therapy zpsychotherapy yan emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist...
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Therapy
Psychotherapy an emotionally
charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approach an approach to
psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Freud patient’s free
associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
use has rapidly decreased in recent years
Resistance blocking from
consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Interpretation the analyst’s noting
supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
Transference the patient’s
transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Therapy- Psychoanalysis Malan: I get the feeling that you are the sort of
person who needs to keep active. If you don’t keep active, something goes wrong. Is that true?
Vader: Yes. Malan: I get a second feeling about you and
that is that you must, underneath all this, have an awful lot of very strong and upsetting feelings. Somehow, they’re all there, but you aren’t really quite in touch with them. Isn’t that right? I feel you’ve been like that as long as you can remember.
Vader: For quite a few years, whenever I really sat down and thought about I got depressed, so I tried not to think about it.
Malan: You see, you’ve established a pattern, haven’t you? You’re even like that here with me, because in spite of the fact you are in some trouble, and you feel the bottom is falling out of your world, the way you’re telling me this as if there wasn’t anything wrong.
Humanistic Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy Also called
humanistic therapy - Carl Rogers
a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
Active Listeningempathic listening
in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Humanistic Therapy Rogers: Feeling that now, hm? That you’re just no
good to yourself, no good to anybody. Never will be any good to anybody. Just that you’re completely worthless, huh? – Those really are lousy feelings. Just feel you’re no good at all, hm?
Jon Smith: Yeah. (muttering in low, discouraged voice) That’s what this guy I went to [the store] with just the other day told me.
Rogers: This guy you went to [the store] with really told you that you were no good? Is that what you are saying? Did I get that right?
Jon Smith: M-hm. Rogers: I guess the meaning of that - if I get it
right - is that here’s somebody that meant something to you and what does he think of you? Why, he’s told you that he thinks you’re no good at all. And that just really knocks the props out from under you. (Jon weeps quietly.) It just brings the tears. (Silence 20 seconds)
Jon Smith : (rather defiantly) I don’t care though. Rogers: You tell yourself you don’t care at all, but
somehow I guess some part of you cares because some part of you weeps over it.
Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology study of the effects
of drugs on mind and behaviorLithium
• chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
Biomedical Therapies
The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals Introduction of antipsychotic drugs
Rapid declinein the mental
hospitalpopulation
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990Year
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
State and countymental hospital
residents, inthousands
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ECT) therapy for severely
depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Psychosurgery surgery that removes or
destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
lobotomy now-rare psychosurgical
procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Biomedical Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy therapy that applies
learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Counter-conditioningprocedure that
conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
based on classical conditioning
Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias
Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning type of counter
conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
Food poisoning leads to not wanting that food anymore. Examples?
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(alcohol)
CS(alcohol)
CR(nausea)
Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning
Token Economy an operant
conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy teaches people
new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution
Can you title this chart?
Cognitive TherapyA cognitive perspective on
psychological disordersLost job
Depression
Internal beliefs:I’m worthless. It’s hopeless.
Lost job
Internal beliefs:My boss is a jerk.I deserve something better.
Nodepression
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression
Waiting listpatients
Cognitivetraining patients
Cognitive trainingpatients muchless depressed
Pre-therapytest
Post-therapytest
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Depressionscores
Cognitive Therapy
Creating Optimism Temporary,
not permanent.
Circumstantial, not personal.
Localized, not pervasive.
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular
integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Group Therapies
Family Therapy treats the family as a
system views an individual’s
unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
Who Does Therapy?
To whom do people turn for psychological difficulties?
Clinical psychologists Most are
psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship.
About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.
Who Does Therapy?
Who Does Therapy?Clinical or
Psychiatric social worker A two-year Master of
Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapyIt is mostly to people
with everyday personal and family problems.
Who Does Therapy?
Counselors Marriage and family
counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations.
Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people.
Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.
Who Does Therapy?
Psychiatrists Physicians who
specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders.
Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications.
They tend to see those with the most serious problems.
Many have a private practice.
Does Therapy Work?
Meta-analysis procedure for
statistically combining the results of many different research studies