therapies. therapy involves: identifying the problem identifying the cause deciding a form of...
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Therapies
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Therapy involves:
• Identifying the problem• Identifying the cause • Deciding a form of treatment
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Types of therapists:
• Counseling psychologists• Clinical psychologists• Psychiatrists• Psychiatric nurse practitioners• Psychoanalysts• Clinical social workers• Pastoral counselors
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The History of Psychological Disorders Is Indeed Varied.
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Phillip Pineal in France and Dorethea Dix in America.
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Treatment Used on Is Based on the Therapists Background.
Behavioral therapies
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Cont.
• Some believe they are biologically rooted • Some believe they are a response to social
conditions
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Therapies Are Classified Into Two Main Categories:
structured verbal intervention.
directly impact the nervous system.
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The Psychotherapies
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Psychotherapy is a Planned, Emotionally Charged Confiding
Interaction Between a Trained Socially Sanctioned Healer and a
Sufferer.
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There are two categories of psychotherapies:
1. Insight or talk therapies
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The second type of psychotherapy are the behavior therapies
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Psychoanalysis
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Psychoanalysis Comes From Freudian Psychoanalytic
Techniques.
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Cont.
• free association
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Cont.
• resistance
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Cont.
• results from anxiety and repression.
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Dreams latent content.
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Patient begins to trust the analyst.
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psychoanalysts insist that they are helpful.
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.
• Few psychoanalysts today
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Humanist Therapies
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People are motivated by healthy needs and self-fulfillment .
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The Best Known Is Carl Roger’s client centered therapy
Problems occur when positive self-image is threatened.
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Uses a Technique Called Reflective Listening
• Constantly seeking clarification
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Behavior Therapies
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Interested the elimination of the problem.
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They Use Counter Conditioning.
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Systematic Desensitization.
• introduced by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe in 1958.
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Cont.
• Mary Cover Jones’s rabbit experiment showed how to eliminate a child’s fear.
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Progressive laxation Also Eliminates Unwanted Behaviors
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Exposure treatment
• A more aggressive type of systematic desensitization
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Behavioral Therapists Also Use Observational Learning.
.
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Aversive Stimuli
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Cont.
The person’s ability to discriminate real from fiction impacts the effectiveness of this treatment.
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Behaviorists Also Use Operant Conditioning
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Dialectic behavior therapy
• Focuses on getting people to accept themselves
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Cognitive Therapies
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Thinking Affects Feelings.
• Depressed people misinterpret things.
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Rational Emotive Therapy
• Created by Albert Ellis• problems arise from irrational thinking.
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you can reach your goals by positive self talk.
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Many cognitive therapists feel depressed people do not possess
a self serving bias.
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Children can be taught skills that will buffer them against
depression.
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Donald Meehanbaum Uses Something Called Stress
Inoculation Training.
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Cognitive therapy actually changes the brain.
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Interpersonal therapy
Concentrates on improving social relationships by building social skills
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Group and Family Therapies
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All of these therapies except for traditional psychoanalysis can
occur in small groups.
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The social context shows others have similar problems.
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Family Therapy..
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Evaluating Psychotherapy
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The National Institute of Mental health estimates that 15% of
Americans seek mental health help each year.
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Is Psychotherapy Effective?
• 75% clients report satisfaction, 50% report to be very satisfied.
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What Are the Clinical Perceptions?
Most therapists testify to the therapy’s success.
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Outcomes Research
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Mary Lee Smith and her colleagues in 1980 combined the results of 475 investigations in a
statistical study.
• Findings overwhelmingly supported the efficacy of psychotherapy.
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Psychotherapy will not transform your life permanently.
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In General, Therapy Is Most Effective When the Problem Is
Clear Cut. For Example:
• Phobias• Depression• Unassertiveness• Frustrated sexual performance
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What is the most effective form of psychotherapy?
No one therapy that is better
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Are There Commonalities Among Therapies?
• Three benefits:• Hope • New perspectives of world• The development of an empathic, trusting,
caring relationship.
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Consensus on effective therapy
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Behavioral therapies are best for:
• General phobias• Enuresis• Autism• Alcoholism
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Cognitive behavior therapy for:
• Chronic pain• Eating disorders• Agoraphobia• Depression
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Insight therapies
• Couple relationship problems
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Bio-medical Therapies
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Alters the brain's chemistry with drugs
• Overloading its’ circuits with electro-convulsive shock
• Disconnecting its’ circuits with psychosurgery
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Drug Therapies
– Began in 1953 with an antipsychotic drug called chlorpromazine
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This is the most common biomedical treatment .
• Psychopharmacology, is the study of drug effects on the mind and behavior.
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Anti-psychotic Drugs
They treat psychosis
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The newest generation of anti-psychotic drugs are called
atypical antipsychotics(risperadone,
olanzapine, paliperidone) reduce the symptoms of psychosis
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Anti-anxiety Drugs
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The most heavily prescribed are Benzodiazepine (Xanex, Ativan,
Valium and Librium
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These drugs have side effects
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Anti-Depressant drugs
• Turn up the volume on messages transmitted over certain brain pathways.
• Iprioniazids (nardil, parnate)• Inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme(MAO)
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Produces dangerous side effects
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Tricylics (Tofranil and Elavil)
• Increase the supply of Serotonin and Norepinephrine by decreasing reuptake at the receptor sites
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
• Increase the available supply of Serotonin by preventing reuptake
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Suicide is related to use of these drugs
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The full effect of anti-depressant drugs really take 4 to 5 weeks and
usually the effect is aided by cognitive therapy.
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For those suffering from bi-polar disorder. Lithium is a stabilizer.
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Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, , ritilin, amphetamines
• Produce excitement or hyperactivity• Effective in treating narcolepsy and ADHD
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Current drug therapies reduce or increases activity at all receptors
for a given transmitter.
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Electro-convulsive therapy
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Manipulation of the brain through shock treatment.
• Called ECT.
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Today, patients receive anesthetics
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75 to 100 volts of electricity are applied to the right temple for about
1/10 of a second.
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It is ineffective in treating other psychological disorders.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Under experimentation• High-powered magnetic stimulation is
applied to specific parts of the brain• Can cause seizures and convulsions
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Psychosurgery
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Removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.
• Developed by a Portuguese physician named Egas Moniz
.
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Nerves are cut between the frontal lobes and the thalamus
and hypothalamus
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Some types of psychosurgery are used in extreme cases of brain
disorder .
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Other alternatives
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Therapeutic communities
• Introduced by Maxwell Jones in 1953. Patients control their own lives, including treatment plans.
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Deinstitutionalization and community mental health
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Known as the community mental health movement