The The

Regulatory Regulatory

SystemSystem

What is What is regulationregulation????

The organization and coordination of the The organization and coordination of the life activities ….remember RRREGNTS!life activities ….remember RRREGNTS!

Two DISTINCT systems serve in Two DISTINCT systems serve in regulation:regulation:

1. The Nervous System1. The Nervous System 2. The Endocrine System2. The Endocrine System

The Regulatory System: TWO Parts

Nervous System:• Fast response• Short lived response• Electrical impulses

sent over neurons throughout the body

Endocrine System:• Slow response• Long lived response• Chemical messages

sent via the bloodstream to all parts of the body, BUT only received by organs with specific receptors

Optical Illusions (to check your sense receptors!

If your eyes follow the movement of the rotating pink dot, the dots will remain only one color, pink.

However if you stare at the black " +" in the centre, the moving dot turns to green.

Now, concentrate on the black " + " in the centre of the picture. After a short period, all the pink dots will slowly disappear, and you will only see only a single green dot rotating.

1.2.

3.FYI:

4.

CytonDendrites

Axon

Terminal Branches

Myelin Sheath

Nerve v. Neuron: A nerve is a bundle of neurons.

Nervous System Vocab

Stimuli: any change in the internal or external environment which causes a response.

Receptor: organs designed to detect stimuli (environmental changes).

The senses.

Effector: an organ or structure designed to respond to a stimulus. Muscles or glands.

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neuron: Receives stimuli from sensory organs (skin, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, etc…)

Interneuron: Receives impulse from a sensory neuron and sends impulse to a motor neuron.

Motor Neuron: Receives message from interneuron and tells an effector organ (muscles, glands) “what to do”.

Par

ts o

f the

Bra

inCerebrum

CerebellumMedulla

Spinal Cord

Cerebrum: Controls memory, reasoning and conscious motor activities. Sensory impulses are interpreted.

Cerebellum: Aids in balance and coordination.

Medulla: Controls basic, involuntary life functions such as breathing and heart beat.

Reflex Arc

A Reflex Arc is a primitive response that bypasses the brain.

In an emergency response, the sensory neuron receives the stimuli, sends it to an interneuron in the spinal cord and then to a motor neuron/effector organ.

Central v. Peripheral Nervous Systems

A: CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of the brain and spinal chord.

B: PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) All nerve pairs that extend from the CNS to all parts of the body.

B1: Somatic Nervous System controls all voluntary muscles and receives stimulus from sensory organs

B2: Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary reactions like heartbeat, breathing, etc.

Neurotransmitters: How the message gets through.

Neurons do NOT touch. They are separated by a tiny distance called the:

Synapse, or Synaptic Gap

An electrical impulse carries the message

from the __________________, down the

axon, to the __________________of the

neuron.

Terminal Branch Cell Body

________________ are chemicals that

carry the impulse across the ________ to

the ________ of the receiving neuron.

Ex) dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters

synapse

dendrite

What do the dendrites need in order to receive this message? How does this relate to the game “Clown-nose CUP HEAD?”

Drugs and NeurotransmittersSome drugs work by blocking the neurotransmitter release, blocking the receptors by binding to them, or allowing more neurotransmitter to be released.

Cocaine blocks the terminal branches from taking up the dopamine after the impulse is sent, so more dopamine is bound to the receptors than normal…(“excited response”)

The Curious Occurrence of The Curious Occurrence of Phineas GagePhineas Gage

Vermont, 1848Vermont, 1848 Phineas Gage, a 26 Phineas Gage, a 26

year old explosives year old explosives foreman had a 13 foreman had a 13 pound iron tamping pound iron tamping rod blown clear rod blown clear through his head.through his head.

How did he survive?How did he survive?

After the accidentAfter the accident

Phineas soon returned to his job on Phineas soon returned to his job on the railroad, but was soon asked to the railroad, but was soon asked to leaveleave

“ “He is no longer Gage.”He is no longer Gage.” Spent the next ten years in Chile, Spent the next ten years in Chile,

driving a stagecoach.driving a stagecoach. Returned to the US and died of Returned to the US and died of

increasingly frequent seizures in San increasingly frequent seizures in San Francisco in 1860.Francisco in 1860.

What we believed about the What we believed about the brain in 1848…brain in 1848…

Phrenology…Phrenology…

The lucky(?) path of the iron The lucky(?) path of the iron rod…rod…

What Phineas taught us about What Phineas taught us about the brain…the brain…

In 1994, Gage’s skull was In 1994, Gage’s skull was imaged, and modern brain imaged, and modern brain scans were superimposed. scans were superimposed. Researchers found that the Researchers found that the iron pole most likely iron pole most likely destroyed Gage’s destroyed Gage’s Ventromedial prefrontal Ventromedial prefrontal Cortex. Since then, many Cortex. Since then, many other patients with damage other patients with damage to the same area of cortex to the same area of cortex showed similar results. showed similar results. These people no longer These people no longer related to other people, or related to other people, or became increasingly angry became increasingly angry and confrontational. and confrontational.

More Phun Phineas Photos…More Phun Phineas Photos…

Nervous System Disorders

MeningitisMeningitis is a disorder that causes swelling of the “meningies” (show in yellow of top diagram).

This swelling puts pressure on the brain and spinal cord. In severe cases, this extra pressure can shut down the brain and cause death.

The two most common forms of meningitis are bacterial and viral.

The green represents the fluid build up (or swelling).

Cerebral PalsyCP results from a damaged motor center of the brain in a fetus or infant.

People effected with CP have poor coordination with muscle tone either too rigid or too floppy, and difficulties with speech.

CP only impacts muscles and coordination, not intelligence.

These show activities to improve muscle tone and coordination.

PolioPolio is a disease of the spinal cord caused by a virus.

The virus destroys motor neurons in the spinal cord, resulting in damage and/or paralysis of muscles.

Polio has been prevented with a vaccine since 1952!

Stroke

A stroke is a blocked (or ruptured) blood vessel in the brain.

The lack of blood flow to the brain actually causes that part of the brain to “die”.

The impact of a stroke depends on what part of the brain and how large of a section is damaged.