theory of evolution ch. 15. (15-1) evolution change of organisms over generations w/ a strong...
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Scientific Theories Explain data Generations of predictions FalsifiableTRANSCRIPT
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Theory of Evolution
Ch. 15
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(15-1) Evolution
• Change of organisms over generations w/ a strong natural modification process
• “Change over time”
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Scientific Theories
• Explain data• Generations of predictions• Falsifiable
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Lamarck’s Theory
• Use & Disuse: parts of body that are used extensively become larger & stronger while those that are not used deteriorate– Acquired traits
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Lamarck (cont.)
• Ex: – Webbed foot = stretching of membrane b/w
toes (water birds)• 1st to say:
– Organisms change over time– New organisms are modified descendants of
older types
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Darwin & Wallace’s Theory
• Natural Selection: organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others
• “Survival of the fittest”
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Charles Darwin’s
• Voyage on the Beagle
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Darwin’s Studying Ground
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Darwin’s Observations
• 13 similar but separate species of finches– Specialized for food
• Similarities lead to belief of a common ancestor
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Darwin’s Conclusions
1. Descent w/ modification2. Modification by natural selection
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Descent w/ Modification
• Newer species are modified descendants of older species
• All species descended from 1 of a few original types of life
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Modification by Natural Selection
• How evolution occurs• Environment limits pop.’s growth• Not all individuals in a pop. are identical &
environment affects them differently
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Natural Selection (cont.)
• Individuals w/ favorable traits reproduce more often than those w/ unfavorable traits
• Thus favorable traits will be passed down more often
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Adaptation
• Inherited trait that inc. an organism’s chance of survival in a particular environment– Based on genes
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Fitness
• Ability to survive to propagate their genes (have babies)
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Lamarck vs. Darwin
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(15-2) Evidence of Evolution
1. Biogeography• Geographical distribution of species
2. Fossil Record• Type & order of fossils
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Evidence (cont.)
3. Homologous structures• Similar b/c of common ancestry
4. Comparative embryology• Study of structures that appear during
embryonic development
5. Molecular biology• DNA & proteins
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Biogeography
• New organisms arise in same geographic area where similar forms already lived
• Ex: kangaroos only in Australia
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Fossil Record
• Fossils: impressions of organisms from the past mineralized in rock
• Links b/w modern forms & ancestors
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Distribution of Fossils
• Law of superposition: lowest layers of rock are oldest
• Fossil-bearing strata show when organisms became extinct
• Mass extinction: brief period in which large #’s of species disappeared
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Homologous Structures
• May have different functions but have similar anatomy
• Shows a common ancestor• Ex: bird beaks & forelimbs
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Common Ancestor
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Analogous Structures
• Similar look & function, but different embryological development & anatomy
• Ex: bird & insect wings
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Vestigial Structure
• Part of an organism w/ little or no function, but had a function in an ancestral species
• Ex: human tailbone & appendix
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Comparative Embryology
• All vertebrate embryos go through a stage in which they have gill pouches & tails
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Molecular Biology
• The more similar the sequence, the more closely related 2 species are to each other
• DNA, RNA, proteins (amino acids)
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Amino Acid Chart
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(15-3) Patterns of Evolution
1. Coevolution2. Convergent Evolution3. Divergent Evolution
• Pattern & speed result from changes in the environment
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Coevolution
• Change of 2 or more species in close association w/ each other
• Ex:– Predator-prey– Parasite-host– Plant-animal pollinator
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Convergent Evolution
• Organisms appear to be similar but are not closely related
• Environment selects similar phenotypes• Ex: shark & porpoise
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Divergent Evolution
• 2 or more related populations become more dissimilar in response to different habitats
• Adaptive radiation– Galapagos finches
• Artificial selection– Domestic dogs
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Divergent evolution of Grand Canyon squirrels
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Peppered Moth Evolution