thermal engg lab manuel i

8/18/2019 Thermal Engg Lab Manuel I

1/29

LIST OF EXPERI MENTS

1. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4S ENGINE

2. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF 2S ENGINE

3. PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4S PETROL ENGINE

4. HEAT BALANCE TEST ON TWIN CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESELENGINE

5. MORSE TEST ON MULTI CYLINDER FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

6. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATION OILBY REDWOOD VISCOMETER

. DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT

!. PERFORMANCE TEST ON SIMPLE IMPULSE TURBINE

". PERFORMANCE TEST ON DIESEL FIRED STEAM BOILER


2/29

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4S ENGINE

E#.N$%1

D&'( %

AIM%

To draw the valve timing diagram for the given four stroke engine.

E)UIPMENTS RE)UIRED%

1. Measuring tape2. Scale3. Thread4. Feeler gauge

FORMULA%

Reuired angle ! "istance # 3$%&ircumference of the fl'wheel (here)

"istance ! "istance of the valve opening or closing position marked on fl'wheel withrespect to their dead centre.

PROCEDURE%

1. First the T"& and *"& of the engine are found correctl' +' rotating the fl'wheeland the positions are marked on the fl'wheel.

2. ,ow the circumference of the fl'wheel is found +' using the measuring tape.3. The fl'wheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found

out and its position is marked on the fl'wheel4. Similarl' the position at which it closes is also found out.-. The distances are measured +' using thread with respect to their dead centre and

converted into angles.$. The same procedure is repeated for the e#haust valves also.

RESULT%

Thus the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.nlet valve opens !nlet valve closes !/#haust valve opens !/#haust valve closes !/#haust valve closes !


3/29

TABULATION%

Sl.no /vents 0osition of events withrespect to nearest dead

centre

"istance withrespect to nearest

dead centre

ngle with respectto nearest dead

centre

1 *efore T"&

2 & fter *"&

3 / *efore *"&

4 /& fter T"&

- FS *efore T"&

$ F/ fter T"&

Sl.no /vents ngle su+tended in

"egreeθ5

Time taken in seconds

1 Suction stroke

2 /#haust stroke

3 0ower stroke

4&ompression

stroke

- overlap

$ Fuel in6ection


4/29

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF 2S ENGINE

E#.N$ %*2

D&'( %

AIM%

To draw the port timing diagram for the given two stroke engine.

TOOLS RE)UIRED%

1. Measuring tape2. Scale3. Thread

FIXING T HE DEAD CENTRES%

For fi#ing up the dead centre a chalk mark is made on the piston. The fl' wheel is rotated.(hen the chalk mark coincides with the end of the c'linder a mark is made on the fl'wheel andit represents T"&. ,ow the fl'wheel is again rotated and the position at which the piston reachesthe lower most position is noted on fl'wheel and it represents the *"&.

IDENTIFICATION OF PORTS%

The port which has more area and is nearer to the T"& is the e#haust port and the other isthe inlet port.

DIRECTION OF ROTATION%

s the port opening and closing are s'mmetrical a+out the dead centre an' ar+itrar'direction of rotation ma' +e selected.

FORMULA%

Reuired angle ! "istance # 3$%&ircumference of the fl'wheel

(here) "istance ! "istance of the valve opening or closing position marked on fl'wheel with respect to their dead centre.

PROCEDURE%

1. The fl'wheel is turned in an' ar+itrar' direction.2. "uring the downward traverse position when it 6ust uncovers a port it is marked as the

opening of the port on the fl'wheel.3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward

travel.


5/29

4. mark is made on the fl'wheel against the fi#ed mark. This gives the closing of the port.

-. The same procedure is repeated for other ports also.

RESULT%

Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timingdiagram is drawn.

Transfer port opens !Transfer port closes !/#haust 0ort opens !/#haust port closes !

TABULATION%

Sl.no /vents 0osition of events withrespect to nearest deadcentre

"istance withrespect to nearestdead centre

ngle with respectto nearest deadcentre

1 /0 *efore *"&

2 /0& fter *"&

3 T0 *efore *"&

4 T0& fter *"&

- 0 *efore T"&

$ 0& fter T"&


6/29

Sl.no /vents ngle su+tended in "egreeθ5 Time taken in seconds

1 &ompression

2 /#pansion

3 Transport open

4 /#haust port open

- Suction


7/29

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

E#+ N$% *3

D&'( %

AIM% To conduct a load test on a single c'linder forur stroke diesel engine with electricalloading and to draw the characteristic curves

APPARATUS RE)UIRED%

/ngine test rig) Stop watch

ENGINE DETAILS%

0ower 7 3.8 9(

*ore 7 :% mm Stroke 7 11% mm &alorific value of fuel 7 4-3$% k6;kg

&ompresssion Ratio 7 1$ 71 Fuel "ensit' 7 :28.- kg;m3

FORMULAE%

1. *rake power7

*.0 ! cosφ 9(

ηalt 1%%%

(here)! oltage in volts ! &urrent in mpere

cosφ ! 0ower Factor !1

ηalt ! lternative efficienc'8% F.0 k(


8/29

$. Mechanical efficienc'7

ηmech ! *.0 # 1%% <

.0

8. ndicated thermal efficienc'7

ηth ! .0 # 3$%% # 1%% <

T.F.& # &.

:. *rake thermal efficienc'7

η +th ! *.0 # 3$%% # 1%% <

T. F.& # &.

(here) &. ! &alorific value of fuel in k? ; kg

@. ndicated mean effective pressure7.M./.0 ! .0 # $%%%% ,;mm2

A . . , . k

1%. Torue ! *.0 # $%

2 π ,

11. *rake mean effective pressure7

*.M./.0 ! *.0 # $%%%% ,;m2

A . . n. k

(here)A ! Stroke length) m

! rea ! π ;4 "2 ) " ! *ore diameter in m

n ! ,;2k ! ,um+er of c'linders

DESCRIPTION%

The engine is four stroke) single c'linder) water cooled vertical diesel engine. The engineis connected to rope +rake d'namometer. The +urette is connected to the engine through threewa' cock to measure the fuel consumption.

PROCEDURE%

1. The fuel is first filled in the fuel tank2. Then the cooling arrangements are made.


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3. *efore starting the engine the +rake drum circumference is noted.4. *efore starting check and assure that there is no load on the weight hanger.-. ,ow the engine is started and the time taken for 1%cc of fuel consumption is notedwith the help of a stop watch. This reading corresponds to no load condition.$. ,ow place weight in the weight hanger and take the a+ove mentioned readings. The

spring +alance reading is also noted down.8. The a+ove procedure is repeated for various loads and the readings are ta+ulated.:. The calculations are done and various graphs are plotted.

GRAPH%

1. *.0 vs. T.F.&.2. *.0 vs. S.F.&.3. *.0 vs. .mech

4. *.0 vs. ηth-. *.0 vs. η +th$. *.0 vs Torue8. *.0 vs *M/0

RESULT%

Thus the load test on single c'linder four stroke vertical diesel engine is performed andits load characteristics are o+tained.


10/29

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

SLNO

V$,'&-(/0

C('A0

T( $

1*77 (,7$8+'$

8(70

BP9W0

IP9W0

TFC9-:;

0

SFC9-:9W;0


11/29

E#+ N$% 4

D&'( %

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON TWIN CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGNE

AIM%

To conduct a heat +alance test on a given twin c'linder four stroke diesel engine and prepare the heat +alance sheet.

APPARATUS RE)UIRED%

/ngine test rig ) Tachometer) Stop watch) "ead weight .

ENGINE DETAILS%

*rake 0ower 7 8.4 9w *ore 7 :8.- mm Stroke 7 11% mm*rake drum diameter 7 41% mm Fuel densit' 7 :28.- kg;m3

&alorific value of fuel 7 4-3$% k? ; kg&ompression ratio 7 18.- 7 1Rated speed 7 :-% r.p.mRope diameter 7 2% mm

FORMULAE%

1. *rake 0ower *.0 5 ! 2π

, T 9(

$% T ! (1 B (25 g r eff

(1 ! "ead weight 9g5 (2 ! Spring load 9g5 r eff ! effective radius *rake drum radius > Rope radius5

2. ctual air intake a


12/29

olume of air a ! &d a 2gC51;2

&d ! &oefficient of discharge %.$25 ! rea of the orifice m25 Ca ! Cw 1%%%

ρa

3. mass flow rate4 of airMa5Ma ! a # ρa

ρ a ! 0 ; RTa

4. Ceat carried +' &ooling water! mw # &pw Tout B Tin 5 k? ; min

(here)mw ! Mass of cooling water circulated per minute.&pw ! Specific heat capacit' of water ! 4.1@ 9?;9g=9

Tout ! Temperature of outlet waterTin ! Temperature of water inlet.

-. Ceat carried +' e#haust gas7! mg # &pg Te B Ta 5 k? ; min

(here)Ta D Te B Temperature of air inlet D Temperature of e#haust gasmg ! Mass of e#haust gas&pg ! Specific heat capacit' of e#haust gas ! 1.%%1 9?;9g=9

$. Total Fuel &onsumption T. F.& ! 1% 1% >6 ρ fuel # 3$%% kg ; hr

t(here)

t ! Time taken to consume 1%cc of fuel in seconds

8. Total heat supplied7T.C.S ! T. F.& # & 9w

3$%% (here)

& ! &alorific value of fuel in 9?

:. Enaccounted heat loss7 una5

! Total heat B Ceat to *.0 > Ceat carried +'cooling water > Ceat carried +'e#haust gas5

@. Enaccounted heat loss < ! una # 1%% < T.C.S


13/29

DESCRIPTION%

The engine is four stroke twin c'linder vertical diesel engine. water rheostat isconnected as the loading device. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flowrate of water. Fuel consumption can +e measured +' a +urette connected in a three wa' cock

from fuel tank. There is a provision for finding various temperatures at different positions simpl' +' connecting thermocouple at different locations. E=tu+e is fitted and it measures the head of air supplied to the engine.

PROCEDURE%

1. *efore starting the engine is supplied with cooling water. The engine is started +' meansof hand cranking method constant load is applied to the engine.

2. pen the inlet valve of the cooling water and note the amount of water circulated per minute.

3. /nsure no load on the engine. The time taken for consumption of 1% cc of fuel is noted.4. The e#haust gas temperatue) cooling water) inlet and outlet is noted. The difference in theE=Tu+e in manometer is noted.

-. The voltmeter and ammeter readings of the electric d'namometer are noted.$. The a+ove said readings are taken again +' operating the engine at various load

conditions.8. Ceat +alance sheet is drawn as per the readings.

TABULAR COLUMN

C/T *A,&/ T/ST , FER STR9/ "/S/A /,G,/

Slno

Aoad Manometer reading

Time for 1%cc fuel

consumptionsec5

nlet water temperature

tw1%c5

nlet water temperature

tw2%c5

/#haust gastemperature

tg1%c5

(1kg5 (2kg5 h1H1%=2

h2H1%=2


14/29

RESULT%

Thus the heat +alance test is conducted and the heat +alance sheet and chart are preparedfor the twin c'linder four stroke diesel engine.

TF&9g;hr

Ceatnput9(

Ceat re6ected tocooling

water

Ceat carried awa' +' e#haust gas

*rake power useful heat5

Enaccountedheatloss

9( < 9( < 9( < 9(


15/29

MRS/ T/ST , MEAT&IA,"/R 4 STR9/ 0/TRA /,G,/ (TCCI"REA& "I,MM/T/R A",G

E#.N$.5D&'(%

A%

To conduct a Morse test on a 4 c'linder petrol engine with h'draulic loading anddetermine the indicated horse power.

A++&&'8 (?(@

Tachometer) stopwatch

O=(7'/(%

The student will +e a+le to determine indicated horse power )+rake horse power andfrictional power

F$,&%

/ngine output *05 ! 2π ,T ; $%9(

ndicated power 05 ! 01 > 02 > 03 > 04 01 ! *0=*01

mech ! *0;0 H 1%%

O+(&'- +$7(@(7

1. nitiall') the water inlet valve is closed and the engine started. The shaft +egins torotate.

2. *' opening the valve )water is allowed to enter into the d'namometer creating a +raking effect on the engine. this will cause the engine speed to drop and +'opening the engine throttle) more fuel is given to increase the engine speed to thedesired value.


16/29

3. s the d'namometer is sensitive to the water flow rate) care should +e ensure water inlet valve is opened slowl') sudden opening ma' cause high loading and henceengine stalling or even stopping.

4. outlet water from the d'namometer flows freel' out of the drain at the +ottom andshould not +e closed under an' conditions. lso) the outlet drain hose should +e free

and not rigidl' held as this would restrict the movement of the d'namometer +od'affecting the reaction torue measurement.-. (hen the d'namometer is working) it a+sor+s the engine power output and converts

it into heat +' the water +rake. This will raise the water temperature and cause thed'namometer +od' to +ecome warm. This will raise the water temperature and causethe d'namometer +od' to +ecome warm. The heat is carried awa' +' the water.

S+(77&'$%

Four stroke) Four c'linder) (ater cooled /ngine MakeJJJ..lmech

R.0.MJJJ.1-%% *.C.0JJJ..1%C0 FuelJJJJ.0etrol

E?+('%

1. /ngine B CM SEKE four c'linder vertical petrol engine with provision to cut offignition to each c'linder

2. C'draulic d'namometer coupled to the engine3. fuel flow meter 4. &ooling water arrangement for engine and d'namometer.

P$7(@(

1. &heck lu+rication oil level) fuel level) cooling water s'stem and the +atter'terminals +efore starting.

2. Start the engine and allow it to run for a+out 1% minutes at the rated speed to warmup

3. Aoad the engine at full load and maintain the speed at rated rpm i.e.) 1-%%rpm +'ad6usting the throttle and d'namometer loading wheel.

4. llow the engine to sta+iliLe for a few minutes.-. &ut=off ignition to c'linder no 1 +' lifting the respective switch.$. *ring the engine again to the rated speed of 1-%%rpm +' reducing the load on

d'namometer. n no account throttle position should +e changed. ,ote thed'namometer reading.

8. Restore ignition to c'linder 1 +' closing the switch.:. Repeat the procedure for c'linder nos 2) 3 and 4. note the d'namometer reading for

each c'linder when the' are cut=off.


17/29

@. From the data compute *C0 of the engine and FC0 and C0 of each c'linder. 1%. ,ote the following readings7 1. /ngine speed 2. C'draulic d'namometer spring +alance.

T&=,&'$

/ngine output (,;4:$89( Test speed7 1-%%rpm

Sl.,o 0articulars C'draulicd'namometer Aoad (

Speed , rpm

/ngineoutput*05 9(

ndicated power 9(

Mechanical efficienc'

<

1 ll c'linders working

2 1st c'linder cut off

3 2nd c'linder cut off

4 3rd c'linder cut off

- 4th c'linder cut off

R(8,'

The Morse test on four c'linder 4 stroke petrol engine with C'draulic loading wasconducted and the efficienc' was determined.


18/29

DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT

E#.N$.5

D&'(%

A7 To determine the flash point and fire point of the given fuel or lu+ricating oil sample.

A++&&'8 (?(@7

Sample oil) Thermostat) cup and lid arrangement.

T;($7The flash and fire points are good indication of relative flamma+ilit' of the oil and e#pect

for the safet' from fire haLardsN the' do not have an' significance for engine operation. Theflash and fire points indicate the temperature +elow which the oil can +e handled without danger of fire. The apparatus consists of a heater) cup for filling the sample oil) agitator and a lid for thecup.

T($,$-%

Flash point:

Flash point is the temperature at which a flamma+le liuid will produce a mi#tureof its vapor and air) which will ignite to give flash +' contact with open flame.

Fire point:

Fire point is the temperature at which the flash will sustain itself as a stead'flame for at least five seconds.

P$7(@(%

1. ll the accessories and the cup are thoroughl' cleaned and dried.2. The cup is filled with the sample oil up to the marked level.3. The lid is placed over the cup and is placed over the heater and is heated.4. The heat is applied such that the temperature increases not less than -%& and not

more than $%& per minute.-. The agitated is used to stir the oil to have uniform temperature.$. flame is introduced into the vapor space through the shutter provided on the lid.

There is a mechanism for opening the shutter.8. The sample should not +e stirred while appl'ing the test flame.


19/29

:. The temperature at which the oil vapor starts producing flashes is noted as flash point temperature.

@. gain the flame is introduced into the vapor space. The temperature at which thevapor flash sustains itself as a stead' flame is noted as fire point temperature.

1%. The procedure can +e repeated for the second trial and also with some other oil

samples.

T&=,&'$%

SA., ASM0A/

FASC 0,T %&5 FR/ 0,T %&5

TRA TRA T ,&8; TRA TRA T (

R(8,'7

Thus the flash point and the fire point of the given oil sample is determined.


20/29

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATION OIL BY

REDWOOD VISCOMETER

E#.N$%6

D&'(%

AIM%

To determine the viscosit' of given lu+rication oil +' Redwood viscometer.

APPARATUS RE)UIRED%

i. Redwood viscometerii. Thermometeriii. &onical flaskiv. Stop watch

DESCRIPTION%

iscosit' is the propert' of a fluid or liuid +' virtue of which it offers resistance to itsown flow. t is measured in poise. The kinematic viscosit' of a liuid is the ratio of a+soluteviscosit' to its densit' at the given temperature and the unit for kinematic viscosit' iscentistokes. iscosit' is the most important single propert' of an' lu+ricating oil) +ecause it isthe main determinant of the operating characteristics of the lu+ricant. if the viscosit' of the oil istoo low) a liuid oil film cannot +e maintained +etween two moving or sliding surfaces) andconseuentl' e#cessive wear will take place. n the other hand if the viscosit' is too high)e#cessive friction will result due to fluid friction. Measurement of viscosit' of lu+ricating oil ismade with the help of an apparatus called the viscometer. n a viscometer) a fi#ed volume of theliuid is allowed to flow from a given height through a standard capillar' tu+e under its ownweight and the time of flow in seconds is noted. The time is proportional to true viscosit'. Theredwood viscometer is commonl' used in commonwealth countries. Redwood viscometer is of two t'pes7Redwood viscometer ,o.1 is commonl' used for determining viscosities of thin lu+ricating oilsand it has a 6et of +ore diameter 1.$2mm and length 1%mm.Redwood viscometer ,o.2 is used for measuring viscosities of highl' viscous oils. t has a 6et of diameter 3.:mm and length 1-mm.

FORMULA%


21/29

9inematic viscosit' O5 ! t B *;t # 1%=$ m2; s(here)

! %.248) *! $- ) for t ! :- to 2%% secondst ! time taken to collect -%ml in seconds ! %.2$4 ) * ! 1@% ) for t ! 4% to :- seconds.

PROCEDURE%

1. The leveled oil cup is cleaned and +all valve rod is placed on the gate 6et toclose it.

2. il under test) free from an' suspension and dust is filled in the cup upto the pointer level.

3. n empt' conical flask is kept 6ust +elow the 6et.

4. (ater is filled in the +ath and side=tu+e is heated slowl' with constant stirringof the +ath.-. (hen the oil is at the desired temperature) the +all valve is lifted and

suspended from thermometer +racket.$. The time taken to collect -%ml of oil in the flask is noted and the valve is

immediatel' closed to prevent an' overflow of oil.8. The result is e#pressed in redwood ,o.1 seconds at particular temperature.:. Similarl' the a+ove procedure is repeated for the oil at various temperatures

and the viscosit' is found out.@. ,ow a graph is drawn +etween the temperature and viscosit' of oil.

GRAPH%

i. Temperature s 9inematic viscosit'

RESULT%

Thus the viscosit' of the lu+rication oil is found out using Redwood viscometerand the graphs are drawn.

VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER

SA ,

AT/M0RTER/%&5

TM/ T9/, FR -%mlsec5

9,/MT&S&STI

stokes5


22/29

FLASH AND FIRE POINTS OF FUELS

E#.N$ %

D&'( %

AIM%

To determine the flash and fire point of the given fuel.

APPARATUS RE)UIRED%

1. 0ensk' Martens closed cup flash=point apparatus2. Thermometer

DESCRIPTION%

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel gives off enough vapours thatignite for a moment) when a small flame is +rought near it. Fire point is the lowest temperature atwhich the vapours of the oil +urn continuousl' for atleast - seconds when a tin' flame is +roughtnear it. n most cases fire points are -ｰ& to 4%ｰ& higher than the flash point. The flash and fire= points are usuall' determined +' using 0ensk'=Martens apparatus.

PROCEDURE%

1. The fuel under e#amination is filled upto the mark in the oil cup and then heated +' heating the water=+ath +' a +urner.

2. Stirrer is worked +etween tests at a rate of a+out 1 to 2 revolutions per second.3. Ceat is applied so as to raise the oil temperature +' a+out -$ & per minute.

4. t ever' 1$& rise of temperature) flame is introduced for a moment +' workingthe shuttle.

-. The temperature at which a distinct flash a com+ination of a weak sound andlight5 appears is noted and is the flash point.

$. The heating is continued thereafter and the test=flame is applied as +efore.8. (hen the oil ignites and continues to +urn for atleast - seconds) the temperature

reading is noted and is the fire point. s


23/29

RESULT%

Thus the flash and fire=point of the given fuel is found out e#perimentall'.Flash 0oint 7

Fire point 7

T&=,&'$%

Sl. ,o.

il sample Flash point %&5 Fire point %&5

Trial 1 Trial 2 T flash Trial 1 Trial 2 T fire


24/29

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SIMPLE IMPULSE TURBINE

E#.N$%!

D&'( %

AIM%

To conduct a performance test on the simple impulse steam tur+ine and find the +rakethermal efficienc' and specific steam consumption.

SPECIFICATION%

T'pe7 Simple impulse tur+ine with 3 inlet noLLles Ma#imum tur+ine power ! -%%k(

Tur+ine speed ! 3%%%rpm

"'namometer t'pe ! Swinging field "& d'namometer) 1hp capacit'. &ondenser ! water cooled two pass steam condenser. acuum pump ! Reciprocating piston t'pe.

APPARATUS RE)UIRED

1. Tur+ine setup2. Stopwatch

FORMULAE USED%

1. Tur+ine output power ! 2π ,T k($%

Torue T! ( g R ,=m

R B /ffective radius m ( B Aoad shown +' spring +alance kg

0ower generated +' "& d'namometer ! k(1%%%


25/29

= oltage 5 B &urrent 5

2. Ceat supplied in the +oiler ! mf &fuel k(

3. 0ump power ! vf *oiler pressure B &ondenser pressure5 ms k( vf ! Specific volume of water corresponding to condenser pressure kg;m3 ms ! Steam flow rate kg;sec

4. *oiler pressure ! Tur+ine inlet pressure > atmospheric pressure5 +ar

-. &ondenser pressure ! Tur+ine outlet pressure 8$%=condenser pressure mmCg 133.3 *ar

! 1%%%%%$. Steam flow rate ! %.3-

8. *rake thermal efficienc' Tur+ine power B pump power < Ceat supplied in the +oiler

*S/RT,7

Steam pressure at the tur+ine inlet !

Steam pressure at the tur+ine outlet !

Steam temperature at the tur+ine inlet !

Steam temperature at the tur+ine outlet !

Time taken for 4cm condensate rise !

&ondensate temperature !

oltage generated +' the "& d'namometer !

&urrent generated +' the "& d'namometer !

Aoad shown +' spring +alance (5 !

Tur+ine speed ,5!

nitial level of diesel !

Final level of diesel after 2 minutes !


26/29

DESCRIPTION%

The tur+ine used is a simple impulse tur+ine with three 6ets. The steam from the +oiler isfed into the tur+ine and the flow rate of the steam is so ad6usted to maintain the tur+ine speed +elow 3%%%rpm. The steam coming out from the tur+ine is sent to the condenser. The high

pressure and high temperature steam e#pands in te tur+ine and generates shaft power. The tur+ineshaft is coupled to a swinging field "& d'namometer produces electric power. The tur+ine +lades are water=cooled. The steam leaving the tur+ine gets condensed +' re6ecting heat to thesurrounding cooling water in the condenser. The high temperature condensate is spra'ed outsideinto a sump from where it is fed to the +oiler through a demineraliLation unit. vacuum pump isused to suck the condensate from the condenser and creates vacuum.

PROCEDURE%

1. *efore starting) the water level and diesel level in the tanks are checked. 2. The cooling water pump is switched ,.

3. *' putting appropriate switch ,) the com+ustion is started. 4. The initial water level is noted. The final water level is noted after 2 minutes -. Similarl' the initial and final diesel level also noted. $. The steam generation is started and the steam pressure can +e maintained at a

reuired safe level with the help of a stop valve. 8. The reuired pressure and temperatures are noted form the pressure gauges and

the temperature displa' units. :. The times reuired for 4cm rise of condensate in the 6ar is noted. @. The spring +alance reading is also noted. 1%. The reuired o+servation and calculation are made and the +rake thermal

efficienc' of the tur+ine is calculated.

RESULT%

Thus the performance test in the impulse tur+ine is conducted and the +rake thermalefficienc' of the tur+ine is calculated.

*rake thermal efficienc' !


27/29

E#.N$%"

D&'( %

PERFORMANCE TEST ON DIESEL FIRED STEAM BOILER

AIM%

To conduct a performance test on the diesel=fired +oiler and to find out the euivalentevaporation rate from and at 1%%%c and the +oiler efficienc'.

SPECIFICATION%

T'pe7 utomatic three pass oil fired +oiler with economiLer Ma#imum capacit'7 2%%kg;hr peration pressure7 12kg;cm2 Fuel7 "iesel.

APPARATUS RE)UIRED%

1.*oiler setup 2.Stopwatch

FORMULAE USED%

1. Mass of water evaporated per sec ms kg;sec5 !

nitial water level− Final water level5 area of the tank ρ water

12%

2. Mass of fuel supplied mf kg;sec5 ! nitial "iesel level− Final "iesel level5 area of the "iesel tank ρ "iesel

12% 3./uivalent /vaporation from and at 1%%%c! ms hsteam=hwater 5 kg of steam

mf hfgat 1%%%c kg of fuel

4. Steam 0ressure!Gauge pressure > tmospheric pressure


28/29

-. hwater ! &p Tinlet

Tinlet ! Temperature of feed water to +oiler

$. *oiler efficienc' ! ms

;8'(&>;&'(5 < mf &fuel

OBSERVATION%

nitial level of water!

Final level of water 2 minutes!

nitial level of "iesel!

Final level of "iesel2 minutes!

Steam temperature!

Feed water temperature!

DESCRIPTION%

The +oiler used is a three pass) oil fired vertical +oiler) which is capa+le of generatingsteam at a ma#imum rate of 2%%kg;hr. the operating pressure is 12kg;cm2.+ut 1%kg;cm2 is thesafe limit. The air for com+ustion enters the com+ustion cham+er of the +oiler. The diesel fromthe diesel tank is in6ected into the com+ustion cham+er. &om+ustion takes place inside thecom+ustion cham+er. (ater from the sump is pumped into the water tu+es of the +oiler through ademineraliLation unit. The high pressure water picks up the heat from the flue gas and getsconverted into steam. The steam from the +oiler is then fed to the tur+ine. Safet' valves and stopvalves are provided for safet' purpose.

PROCEDURE%

1. *efore starting) the water level and diesel level in the tanks are checked.

2. The cooling water pump is switched ,.

3. *' putting appropriate switch ,) the com+ustion is started.

4. The initial water level is noted. The final water level is noted after 2 minutes


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-. Similarl' the initial and final diesel level also noted.

$. The steam generation is started and the steam pressure can +e maintained at a

reuired safe level with the help of a stop valve.

8. The steam temperature corresponding to this steam pressure is noted.

:. The temperature of the feed water to the +oiler is noted from the displa' unit.

@. The reuired o+servation and calculation are done and the evaporation rate and +oiler efficienc' are calculated.

RESULT%

Thus the performance test in the oil=fired +oiler is conducted and the evaporation rate andthe +oiler efficienc' are calculated.

/vaporation rate ! *oiler efficienc'!

thermal engg lab manuel i

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