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THERMAL STUDY OF A SUPERIOR LITHIUM ION POLYMER BATTERY
Buletinul AGIR nr. 3/2012 ● iunie-august 1
THERMAL STUDY OF A STHERMAL STUDY OF A STHERMAL STUDY OF A STHERMAL STUDY OF A SUPERIOR LITHIUM ION UPERIOR LITHIUM ION UPERIOR LITHIUM ION UPERIOR LITHIUM ION POLYMER POLYMER POLYMER POLYMER BATTERY BATTERY BATTERY BATTERY
Eng. Andrei PRUTEANU, PhD Student1,.Eng. Vlad-Andrei SCARLATACHE PhD Student
1,
Prof. Eng. Romeo Cristian CIOBANU PhD2, Eng. Georgiana VIZITEU PhD Student
1
1 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi
2S.C. Comfrac R&D Project Expert S.R.L. Bucharest
REZUMAT. REZUMAT. REZUMAT. REZUMAT. Această lucrare prezintă o analiză a comportamentului termic a unei baterii litium ionAceastă lucrare prezintă o analiză a comportamentului termic a unei baterii litium ionAceastă lucrare prezintă o analiză a comportamentului termic a unei baterii litium ionAceastă lucrare prezintă o analiză a comportamentului termic a unei baterii litium ion----polimer, baterie polimer, baterie polimer, baterie polimer, baterie cececece este este este este mai des utilizată în domeniul auto datorită densitămai des utilizată în domeniul auto datorită densitămai des utilizată în domeniul auto datorită densitămai des utilizată în domeniul auto datorită densităţţţţii sale ridicate de enerii sale ridicate de enerii sale ridicate de enerii sale ridicate de energie precum gie precum gie precum gie precum şşşşi a densităi a densităi a densităi a densităţţţţii de putere. ii de putere. ii de putere. ii de putere. Comportamentul termic al bateriei constă în descrierea distribuţiei temperaturii utilizând diverse configuraţii ale Comportamentul termic al bateriei constă în descrierea distribuţiei temperaturii utilizând diverse configuraţii ale Comportamentul termic al bateriei constă în descrierea distribuţiei temperaturii utilizând diverse configuraţii ale Comportamentul termic al bateriei constă în descrierea distribuţiei temperaturii utilizând diverse configuraţii ale termocuplurilor şi o analiză termografică. A fost demonstrat că termocuplurilor şi o analiză termografică. A fost demonstrat că termocuplurilor şi o analiză termografică. A fost demonstrat că termocuplurilor şi o analiză termografică. A fost demonstrat că utilizândutilizândutilizândutilizând diverse configuraţii ale terdiverse configuraţii ale terdiverse configuraţii ale terdiverse configuraţii ale termocuplurilor mocuplurilor mocuplurilor mocuplurilor se poate se poate se poate se poate obobobobţţţţineineineine distribuţidistribuţidistribuţidistribuţia a a a temperaturii temperaturii temperaturii temperaturii pe suprafape suprafape suprafape suprafaţţţţaaaa baterieibaterieibaterieibateriei, precum , precum , precum , precum şi influenţele şi influenţele şi influenţele şi influenţele temperaturiitemperaturiitemperaturiitemperaturii asupra performanţei bateriei.asupra performanţei bateriei.asupra performanţei bateriei.asupra performanţei bateriei. Cuvinte cheie:Cuvinte cheie:Cuvinte cheie:Cuvinte cheie: comportament termic, Li-Ion polimer, distribuţia temperaturii ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT. This paper presents a thThis paper presents a thThis paper presents a thThis paper presents a thermal behavior analysis of a Liermal behavior analysis of a Liermal behavior analysis of a Liermal behavior analysis of a Li----ion polymer batteryion polymer batteryion polymer batteryion polymer battery that is more often used in that is more often used in that is more often used in that is more often used in automotive domain due to its high energy and power density. The thermal behavior of battery consists in describing the automotive domain due to its high energy and power density. The thermal behavior of battery consists in describing the automotive domain due to its high energy and power density. The thermal behavior of battery consists in describing the automotive domain due to its high energy and power density. The thermal behavior of battery consists in describing the temperature distribution using different configuratiotemperature distribution using different configuratiotemperature distribution using different configuratiotemperature distribution using different configuration of n of n of n of thermocouples and a thermothermocouples and a thermothermocouples and a thermothermocouples and a thermographic analysis. It was shown that graphic analysis. It was shown that graphic analysis. It was shown that graphic analysis. It was shown that using different configuration of thermocouples reveals the distribution of battery temperature and the influence which this using different configuration of thermocouples reveals the distribution of battery temperature and the influence which this using different configuration of thermocouples reveals the distribution of battery temperature and the influence which this using different configuration of thermocouples reveals the distribution of battery temperature and the influence which this may have on its performance.may have on its performance.may have on its performance.may have on its performance. Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:Keywords: thermal behavior, Li-Ion polymer, temperature distribution.
1. INTRODUCTION
The need to reduce the vehicle emissions combined
with the decreasing oil resources has made automotive
industry to find pure electric vehicles (EVs) in order to
solve these global demands [1]. Electric vehicles
depend on the batteries type [2] and improving the their
life-time will reduce the runtime and the costs for the
vehicle. Also, it is very important to know and manage
the battery status, for achieving a better level of
reliability and safety. Taking into consideration these
aspects, it can be said that the battery performance, cost
and life affect directly the life and performance of the
electric vehicles. Therefore, the need to extend the
battery lifetime and to use it at their full capacity, is of
the most importance.
The most significant parameters of the battery
technology for EVs are the power density and energy
density. Power density is the amount of energy that can
be provided in a time interval and energy density
represents the capacity to store the energy. In Figure 1
are presented various storage devices with different
energy and power. Thus, due to their high energy
density, high voltage, good stability and slow loss of
charge when are not used, Li-Ion polymer batteries are
quiqly becoming the most used technologies for the
next generation of EVs industry. Also, these cells are
very good for the high rate-of-discharge applications
such as acceleration of EVs. Despite these positive
aspects, which justify the recent spread of this
technology, it is important to notice that during
operation, Li-Ion polymer batteries must be carefully
monitored and managed (electrically and thermally) for
avoiding problems related to safety (inflammability)
and performance [3].
The main parameter, the temperature, has also a
Fig. 1. Ragone chart comparing different storage devises incuding
supercapacitors
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important influence on the battery which can affect both
the time life and energy of the battery, and automotive
drive-ability and fuel economy. For these reasons the
battery temperature should be within a temperature
range which is considered optimum to achieve good
performance and long life, for both use and storage.
This temperature range differs between technologies
and manufacturer. In Figure 2 is shown the impact of
different temperatures on battery capacity.
Usually, batteries are grouped in packs when are
used for EVs, so an uneven temperature distribution in
a pack should be taking into account. This temperature
deviation in a pack could drive to various
charge/discharge behavior. Also, storing pack in a too
hot or cold climate can affect them and cause a decrease
in their total capacity shortening their shelf-life [4].
As it was described above, the battery temperature
distribution is an important parameter for effective
operation in all environments. Thus, many study have
been made over the last years for the thermal
management of battery for the EVs to find better active
and passive, air and liquid cooling. For example in [5] it
is examined a passive thermal management for EVs
battery, consisting of embedded phase change material
(PCM) which dissolves during an operation to absorb
the heat obtained from the battery. In [6] is evaluate the
thermal loss of a Li-ion battery for EVs based on
electric parameters and experiments. In [7] a thermal
management of a Li-ion battery pack is realized in order
to observe the link between battery thermal
comportment and design parameters.
This paper presents a thermal behavior analysis of a
Li-ion polymer battery, which consists in describing the
temperature distribution using different configuration of
thermocouples and a thermographic analysis.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE THERMAL ANALYSIS TEST PROCEDURE
In order to study the battery temperature
distribution, a thermal analysis was performed.
The test bench used for the thermal analysis of the
Li-ion polymer battery consists in the following
devices: a power supply, an electronic load, data
acquisition and a environmental chamber. The first
three devices are represented in a block diagram shown
in Figure 3. The power supply is used to provide
electricity for the entire test system. The electronic load
is a device used to absorb the power produced and the
acquisition system measures the parameters of interest
(ex. temperature) and converts it into an electrical
signal and also provides data storage (DAQ). All these
components are linked together through GPIB interface
(General Purpose Interface Bus) that allows the
communication with a computer for their programming
and control.
Fig. 3. The block diagram used for the experimental results.
Fig. 2. The various characteristics of capacity affected by the
temperature variation.
Fig. 4. Inside of environmental chamber during testing to an
Li-ion polymer battery
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For thermal conditioning it is use the environmental
chamber, which is a device that simulates an
environment with different temperature and humidity as
shown in Figure 4 The device allows running tests for
temperatures ranging between -40˚C to +100˚C with a
humidity gamma modification from 15% to 98%. In
general, these chambers are used in the industries
domain and mostly useful for testing of electronic
components to see how they perform in different kinds
of conditions and to identify manufacturing flaws and
weaknesses.
All the devices described above (Figure 3), are
connected to a computer for both control and
management and for data storing and processing. The
software used to make this connection is the LabVIEW
program, provided by National Instruments.
The battery technical specifications used for the
experimental tests in this paper are listed in the Table 1.
The battery has a specific shape, also named pouch cell
with a capacity of 41 Ah, a rated voltage of 3,7 V with
an approximate weight of 1030g. It can be observed
that the thickness of the battery is approximately twenty
times less than the other dimensions (length and width).
For the thermal analysis, different configurations
with several thermocouples were placed on both battery
outer surfaces and also on the contacts and supply
cables, in order to determine their temperature
distribution.
The configuration presented in Figure 5 shows the
first arrangement of thermocouples on the battery. This
configuration with a large number of sensors, has
allowed the evaluation of the temperature difference
along the battery outer surfaces.
Table 1
Technical specification of the battery
For this arrangement it was observed that the most
significant heat peaks occur at higher values of
discharge current.
In order to find the optimal number of sensors
(thermocouples) that can be placed on the battery which
can provide significant results and can reveal the hottest
zones of the battery considering also external contacts
and power cables a new configuration (case I) was
realized as shown in Figure 6.
This arrangement provides different results, for the
sensors placed in the same area, similar to the one from
Figure 5.
In Figure 7 is presented the evolution of the
discharge current of the battery for Case I. The most
important change in this case refers to the power cables
heating, at which were placed sensors T6 and T12 and
to the external contacts warming, where sensors T2 and
T14 were attach. It was seen that even if the external
contacts are metallic and heat up rapidly, their warming
does not have a major influence over the temperature of
the battery body as shown in Figure 8.
It was notice that it would be better to positioned the
external contacts on both opposite sides of the battery,
Parameters Values
Cell Dimension
Length: Max. 223 mm
Width: Max. 213mm
Thickness: Max. 10,6mm
Weight Max. 1030 g
Capacity Tip. 41 Ah, Min. 40 Ah
Voltage 3,7 V
Upper limit voltage 4,16 ± 0,03 V
Lower limit voltage 3 V
Operation Temperature Range Charge: 11 ÷ 45 °C
Discharge: -21 ÷ 56 °C
Max. Cont. Discharge Current 320 A
Max. Cont. Charge Current 120 A
Fig. 5. Distribution of thermocouples on faces of the cell:front
side respectively, back side.
Fig. 6. First arrangement of thermocuples distribution including
power cables (Case I).
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in order to make more uniform the battery temperature
level.
The second arrangement for power cables (Case II)
is realized by placing sensors only on the most
significant thermal zones like in Figure 9. Due to this
simplified configuration, in Figure 10 are presented the
temperature evolution and the current characteristics
and it can be observed that the discharge current is
increased until it reaches the value of 320 A.
Then, for the same discharge current (120 A), for
both Case I and Case II, it was observed that for the
Case I the T14 indicates a maximum temperature of
37,5 °C and for Case II, T2 indicates only approx. 30°C.
For Case I, the high temperature of T14, occurs due to
the power cables warming and in Case II, the power
cables warming influence less the external contacts of
the battery. The both thermocouples T14 and T2,
mentioned above, are positioned on the positive battery
contact. At a high value of discharge current (320 A), it
can be observed (Figure 10) that the T2 reaches a
temperature value more than 80 °C. Thus, for a better
temperature distribution it is indicated to increase the
number of power cables at the battery positive external
contact.
In Figure 11 it is shown the temperature distribution
for the entirely surface of the battery where it can be
seen better that the highest heating zone appears near
the battery positive contact.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THERMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The thermographic analysis, made through the use
of thermal cameras, detects the radiation in the infrared
range of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 9 to 14
nanometers), producing images that are called
thermograms. Because infrared radiation is emitted by
all objects in environment conditions, according to the
blackbody emission law, thermographs allows to see
Fig. 11. Temperature distribution on the outer surface of the Li ion
polymer battery
Fig. 8. Temperature evolution depending by the second
arrangement of thermocouples
Fig. 9. Second arrangement of thermocuples distribution
including power cables (Case II).
Fig. 10. Evolution of discharge current (max. 320A) and
temperature of the battery in third configuration.
Fig. 7. Evolution of the discharge current of the battery.
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these radiation which otherwise, will be invisible to the
human eye. The amount of radiation emitted by an
object increases with temperature.
Emissivity is the ability of an object to emit thermal
radiation. Mainly, the range variation of emissivity is
from 0 (complete absence of emission) to 1 (complete
emission). This property varies according to the
variation of the temperature, making it very difficult to
identify a value for the complex objects and varied as a
battery.
In the tests conducted it has been supposed an
emissivity with a value of 0.5 for the battery. Referring
to Figure 12 is important to note that, since it is possible
to setup the instrument to a single value of emissivity at
a time, only the temperatures that refer to the surface of
the battery are significant, therefore the color scale
refers only to these. The observed values for the black
background, electrodes and cables, are not significant,
because they are objects with different emissivity
values. Based on the data obtained experimental, in
Figure 13 it is shown the temperature evolution, which
refers to the temperature at the center of the surface of
the battery. It is possible to say that there is similarity
with the values obtained with the other measurement
techniques (using thermocouple T8), that confirm the
emissivity value chosen is reasonably close to real.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a thermal behavior analysis of a
Li-ion polymer battery where the main concern its
represented by the difference of temperature
distribution along the outer surface of the battery.
The results obtained regarding the heat distribution
on the outer surface of the battery indicates a several
concerns related to construction of cells, especially the
positioning of the external contacts. Therefore, from the
thermal point of view, it was notice that it would be
better to positioned the external contacts on both
opposite sides of the battery, in order to make more
uniform the battery temperature level.
A study regarding the heating module-level of the
battery pack should be performed for further
investigations, due to the fact that usually, when are
used for electric vehicle the batteries are used being
connected in series/parallel.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by:
-EURODOC “Doctoral Scholarships for research
performance at European level” project, financed by the
European Social Found and Romanian Government.
- Project MNT-ERA.NET 2011 with acronym CarPolCap.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Teratani, Tatsuo, et al. Energy-saving Technologies for
Automobiles. s.l. : Wiley InterScience, 2007
[2] Sun Kai, Shu Qifang, Overview of the types of battery
models, Control conference (CCC), 2011
[3] Yinjiao Xing, Qiang Miao, K. L. Tsui, M. Pecht, Prognostics
and health monitoring for lithium-ion battery, IEEE Intelligence
and Security Informatics, 2011
[4] Lewis, Richard. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
[5] M. Y. Ramandi, I. Dincer, G.F. Naterer, Heat transfer and
thermal management of electric vehicle batteries with phase
change materials, Heat Mass Transfer, 2011
[6] C. Mi, Li Ben, D. Buck, N. Ota, Advanced Electro-thermal
Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery System for Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Applications, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference
IEEE, 2008
[7] G. Karimi, X. Li, Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for
electric vehicles, International Journal of Energy Research, 2012
Fig. 13. Temperature evolution during the life cycle, based on the
detection of the thermocamera
Fig. 12. Capture of a thermogram of the Li-ion polymer
battery
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About the authors
Eng. Andrei PRUTEANU,
Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi
email:[email protected]
Was born in Iasi, Romania in 1985. He received B.Sc. in 2009 and M.Sc. degrees in Information Systems for Environment
Monitoring in 2010 both from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from the „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of
Iasi. Since October 2009 he is a PhD Student at „Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering at Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials. His main research is related to new energy
materials for batteries, supercapacitors and dielectric analysis.
Eng. Vlad-Andrei SCARLATACHE,
Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi
email:[email protected]
Was born in Bîrlad, Vaslui, Romania in 1985. He received B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Specialization from the
Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi in 2009, and M.Sc. studies in Information Systems for Environment
Monitoring from the Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi in 2010. Since October 2009 he is a PhD Student at
Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical
Measurements and Materials.
Prof. Eng. Romeo Cristian CIOBANU, PhD,
S.C. Comfrac R&D Project Expert S.R.L. Bucharest
email:[email protected]
Was born in Piatra-Neamt, Romania, in 1961. He received a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from the University
Politehnica of Bucharest and a PhD degree in Chemistry from the Technical University of Iasi. He is currently a Professor
at the Technical University of Iasi, Electrical Engineering Department. His research focuses on Industrial Diagnosis,
Dielectric Measurements, Quality and Maintenance, Composite Technologies.
Eng. Georgiana VIZITEU,
Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi
email:[email protected]
Was born in Vaslui, Romania in 1985. She received B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Specialization from the Technical
University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi in 2009, and M.Sc. studies in Energy Management Systems from the Technical
University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi in 2010. Since October 2010 she is a PhD Student at Technical University
“Gheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials.
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