therds - commack schools · weather sling psychrometer dry bulb = air temperature wet bulb-cool due...
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WEATHERReview Note Cards
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Weather
Thermometer
Weather instrument that measures air temperature
Units include°F, °C, and °K
ESRT 13
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Weather
Sling Psychrometer
Weather instrument that measures relative humidity and
dewpoint
ESRT 12
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Weather
Sling Psychrometer
Dry bulb = air temperatureWet Bulb-Cool due to Evaporation“Depression” = difference between
wet and dry-bulbs
ESRT 12
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Weather
Barometer
Weather instrument that measures air pressure
Units include mb and inchesESRT 13
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Weather
Anemometer
Weather instrument that measures wind speed
Units include knots or mph
ESRT 13
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Weather
Weather Vane
Weather instrument that measures wind direction
Winds are always named for where they are coming from, NOT where they are
going to
ESRT 13
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Weather
Atmosphere
Shell of gas surrounding planetFormed from outgassing of volcanoesDivided into layers based on
temperature changes
ESRT 14
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Weather
AtmosphereLayers
Troposphere-Weather occurs where the water vapor isStratosphere-Ozone layerMesosphereThermosphere
Boundaries are called “pauses”Based on Temperature Difference
ESRT 14
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Weather
Conduction
Heat transfer through molecular contact (Solids)
Example: burning your hand on a hot frying pan
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Weather
Convection
Heat transfer through density differences (Fluids)
Example: lava lamp
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Weather
Radiation
Heat transfer through wave motion (Space)
Example: Sunlight traveling through space to Earth
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Weather
Electromagnetic Energy
Divided by WavelengthKnow difference between short and long wavelength
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Weather
Scatter
Energy redirected in many directions
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Weather
Absorb
To take energy in-dark surface
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Weather
Reflect
Redirect energy off shiny surface
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Weather
Refract
Energy is bent
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Weather
Radiate
Energy is given off-dark colors
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Weather
Energy Absorption and Reflection
Dark,Dull and Rough- good absorbers, good radiators
Light,Shiny and Smooth- good reflector
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Weather
Latent Heat
Water can only do one thing at a time:
Change Phaseor
Change Temperature
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Weather
Phase Changes
Evaporation-Liquid to GasCondensation-Gas to LiquidMelting-Solid to LiquidFreezing-Liquid to Solid
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Weather
Absolute Zero
The temperature at which all molecular motion stops.
0 °KHotter something is-higher kinetic
energyColder something is-lower the kinetic
energyESRT 13
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Weather
Clouds
Cloudless days and nights generally are colder
Cloudy days are coolerCloudy nights warmer-clouds absorb
energyAct like a blanket!!
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Weather
Greenhouse Effect
Visible light (short waves) enter the atmosphere.
It is absorbed by the surface Reradiated as infrared (long waves)
which cannot escape the atmosphere. This causes temperatures to rise.
Greenhouse Gases: CO2, Water Vapor, Methane
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Weather
Station Model
Symbol that summarizes large amounts of weather
observations in a small space.
ESRT 13
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Weather
Station Model(pressure conversion)
SHORT TO LONGBetween 000-499
Add a 10, add a decimal, add unitsBetween 500 and 999
Add a 9, add a decimal, add units
LONG TO SHORTDrop the “10” or “9”Drop the decimal pointDrop the units
ESRT 13
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Weather
Moisture Capacity
The amount of space in the air that is available to hold water
vaporThe higher the temperature, the more
available spaceAs temperature drops, the capacity
decreasesTemperature is the key!!!!
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Weather
Relative Humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air compared with the amount that
could fit in the air at a given temperature.
Measured in %100% relative humidity = Saturated100% relative humidity occurs when the
air temp. = the dewpointLook for clouds and precipitation!!!!!
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Weather
Dew Point
The temperature at which the air becomes saturated.
The air is saturated when it is holding all the water vapor it can at that temperatureWhen the temperature drops to the
dewpoint, condensation will occur and clouds will likely form
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Weather
Air Temperature = Dew Point
It will Precipitate outside!!!!Humidity is close to 100%Look for clouds as a key!!!!!!!!
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Weather
Cold Air
Has a lower capacity to hold moistureGets filled very quickly with
waterHas higher relative humidity
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Weather
Warm Air
Has a Higher capacity to hold moistureGets filled very slowly with
waterHas lower relative humidity
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Weather
Isobars
Lines that connect points of equal air pressure on a weather mapShow where ares of high and low pressure areClose together = high winds
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Weather
High Pressure
Sinking airHigh is dry (low humidity, no clouds)Winds are clockwise and away
H⤵⤵
⤵ ⤵
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Weather
Low Pressure
Rising airLow is lousy
(humid and cloudy)Winds are
counter-clockwise and inward
L ⤵⤵
⤵⤵
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Weather
Winds
Always blow from areas of High pressure to areas of low pressureCurved to the right in the northern
hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere because of the coriolis effectThe higher the pressure gradient, the
faster the wind speed (shown by tightly packed isobars)
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Weather
Global Winds
Equator Rising air= Low Pressure= Wet weather
30 North/South Sinking air= High Pressure= Dry weather
60 North/South Rising air= Low Pressure= Wet weather
90 North/South Sinking air= High Pressure= Dry weather ESRT 15
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Weather
Specific Heat
How quickly or slowly something heats up or cools off
Water has the highest (heat and cool slowly)
Lead has the lowest (heat and cool quickly
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Weather
Sea-Breeze
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Weather
Land-Breeze
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Weather
Coastal vs. Inland Climate
Coastal = less extreme, warmer winters and cooler summersInland = more extreme, warmer
summers, cooler wintersCaused by the high specific heat
of the water holding on to heat energy
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Weather
*Cloud Formation*
Air risesAir expandsAir cools to it’s dewpointWater vapor condensesClouds form if condensation
nuclei (dust/smoke particles) is present
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Weather
Orographic Effect
Air is forced to rise when wind blows into a mountainAir expands, cools to its dewpoint and condenses
into cloudsOn the other side of the mountain, air sinks,
compresses, warms and dries out
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Weather
Cold Front
Leading edge of a cold air massDense, fast moving cold air forces
warm air to rise causing stormsA short period of heavy
precipitation occurs right along the front
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Weather
Warm Front
Leading edge of a warm air massWarm, slow moving air rises up
the back side of a cold air massA long period of light
precipitation occurs out ahead of the front
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Weather
Occluded Front
When a cold front “catches up” to a warm fromA mid-latitude cyclone formsMoves west to east across
the USLarge storm
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Weather
Mid-Latitude Cyclone
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Weather
Stationary Front
Front that does not move
Warm and cold air moving together in opposite directions
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Weather
Hurricane
Tropical cycloneExtremely low pressure,
high windsForms in South Atlantic,
travels towards Florida
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Weather
Climate
The average temperature and moisture conditions for an area over a long period of timeAffected by:
AltitudeLatitudeProximity to waterOcean CurrentsMountainsPrevailing Winds