there are four states of matter… solids liquids gases plasmas
TRANSCRIPT
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There are four states of matter…
SolidsLiquidsGases
Plasmas
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Fluids are materials thatFlow and have no
Definite shape of their own.
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Pressure is a measure of how Much force is applied per
Unit area.
OR…
P = FA
The SI unit for pressure is N/m2
This is also called the Pascal (Pa).
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The Pascal unit is very small.
It is so small that the averageAir pressure here is about
1.01 X 105 Pa!!
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The force exerted by a gas Can be understood by using the
Kinetic-Molecular Theory…
This theory states that gases areMade up of very small particles;
These particles are in constant Random motion;
And the forces that are exerted byThe particles hitting the container
Are the cause of gas pressure.
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A woman weighs 495 N and is Wearing shoes that cover an Area of 412 cm2. What is the
Average pressure that her shoes Exert on the floor?
P = 1201.5 Pa
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A gas is very similar to a liquid.
A gas has low density,Density depends on pressure,And expands to fill container
The ideal gas law relates Gas volume, pressure, and
Temperature.
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You may have seen it likeThis in Chemistry…
PV = nRT
R = proportionality constant = 0.08206 L atm K -1 mol -1
P = pressure in atm V = volume in liters
n = moles T = temperature in Kelvins
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P1V1
T1
P2V2
T2
=
This is most useful when Solving problems.
That formula can be rearrangedTo look like this…
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Helium is in a container beingCompressed. The initial volume,
Pressure, and temp are: 15L, 2 atm, 310K. If the volume
Is decreased to 12L, and the Pressure is increased to 3.5 atm,
Find the final temperature.
T2 = 430 K
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Plasma is the gas like state Of matter made up of positively
Charged ions or negatively Charged electrons or a mixture
Of them.
This is another fluid state of matter.
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You have all seen plasma…
Plasma exists everywhere, Stars, lightning, neon signs, etc.
The main difference between a Gas and plasma is that a gas
Cannot conduct electricity and A plasma can.
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Cohesive forces are forces Of attraction between molecules.
Surface tension is a result of Cohesive forces, and is the Tendency of the surface of a
Liquid to contract to the Smallest area possible.
( a sphere)
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Adhesion is the attractive force That acts between particles
Of different substances. (like water sticking to glass)
Capillary action is the rise of Water in a thin tube that occurs
Because of adhesion.
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An ideal fluid is a fluid that hasNo internal friction or viscosity
And is incompressible.
Viscosity is the amount of“flow” a fluid has.
The higher the viscosity, the Slower it flows. (thicker)
So the lower the viscosity, The faster a fluid will flow.
(thinner)
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Evaporation is the escape of particles from a liquid.
This has a cooling effect.
A volatile liquid that evaporatesVery quickly.
(many times with explosive ends)
Condensation is the process Where particles return to the Liquid phase. This is due to A decrease in temperature.
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Pascal’s Principle states that The shape of any container has
No effect on the pressure of The fluid.
Or, if a pressure is created in a Closed container, it is transferredThroughout the entire container.
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A car weighing 1.2 X 104 N sits On a lift with an area of 0.9 m2.Compressed air exerts a force On a piston to lift the car. The
Area of the piston is 0.2 m2. How Much large is the force needed
To lift the car?
F = 2.7 X 103
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When you are swimming, you feelThe pressure of the water
Increase as you dive deeper. ThisPressure is a result of gravity, Because of the weight of the
Water above you.
P = ρhg
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P = ρhg
The pressure that a column of Water exerts on a body is equal
To the density of the water timesThe height of the column timesThe acceleration due to gravity.
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A reservoir behind a dam is 17 m Deep. What is the pressure of the
Water at the base of the dam?What is the pressure of the water
4 m from the top of the dam?
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The buoyant force is a force That acts upward on an object
Submerged in a liquid or Floating on the liquid’s surface.
It was first discovered by Archimedes.
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Archimedes’ principle is as follows..
Any object completely or partiallySubmerged in a fluid
Experiences an upward buoyant Force equal in magnitude to
The weight of the fluid Displaced by that object.
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A floating object cannot be Denser than the fluid
In which it floats.
A floating object’s buoyant force Is equal to the object’s weight.
Fb = ρVg
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A cube of aluminum (1.0 X 10-3)Is submerged in water. The
Density of aluminum is 2.7 X 103. What is the magnitude of the
Buoyant force acting on the metal?What is the apparent weight of
The block?
Fb = 9.8 N Fa = 16.7 N
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Bernoulli’s Principle tells us That when the pressure in
A fluid decreases, the Velocity increases.
This is the theory that tells Us how an airplane flies.
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Structures & Types of Solids
Crystalline Solids: highly regular arrangement of their components
Such as table salt
Amorphous solids: considerable disorder in their structures (glass).
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Most solids are much more Dense than their liquid
Counterparts, water is the Exception since it is most
Dense at 4 °C.
This is because as a liquid Freezes its molecules fit closer
together.
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Elasticity is the ability of a Solid object to return to itsOriginal form after external
Forces are exerted on it.
If too much deformation Occurs, the object will break.
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Thermal expansion is the Increase in length and volume
Of a material when heated.
This is very common, look at a Bridge next time you drive over it,
You will see metal bands there That connect the road.
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How big those bands are dependantOn how much temperature change
There is during the year.
The amount of linear expansionCan be found with…
ΔL = αL0ΔT
α is called the averageCoefficient of linear expansion.
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There is also area expansion…
ΔA = γA0ΔT
ΔV = βV0ΔT
And Volume expansion…
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A metal bar is 2.6 m long at room Temperature, 21 °C. The bar is Put into an oven and heated to 93 °C. It is them measured and
Found to be 3.4 mm longer. What isThe coefficient of linear expansion
Of this metal?
α = 1.8 X 10-5
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