thermal printer reference design using tm4c1233h6pm multiple
TRANSCRIPT
Application ReportSPMA071–March 2014
Thermal Printer Reference Design Using TM4C1233H6PM
JabirVS
ABSTRACTThermal printers are very common due to their wide-spread use in so many devices in our day-to-day life.Some of them are handheld devices used for point-of-sales, ticketing machines, metering, and so forth.The benefits of thermal printers are compelling. There is no toner, ink or ribbons required for a thermalprinter. A thermal receipt printer uses a printhead with few moving parts and it fits in a thin space aboutthree inches across. By contrast, the standard receipt printer is composed of about 20 moving parts andelectrical devices, and takes up at least twice the space. Nowadays, thermal printer mechanisms are evenavailable with an integrated electro-mechanical paper cutter in it. All of these features make thermalprinters a right choice in a wide variety of applications.
This application report discusses the complete hardware and software required for a thermal printersolution based on Texas Instruments Tiva™ controllers. Tiva controllers are 32-bit ARM® Cortex®-M4 80-MHz processor core with IEEE754-compliant single-precision Floating-Point Unit (FPU), on-chip memory,featuring 256 KB single-cycle Flash, 32 KB single-cycle SRAM; internal ROM loaded with TivaWare™ forC Series software; 2KB EEPROM and several other features.
With all the above hardware features and the graphics library support available for Tiva controllers makesit easy to do the text rendering and simultaneous printing required for thermal printing.
Project collateral and source code discussed in this application report can be downloaded from thefollowing URL: http://www.ti.com/lit/zip/spma071.
Contents1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 22 System Block Diagram ...................................................................................................... 33 Circuit Diagram............................................................................................................... 34 Firmware ...................................................................................................................... 45 Theory of Operation ......................................................................................................... 66 Graphical User Interface .................................................................................................... 97 Thermal Printer Graphical Interface ..................................................................................... 10Appendix A Schematic .......................................................................................................... 12
List of Figures
1 System Block Diagram ...................................................................................................... 32 Flowchart - Part 1............................................................................................................ 43 Flowchart - Part 2............................................................................................................ 54 Software Flowchart .......................................................................................................... 65 Timing Chart for Using Fixed Six Divisions Printing..................................................................... 86 Thermal Printer Demo Interface .......................................................................................... 107 Schematic ................................................................................................................... 12
Tiva, TivaWare are trademarks of Texas Instruments.Stellarisware is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments.ARM, Cortex are registered trademarks of ARM Limited.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Introduction www.ti.com
1 Introduction
1.1 Specifications• Main controller – TM4C1233H6PM 64 LQFP• Supporting chipsets
– DRV8834– TS5A1066– TPS76833
• External connectivity Interfaces– Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)– Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Software features– Support 2 inch thermal heads– Can be extended easily for 3 inch printer head– Wide support for fonts
• Multi-sized fonts• Italics fonts• Bold fonts
– Also support Image– Architecture supports implementation of escape commands
This application report explains the working of the software and hardware required for building a thermalprinter solution.
The hardware for the system is designed around Texas Instruments TM4C1233H6PM Microcontroller. It isa 80 Mhz processor with 256Kbytes of Flash and 32Kbytes of internal RAM. There are two motor driversections implemented in the system: one motor driver section for the printer motor and the other for thepaper cutter integrated to the printing mechanism. The motor driver sections are implemented using theDRV8834 motor driver ICs from Texas Instruments. The hardware also provides the facility forcommunication using UART and USB interfaces through the inbuilt peripherals available inside thecontroller.
The thermal printer firmware is running in a foreground and background execution approach. It utilizesvarious peripheral interrupts available in the microcontroller to achieve the performance. For example, thedesign utilizes the UART interrupts for collecting the data from an external host, uses the timer interruptfor accurately controlling the heating strobes of the printer mechanisms, and so forth. The font tables(used for text rendering, and so forth) are stored in the built in Flash. The font tables are stored in acompressed format for saving the application Flash. The images are stored in the form of C arrays.
The various functions performed by the firmware are listed below:• Rendering of the text character received through the communication port to the printable image• Logo printing using the onboard switch provided• Font management by selecting the appropriate Font Table• Increasing or decreasing the height of the printed text• Increasing or decreasing the width of the printed text• Precisely controlling the printing strobes as per the timing specification of the mechanism• Auto cutter facility using the built-in paper cutter• Provides a basic set of escape commands for data and commands• Provision for adding more escape commands for data and commands• Monitor the battery voltage of the system
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Mini USBConnector
R 232/TTL UART
S
Power SupplyTPS76833
TM4C1237
Thermal PrinterMechanism
4-Wire/2-WireSerial Interface
TS5A1066Printer Motor
Current Control
DRV8834 forPrinter Motor
TI Components
DRV8834 forCutter Motor
www.ti.com System Block Diagram
2 System Block Diagram
Figure 1. System Block Diagram
3 Circuit DiagramFor the schematic details, see Appendix A.
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
NO
NO
YES
ERROR LED OFF
Set the <otor Driver
to Half Step Mode
Set the Motor Drivers
to Forward Direction
Mode
Power On Reset
A
YES
B
Initialize GPIOInitialize UARTInitialize TIMERInitialize ADC
Set the Font TableSet the Max CharacterLength and WidthSet the Max CharacterPer Line
Check forPaper Roll
ERROR LED ONCheck for Paper
Auto Feed the PaperFrom Paper Roll
Firmware www.ti.com
4 Firmware
4.1 Flowchart
Figure 2. Flowchart - Part 1
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
A
CALL graphicprint();
CALL text_print();
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
CALL FullCut();YES
B
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
Set
CutFlag
and
return()
NOreturn()
NO
UART Interrupt Handler
If GraphicsCommandReceived
SetGraphics
Modeand
return()
If GraphicsMode Enabled
If PrintCommandReceived
If Paper CUTCommandReceived
If any EscapeCommandsReceived
Set TextPrintModeand
return()
Enable CorrespondingFlags or Settings and
return ()*
If Text PrintMode Enabled
If Switch 1Pressed
If Switch 2Pressed
If CutFlag Set
CALLLogo_Print();
CALLLinefeed();
www.ti.com Firmware
Figure 3. Flowchart - Part 2
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Return() Return()
Timer Interrupt Handler
�
�
�
Clear Timer Interrupt
Disable Timer
Clear Print Motor Flag
to Zero
�
�
�
Clear ADC Interrupt
Get the Values From
ADC Registers
Stor the Values to
Application Variables
ADC Interrupt Handler
Theory of Operation www.ti.com
Figure 4. Software Flowchart
5 Theory of Operation
5.1 General Information About Thermal PrintersThermal printing is a non-impact method of creating images on paper and synthetic film. The processapplies heat from a thermal printhead onto thermal material. The base material used in the thermalprinting process may be selected from a variety of paper grades or synthetic films (PP, PE, or PET) with aspecial chemical coating applied to one side to make it sensitive to heat.
Thermal printing has a number of important advantages over traditional printing processes; it is fast, clean,quiet, reliable and easy to maintain. There are a limited number of mechanical parts, no messy ribbons ortoners, and no inking devices are needed to create the image.
Since thermal printers only have one or two moving components, they are very reliable and economical tooperate and maintenance costs are extremely low. The entire system is compact, simple to operate andsuitable for use in virtually all applications. Thermal printheads are usually much smaller and lighter thanthe printing elements used by other imaging processes, so thermal printers are suitable when compactsize, portability and on-demand printing are needed. At the same time, a sharp and precise image ofexcellent quality is produced consistently and quickly by properly matching the thermal paper to theprinthead by varying the chemical coating formulation.
In recent years, microprocessors have been installed to control printhead operation with majorimprovements in image sharpness and clarity. A thermal printhead has a large number of tiny resistors,which individually react to convert an electrical impulse into heat. The heat from the printhead on thermalmaterial creates a reaction with the chemical coating to produce an image. The image is produced withinmilliseconds of contact and is normally black in color. The depth and range of colors may be produced byvarying the chemical formulation applied to the base material.
The quality and performance of thermal printing depends heavily on the careful matching of thermalmaterial to printhead equipment specification. As a result, a range of thermal materials is used across awide spectrum of thermal printers for different applications. To give the required physical characteristicsand properties, the type of base material - paper, board, or synthetic film - varies from application toapplication, as does the thickness and weight of various base materials.
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
0
58 mm1-
0
80 mm1-
www.ti.com Theory of Operation
5.2 Specification of the Thermal Printer Head Used With This DocumentThe thermal printer mechanism used for this application report is from Seiko. The model number isCAPD245D-E. It has a built-in auto-cutter mechanism integrated into it. Table 1 shows the electricalspecification for CAPD245D-E.
Table 1. Electrical Specification for CAPD245D-E
SpecificationsCAPD245 CAPD345
Items CAPD245D CAPD245E CAPD345D CAPD345EPrinting method Thermal dot lin printingTotal dots per line 384 dots 576 dotsPrintable dots per line 384 dots 576 dotsSimultaneously activated dots 96 dots 96 dotsResolution W 8 dots/mm x H 16 dots/mm *2
Paper feed pitch 0.03125 mmMaximum print speed 100 mm/s *3 80 mm/s *3
Print width 48 mm 72 mm
Paper width
Thermal head temperature detection ThermistorPlaten position detection Mechanical switchOut-of-paper detection Reflection type photo interrupterCutter home position detection Transmission type photo interrupterOperating voltage range 4.75 V to 9.5 V *4 6.5 V to 9.5 VVP line 2.7 V to 3.6 V, 4.75 V to 5.25 V 2.7 V to 3.6 V, 4.75 V to 5.25 VVDD linePrinter current consumption 5.49 A max. (at 9.5 V) *5 5.40 A max. (at 9.5 V) *5VP line Thermal head drive 0.60 A max. 0.60 A max.Motor drive 0.10 A max. 0.10 A maxVPP line Thermal head logicAuto-cutter current consumption 0.70 A max.VP line Motor drivingPaper cutting method Slide cuttingType of paper cutting Full cut and partial cut (1.5 ±0.5 mm tab left at the center)Paper curling tendency Fixed blade side and movable blade sideMinimum paper core diameter ᶲ 8 mmMinimum paper cutting length 10 mmCutting processing time Approximately 1.0 s/cycleCutting frequency 1 cut/2 s maximumOperating temperature range -10°C to 50°C (non condensing)
5.3 Printer Drive Motor and Thermal Head Drive MethodThe printer drive motor and the thermal head must be driven at the same time for printing. The printer hashalf dot pitch thermal head, the pitch to the paper feed direction is one-half dot of the heat elements.Configure 1 dot by 2 half dots.
The motor feeds the thermal paper for 1 dot line by the 4 steps. It is necessary to feed the thermal paper 4steps and activate the thermal head once every 2 steps, to configure the 1 dot line.
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Theory of Operation www.ti.com
Figure 5 describes the drive method as an example of the CAPD245 and shows a timing chart for usingfixed six divisions printing.
Figure 5. Timing Chart for Using Fixed Six Divisions Printing
5.4 Motor Driver SectionsThe motor driver section is built around the DRV8834 dual-H-Bridge current-control motor driver ICs. Ithas a built-in Indexer logic with simple STEP/DIRECTION control and up to 1/32-step micro-stepping. Dueto the availability of the indexer, the microcontrollers burden of driving the stepper motor in the printermechanism is totally off-loaded. Rather than generating the appropriate pulses using four output lines, themicrocontroller can now drive the stepper motor very easily using a single output line connected to theSTEP pin of DRV8834. Through this single control line, the microcontroller sends square pulses to turnthe motor as per the step size selected through the configuration pins in DRV8834. In this application, theDRV8834 is configured to operate in half-step mode for each square pulse sent through the STEP input.
The cutter stepper motor is also operated in the same way explained above for the printer stepper motor.
5.5 RS232 Communication From External Host BoardThis board has a RS232 conversion section available for sending and receiving signals from an externalhost controller. This section is designed around the TI max3232 RS232 level converter.
There is also a provision for bypassing the rs232 converter IC section for connecting the TTL/CMOS leveldirectly. This can be done by mounting the R23,24,25,26 zero Ω resistor option on the board.
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www.ti.com Theory of Operation
5.6 Text Rendering and Data Transfer to the Printer HeadThe main challenge in any thermal printer driver solution is the text rendering. Usually the text charactersto be printed on the paper will come through one of the communication interface like UART or USB. Thedata received through the communication interface will be in ASCII format represented in 8-bit length. Thisdata has to be written to the thermal paper in the actual form of the character it represents, which is calledtext rendering. A straight forward way to do this is to have a bitmap table stored inside the microcontrollerFlash and pick the corresponding bitmap from the character table. But the drawback of this approach isthe memory required to store the bit map tables.
Another innovative approach to address this issue is to use the bitmap tables in a compressed format.This can be done easily in TIVA controllers with the help of Stellarisware® or Tivaware software library.The compression and decompression of the bitmap is taken care of by the library. The application takesthe output of the library functions and remaps it in such a way that it can be sent to the printer for a properprinting. All the required functions for doing the remapping is taken care of by the application codeprovided with this application report.
The application uses the library functions for un-compressing the characters from the compressed bitmaptable. Then, the uncompressed character bitmaps are written to an internal memory location, which isconsidered as a two dimensional plane. From there, the characters are picked by the data transfer routineto send the bitmaps to the thermal printer head using an hardware SPI or an GPIO emulated SPI.
5.7 Temperature and Battery MonitoringThe battery voltage is fed to a resistor divider network and the voltage at the divider point is fed directly tothe microcontroller ADC pin. The microcontroller captures multiple samples of this voltage and stores theinformation in the corresponding register for further use of the application.
The temperature of the printer head is measured using the built-in temperature sensor inside the printermechanism. A voltage is applied to the internal thermistor through a 10K resistor on board. The junction ofthis external resistor and the internal thermistor is connected to the ADC pin of the microcontroller formeasuring the instantaneous temperature of the printing head to avoid damage and optimizing the speed.
5.8 Push Button OperationThere are two push buttons provided on the board named as SW1 and SW2.• Pressing SW1 automatically prints a logo of Texas Instruments.• Pressing SW2 does the paper feed function.
Indicator LEDsThere are two indicator LEDs provided for displaying various status signals:• Led 1 is the indication for 3.3 V power.• Led 2 is the indication for any error. For example, paper roll not present.
6 Graphical User InterfaceTo enable the quick evaluation of the thermal printer solution, a graphical user interface (GUI) is alsoavailable along with this application. The GUI has developed using C# language from Microsoft. Using thisGUI, its very easy to send and receive commands and data to and from the printer. The communicationinterface used here is the commonly available UART interface. All the built-in escape commands areavailable as a function in the GUI.
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Thermal Printer Graphical Interface www.ti.com
7 Thermal Printer Graphical Interface
Figure 6. Thermal Printer Demo Interface
Figure 6 shows the GUI for the Tiva thermal printer demo. Using this GUI, you can print sample text fromthe comfort of a Windows-based PC . You can try various commands supported by the firmware by usingthis interface. It supports multiple commands like cutting, double height printing, image printing, and soforth. It also displays the command byte information it sent through the UART.
Before sending any commands, you have to select the appropriate com port number and enter it into thebox given on the right hand top corner and press the OK button. If the port is free and usable, the softwareissues the message “PORT OPENED SUCCESSFULLY”. After this, you can start using the variouscommand buttons.
7.1 Button 1 – Print Sample TextThis button enters sample text in the text box provided above the button to directly print on the paper.Enter the sample text and click on the “Print Sample Text” button.
7.2 Button 2 – Send ImageThis button prints images through the uart channel. You can paste the graphics image data in the boxprovided above this button. The image box accepts the Stellarisware compatible C array of the image.You can directly copy and paste the Stellarisware compatible C array of the image and press the “SendImage” button. The software transfers the data in multiple blocks if the image size is more than 104 lines,which is equivalent to 5000 bytes of internal UART memory buffer.
7.3 Button 3 - GRAPHICS MODE ONThis button prints graphical data to the paper in a line-by-line basis. The number of lines of data to beprinted at a single instance is selected from the pull down menu adjacent to this button. The value canrange from 1 line to 255 lines. After the specified number of lines, the mode will automatically betransferred to text mode.
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www.ti.com Thermal Printer Graphical Interface
7.4 Button 4 – Double Height OnThis button increases the height of the text printing. It will print the text in double size in height fromnormal.
7.5 Button 5 – Double Height OffThis button reduces the height of text printing to normal size. It will cancel the effect of “DOBLE HEIGHTON” button.
7.6 Button 6 – Double Width OnThis button increases the width of the text printing. It will print the text in double size in width from normal.
7.7 Button 7 – Double Width OffThis button reduces the width of text printing to normal size. It will cancel the effect of “DOBLE WIDTHON” button.
7.8 Button 8 – INTENSITY +This button increases the darkness (intensity) of the printing. Each press on this button increase theintensity by a small delta, which is equivalent to a delay of 1000 units of clock of the controller applied tothermal head energizing.
7.9 Button 8 – INTENSITY -This button decreases the darkness (intensity) of the printing. Each press on this button decrease theintensity by a small delta, which is equivalent to a delay of 1000 units of clock of the controller applied tothermal head energizing.
7.10 Button 9 – Full CutThis button operates the built-in cutter to perform a full cut operation.
7.11 Button 10 – LIne FeedThis button pushes the paper to approximately 10 cms for a demonstration purpose. This length can easilybe adjusted in the firmware code.
7.12 Button 11 – GET SYSTEM VOLTSThis button collects the ADC value of the battery monitoring channel pin for implementing the intensitycontrol loop from a host machine through commands. It returns the 12-bit value of the ADC in hex format.
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Copyright © 2014, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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J5 CO
N5
1 2 3 4 5
R20
430E
R34
4.7
5K
R14
.15E
C9
470PF
R28
0E
R30
1E/1
W
J7
CO
N-U
SB
-MIN
IB
VB1
D-2
D+3
ID4
GD5
66
77
88
99
R17
330E
J6
CO
N6
1 2 3 4 5 6
C34
.1uF
TP1
TES
TPO
INT
1
C28
.1uF
U9
DR
V8834
nS
LEEP
1
BD
EC
AY
2
AD
EC
AY
3
AO
UT1
4
AIS
EN
5
AO
UT2
6
BO
UT2
7
BIS
EN
8
BO
UT1
9
nEN
BL/A
EN
BL
10
STEP/B
EN
BL
11
DIR
/BPH
AS
E12
VR
EFO
24
BV
REF
23
AV
REF
22
GN
D21
VIN
T20
VM
19
VM
18
VC
P17
nFA
ULT
16
CO
NFIG
15
M1
14
M0/A
PH
AS
E13
PPAD25
R10
300E
C39
2.2
uF
R4
10K
R8
10K
D3
LED
_R
ED
R12
10K
R23
0E
U1
LM
4F120B
2Q
R
PB
61
VDDA2
GNDA3
PB
74
PF4
5
PE3
6
PE2
7
PE1
8
PE0
9
PD
710
VDD11
GND12
PC
713
PC
614
PC
515
PC
416
PA
0/U
0R
X17
PA
1/U
0TX
18
PA
2/S
SI0
CLK
19
PA
3/S
SI0
FS
S20
PA
4/S
SI0
RX
21
PA
5/S
SI0
TX
22
PA
623
PA
724
VDDC25
VDD26
GND27
PF0
28
PF1
29
PF2
30
PF3
31
WA
KE
32
PD
364
PD
263
PD
162
PD
061
PE5
60
PE4
59
PB
458
PB
557
VDDC56
GND55VDD
54
PD
653
PC
0/T
CK
/SW
CLK
52
PC
1/T
MS
/SW
DIO
51
PC
2/T
DI
50
PC
3/T
DO
/SW
O49
PB
3/I2
C0S
DA
48
PB
2/I2
C0S
CL
47
PB
146
PB
045
PD
5/U
SB
DP
44
PD
4/U
SB
DM
43
VDD42
OS
C1
41
OS
C0
40
GND39
RS
T38
VB
AT
37
XO
SC
136
GN
DX
35
XO
SC
034
HIB
33
D2
LED
_R
ED
C26
.1uF
R16
10K
C45
2.2
uF
R3
.15E
C24
.1uF
R29
330E
R5
330E
D1
LED
_R
ED
C27
.1uF
R21
22K
SW
4
TA
CT
SW
ITC
H
11
22
33
44
SW
5
TA
CT
SW
ITC
H
11
22
33
44
C42
.1uF
C8
470PF
C36
.1uF
R24
0E
C30
100uF
R13
.15E
C44
100uF
J8 CO
N2
1 2
R35
27K
U3
TPS
76833
GND1
EN
2
IN3
IN4
OU
T5
OU
T6
FB
/NC
7
PG
8
C7
10PF
R25
0E
J2
CO
N5
1 2 3 4 5
F1
FU
SE
C35
.1uF
C32
2.2
uF
R33
27K
C29
.1uF
Y3
16M
hz
R11
36K
C38
.1uF
www.ti.com
Appendix A Schematic
Figure 7. Schematic
12 Thermal Printer Reference Design Using TM4C1233H6PM SPMA071–March 2014Submit Documentation Feedback
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