable states.  

Page 73: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Enthalpy of formation (Hf)nEqual to 

In the above reaction, n and m are the coefficients of the products and the reactants in the balanced equation.

Page 74: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Example:Calculate the heat given off when one mole of B5H9 reacts with excess oxygen according to the following reaction:

2 B5H9 (g) + 12 O2 (g)  5 B2O3 (g) + 9 H2O (g)

Page 75: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Compound Hf

B5H9 73.2 kJ/mol

B2O3 -1272.77 kJ/mol

O2 0 kJ/mol

H2O -241.82 kJ/mol

Page 76: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Sum of Reactants2 mol B5H9 73.2 kJ

1 mol= 146.4 kJ

12 mol O2 0 kJ

1 mol =  0 kJ

Page 77: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Sum of Reactants:

146.4 kJ  + 0 kJ =

146.4 kJ

Page 78: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Sum of Products

5 mol B2O3 -1272.77 kJ1 mol

=

- 6363.85 kJ

Page 79: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Sum of Products

9 mol H2O -241.82 kJ

1 mol=

-2176.38 kJ

Page 80: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Sum of Products

-6363.85 kJ + -2176.38 kJ

= -8540.23 kJ

Page 81: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

H° =

-8540.23 kJ - 146.4  kJ

 ∑Hproducts ∑ Hreactants

= -8686.63 kJ

Page 82: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s LawnHeat transferred, or change in enthalpy (H), in a reaction is the same regardless whether the reaction occurs in a single step or in several steps.  

Page 83: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s LawnIf a series of reactions are added together, the net change in the heat of the reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step.  

Page 84: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s Lawn Rules for Using Hess’s Law:   1. If the reaction is multiplied (or divided) by number, H must also be multiplied (or divided) by that number.  

Page 85: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s Law 2. If the reaction is reversed (flipped), the sign of H must also be reversed.  

Page 86: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s LawnExample:   Nitrogen and oxygen gas combine to form nitrogen dioxide according to the following reaction: 

N2 (g) + 2 O2  2 NO2 (g)

Page 87: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Hess’s LawCalculate the change in enthalpy for the above overall reaction, given:

Page 88: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2NO (g)2 NO (g) + O2 (g)   2 NO2 (g)

N2 (g)  + 2 O2 (g)  2 NO2 (g)

ΔH = 181 kJ + - 131 kJ= 50 kJ

Page 89: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

From the following enthalpy changes:

OF2 (g) + H2O (l)  O2 (g) + 2 HF (g) ∆H° = -277 kJ

SF4 (g) + 2 H2O (l) SO2 (g) + 4 HF (g) ∆H° = -828 kJ

S (g) + O2 (g)  SO2 (g) ∆H° =-297 kJ

Page 90: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

Calculate the value of ∆H for the reaction: 

2 S (g) + 2 OF2 (g)  SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)

TARGET 

Page 91: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

OF2 (g) + H2O (l)  O2 (g) + 2 HF (g)

How do you need to change this equation to look like the target equation?

2 S (g) + 2 OF2 (g)  SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)

Multiply it by 2

Page 92: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

SF4 (g) + 2 H2O (l) SO2 (g) + 4 HF (g)How do you need to change this equation to look like the target equation?

2S(g) + 2 OF2 (g) SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)Flip the equation

Page 93: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

S (g) + O2 (g)  SO2 (g)

How do you need to change this equation to look like the target equation?2S(g) + 2 OF2 (g) SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)

Multiply by 2

Page 94: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

2 OF2(g) + 2 H2O (l) 2 O2 (g) + 4 HF (g)

SO2 (g) + 4 HF (g)SF4 (g) + 2 H2O (l) 2 S(g) + 2 O2 (g)  2 SO2 (g)

2 S(g) + 2 OF2 (g)  SO2 (g) + SF4 (g)

Page 95: THERMOCHEMISTRY - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · involving reactions in aqueous ... Enthalpy A. The variable H B. The energy gained or lost C. q = H. nExample 1: 50 ml of

ΔH = -554 kJ + 828 kJ +- 594 kJ

= -320 kJ