thermo setting plastic

7/28/2019 Thermo Setting plastic

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THERMOSETTING-PLASTICS -


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A thermosetting plastic, also known as a thermoset,is polymer material that irreversibly cures.The cure may be done through heat (generally above 200 C(392 F)),through a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example),or irradiation such as electron beam processing.

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable prior tocuringand designed to be molded into their final form, or usedas adhesives.Others are solids like that of the molding compound

used in semiconductorsand integrated circuits (IC's).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_(process)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer


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A thermosetting polymer is a prepolymer in a soft solid or viscousstate that changes irreversibly into an infusible, insolublepolymernetwork by curing. Curing can be induced by the action of heator suitable radiation, or both. A cured thermosetting polymer iscalled a thermose.Thermosets are permanently set oncethey are initially formed and cannot be melted.If they are exposed to enough heat, they become brittle and crack

or become charred.once a thermosetting plastic object has been formed,it can't be remade into a different object
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation


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The linear chains are crosslinked - strongly chemicallybonded.This prevents a thermoplastic object from being melted andreformed.


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Thermosets are produced in two steps:1. Linear polymers are formed.2. The linear polymers are forced into a mold where "curing"takes place. This may involve heating, pressure, and theaddition of catalysts. During this process, a cross-linked ornetworked structure forms, creating a permanently hardobject that is no longer meltable or moldable.Thermosets are good to use for things that will be warmed upsuch as spatulas and other kitchen tools. They're also used inglues, varnishes, and in electronic components such ascircuit boards.


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Thermosets are hard to recycle, but today there aremethods of crushing the objects into a fine powderform for use as fillers in reinforced thermosets.

StatisticsThermoset materials are generally strongerthan thermoplastic materialsdue to this 3-D network of bonds, andare also better suited to high-temperature applicationsup to the decomposition temperature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic


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Some examples of thermosets are:Polyester fiberglass systems:(SMC Sheet molding compounds andBMC Bulk molding compounds)Vulcanized rubberBakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde resin

(used in electrical insulators and plasticware)Duroplast, similar to BakeliteUrea-formaldehyde foam (used in plywood,

particleboard and medium-density fibreboard)Epoxy resin (used as an adhesive and in fibre reinforcedplastics such as glass reinforced plastic and graphite-reinforced plastic)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duroplasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite-reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite-reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite-reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite-reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_reinforced_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea-formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duroplasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanization


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Polyimides (used in printed circuit boards andin body parts of modern airplanes)Cyanate Esters or Polycyanurates for electronicsapplications with high demands on dielectric propertiesand high glass temperaturerequirements in compositesMold or Mold Runners (the black plastic part inIntegrated Circuits (IC) or semiconductors)Melamine resin (used on worktop surfaces)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimides


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Some methods of molding thermosets are:

Extrusion molding (used for making pipes, threads offabric and insulation for electrical cables)Reactive injection molding (used for objects like milk bottlecrates)Compression molding (used to shape most thermosettingplastics)Spin casting (used for producing fishinglures and jigs, gaming miniatures, figurines, emblems aswell as production and replacement parts)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig_(fishing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_figure_(gaming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_figure_(gaming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jig_(fishing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusion_molding


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Injection moldingIt is a manufacturing process for producing parts fromboth thermoplastic and thermosettingplastic materials. Material is

fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity whereit cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity. Aftera product is designed, usually by an industrial designer oran engineer, molds are made by a moldmaker (or toolmaker) frommetal, usually either steel or aluminium, and precision-machinedto form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is widelyused for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallestcomponent to entirebody panels of cars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldmakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_panelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldmakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing


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ApplicationsInjection molding is used to create many things such as wire spools,automotive dashboards, and most other plastic products available today.Injection molding is the most common method of part manufacturing.

Some advantages of injection molding are high production rates,repeatable high tolerances, the ability to use a wide range of materials,low labour cost, minimal scrap losses, and little need to finish parts aftermolding.Some disadvantages of this process are expensive equipment

investment, potentially high running costs, and the need to designmoldable parts.


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Extrusion moldingIt is a process used to create objects of afixed cross-sectional profile.A material is pushed or drawn through

a die of the desired cross-section. The twomain advantages of this process overother manufacturing processesare itsability to create very complex cross-sections and work materials that arebrittle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)


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Because the material onlyencounters compressive and shear stresses.It also forms finished parts with an excellent surface finish.

Extrusion may be continuous (theoretically producingindefinitely long material) or semi-continuous (producingmany pieces). The extrusion process can be done with thematerial hot or cold.Commonly extruded materialsinclude metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete and foodstuffs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_stress


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FURTHER

CLASSIFICATION

OF

THERMOSET PLASTICS


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Synthetic resinsSynthetic resins are materials with similar properties tonatural resinsviscous liquids capable of hardening.They are typically manufacturedby esterification or soaping oforganic compounds. Theclassic variety is epoxy resin, manufacturedthrough polymerization-polyaddition orpolycondensation reactions, used asa thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity


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Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete, seamlessand waterproof. Accordingly, it has been mainly in usefor industrial flooring purposes since the 1960s. Since2000, however, epoxy and polyurethane resins are used ininteriors as well, mainly in Western Europe.

Lumps of dried resin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane


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Resin in the form of rosin is applied to the bows of stringedinstruments (e.g. violin, , sarangi, etc), because of its quality foradding friction to the hair. Ballet dancers may apply crushed rosin totheir shoes to increase grip on a slippery floor.Resin has also been used as a medium for sculpture by artists suchas Eva Hesse, and in other types of artwork.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Hessehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Hessehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Hessehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin


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The hard transparent resins, such asthe dammars, mastic and sandarac, are principally usedfor varnishes and cement, while the softer odoriferous oleo-resins and gum resins containing essential oils(ammoniacum, asafoetida,and scammony) are more largelyused for therapeutic purposes and incense.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandarachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniacumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniacumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandarachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammar


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PolyurethaneIt is an incredibly resilient, flexible, and durable manufactured materialthat can take the place of paint, cotton, rubber, metal, and wood inthousands of applications across all fields. Polyurethane might be hard,like fiberglass, squishy like upholstery foam, protective like varnish,bouncy like rubber wheels, or sticky like glue. Since its invention in the40s, polyurethane has been used in everything from baby toys to airplanewings, and continues to be adapted for contemporary technology.

POLYURETHANE FOAM
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cotton.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fiberglass.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-upholstery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-varnish.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-varnish.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-upholstery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fiberglass.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cotton.htm


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Polyurethane is a substance categorized as a polymer basedon its chemical structure. Onemanufacturers polyurethane by combining a diisocyanateand a diol, two monomers, through a chemical reaction. Thismakes a basic material whose variations can be stretched,smashed, or scratched, and remain fairly indestructible.Depending on the different diisocyanates and diol or polyolconstituents, the resulting polyurethane might take a liquid,form, or solid form, each with advantages and limitations.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-polymers.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-chemical.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-chemical.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-polymers.htm


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Some polyurethane is categorized as an elastomer. Ithas elastic properties while maintaining some rigidity, such as inthe wheels of a dolly that absorb shock but don't compress toomuch. It can be extremely flexible when used as a foam insulatorin construction or a foam cushion in upholstery. It can bedeformed over and over and still maintain its original shape; inother words

POLYURETHANEMUSHROOM
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-elastomers.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-elastic.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-elastic.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-elastomers.htm


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Uses Over three quarters of the consumption of polyurethane products is in theform of foams, with flexible and rigid types being roughly equal in

market size. Polyurethane materials are also used in coatings andvarnishes used in furniture manufacture, carpentry or woodworking.Polyurethane is also used as an adhesive, especially as a woodworkingglue. Its main advantage over more traditional wood glues is its waterresistance. It is also used in making solid tires. Modern roller bladingand skateboarding became economical only with the introduction oftough, abrasion-resistant polyurethane parts.


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Polyester resinOne of a group of synthetic resins which undergopolymerization during curing; advantageousbecause high pressure is not required for curing;has excellent adhesive properties, high strength,good chemical resistance; esp. used in laminatingand impregnating materials.

FREE FLOW POLYSTER RESIN


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THERMOPLASTIC

What are thermoplastic composites?

Thermoplastics are linear or branchedmacromolecules, which are held together by weaksecondary bonds. The macromolecules can be linearor branched. If the polymeric molecules have fewbranches which increase the distance between the

main chains, then the parallel lengths of the chainscan form crystalline regions.Due to the limited mobility of the polymer chains,a thermoplastic will never

reach a fully crystalline state: the material is atmost semi-crystalline. Multi-branched moleculescannot be close together so there will be lesscrystallinity and the density will be lower. Polymerswith low crystallinity are called amorphous.


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Schematic representation of currently used thermoplastic

polymers.[www.solvayadvancedpolymers.com]


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The bottom of the pyramid shows the commoditypolymers, while the top shows the ultra-polymers

Typically, the temperature resistance of these

polymers is relatively low. More sophisticated

thermoplastic polymers can stand highertemperatures and show better mechanical

properties.

FEATURE OF THE FIGURE

USES

.The commodity polymers are cheap and used in

bulk products, for instance polystyrene is used for

CD and DVD cases, while polyethylene is used for

shopping bags. The high-performance and ultra polymers, such as

polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) or polyetheretherketone

(PEEK) are typically used in fibre reinforced parts for


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thermo setting plastic

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