theory and context lecture
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TRANSCRIPT
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Theory and Context Term 2, Week 3Plus ça change...
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Ideology reviewAny recent examples in the news?
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Some contributory factors to the rise of the Nazi party in
Germany.•Defeat in World War I
•Versailles Treaty resentment
•Great Depression: High Employment,
•German Military Tradition
•Anti-Semitism—Jews as Scapegoats
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Hitler’s Promises to the people of Germany
• Hitler promised Germans:– Stability– Jobs– To be Proud Again– To Reverse the Versailles
Treaty– To End “Weak” Democracy– To “Get Rid of” the Jews– Lebenstraum— “Living
Space for Germans
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Significant developments
• President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933.
• February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down
• March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote
• March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937
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• July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party
• November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote
• Main Point:– Only at this date does Hitler
behave illegally– July 1934-SS and Army purge the
SA and they begin to secretly arm the army
– 1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty– 1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland
Significant developments
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The Nazi Revolution• June 30 “Night of the long
knives” – Nazis kill 77 people, mostly high ranking SA members—Ernst Roehm, Gregor Strasser
• August 1 Law combining President and Chancellor
• August 2 Death of President von Hindenburg
• August 19 Plebiscite approves Hitler as President with 88% voting yes
David Low, They salute with both hands now (1934)
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Racism in Nazi Germany
• Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race– Jews inferior– Slavs inferior– Gypsies inferior– A corruption of Darwin’s ideas
• 1935 Nuremberg Laws– Identify Jews (with Yellow Star)– Deprive Jews of Citizenship– Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs– Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews
and non-Jews
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Kristallnacht ,9th November 1938Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht– In response to assassination of
German diplomat in Paris:• Nazis set synagogues on fire• Broke Jewish shop windows• Beat up Jews—91 killed;
thousands injured• Confiscated Jewish property• Jews forbidden to collect
insurance• 20,000+ Jews sent to
concentration camp
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• 1931: Fall of the monarchy and establishment of (Second) Republic
• Separation of church and state
Meanwhile in Spain...
Salvador Dali, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans(Premonition of Civil War), 1936
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1936
On 18 July, Spanish Civil War begins in Morocco (ends 1939) as General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion against the left-wing Popular Front government.
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Spain as ‘Dry Run’• Both sides in the conflict
were supported by outside parties; most significantly the Nationalists had Fascist (Italian) and Nazi support, the Loyalists had support from Russia and the International Brigades.
• Hitler infamously used the conflict as an exercise for his Condor Legion.
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Guernica, 1937
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Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937
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Nazi Soviet Pact, August 1939
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Group Activity
• What do you know about World War Two?
ParticipantsDatesKey Battles/EventsOutcomesEtc.
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Key Players
AlliesBritainFranceRussiaUnited StatesCommonwealth CountriesChinaAnd others
AxisGermanyItaly JapanAnd others
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Outbreak of War in Europe
September 1st 1939Germany invades
Poland.
September 3rd Britain and France declare war on Germany.
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Japan and Japanese Controlled Territory 1942
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Some Key Stages and Battles of the War
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Europe 1941 (as America Joins War)
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Turning Points in the War
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End Days
Mussolini captured and killed 28 April 1945Hitler commits suicide April 30 1945VE Day 8 May 1945VJ Day August 15 1945
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Consequences of the War
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Death Tolls, civilian and military combined
• Russia c. 20 million• China c. 10 Million• Germany c. 6.8 million• Poland c. 6.1 million • Japan c. 2 million• Yugoslavia c. 1.7 million• France c. 8oo,ooo • Greece c. 500,000• United States c. 500,000 • Italy c. 400,000• Britain c. 380,000
Holocaust c. 6 million
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Discuss the contribution of the second world war to, or influence on your area of study
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Tony Vaccaro, White Death — Requiem for a dead soldier. Bihain, Belgium. January 12, 1945.
Robert Capa, Death of a Loyalist Soldier, 1936
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John Heartfield, Don’t be Frightened he's a Vegetarian, 1936 (l), The Seeds of Death, 1937 (r)
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John Heartfield, Heil Hitler, 1934 (l) The Thousand Year Reich , 1934 (r)
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Yevgeny Khaldei, Raising the Soviet Flag over the Reichstag, 30 April 1945
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Joe Rosenthal, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945