theory
DESCRIPTION
Theory. What is theory?. “… a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relationships among variables in order to explain and predict the events or the situations.” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Theories are used to …
Guide the search for why people behave in certain ways
Help pinpoint information needed before developing and organizing an intervention program
Provide insight as to how to shape strategies to reach people
Help identify what should be monitored, measured, and compared
Concepts & Constructs
Concepts: Major ideas
Constructs: Concepts that have been developed and
defined for use in a particular theory
The Ecological Model
Emphasizes the links and relationships among multiple factors (or determinants) affecting health
Individual / Intrapersonal factors Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs (KAB) Skills Motivation Self-concept Age, gender, genetics
Interpersonal factors
Social support / social networks Formal and informal
Family, friends, peers Social norms, cultural environment
Institutional or organization factors Social institutions with organizational
characteristics and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations. (ACHA,
2012)
Community factors
The geographic, cultural or social community. May include:
Community organizations Local laws Physical characteristics/attributes of location Available (or unavailable) services
Public Policy Factors
Local, state, national and global laws and policies. (ACHA, 2012)
May promote or restrict behavior
Behavior Change Theories
The specific route(s) you will take to reach your destination – they suggest a road to follow.
Behavior change theories with individual focus
The Health Belief Model (HBM) **
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) **
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) **
Other Theories: Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persausion Information – Motivation – Behavioral Skills Model Health Action Process Approach
Health Belief Model (HBM)
Developed in the early 1950’s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Service.
Hochbaum & Rosenstock
TB screening
Constructs of HBM
Perceived threat Perceived susceptibility
Beliefs about one’s chances of getting a condition
Perceived severity Beliefs about how serious the condition might
be
Constructs of HBM
Outcome Expectations Perceived Benefits
Beliefs that the advised action will reduce risk or seriousness of the condition.
Perceived risks/barriers Beliefs about the “costs” of taking the advised
action
Constructs of HBM
Cues to Action Strategies to activate one’s “readiness”
Self-Efficacy Confidence in one’s ability to take action
Health Belief Model
Perceived Susceptibility & Perceived Seriousness
Perceived Threat
Likelihood of taking recommended action
Cues to Action
Modifying Factors: age, race, ethnicity, SES, personality
Outcome Expectations: Perceived Benefits vs.
Perceived Risks/Barriers
Self-efficacy
Health Belief Model
Strong family history of heart
disease / strokes; feels it could “happen
to him” and ultimately lead
to serious disability/death
Perceived Threat
Likelihood of taking recommended action
Doctor diagnosed him as hypertensive, started on medication
45 y/o Caucasian male, married, 2 children, works full-time, desk job, does not seek health information
Outcome Expectations: Perceived benefits: no
HTN medication, delay or prevent heart
disease/stroke, live longer, better quality life.
Perceived barriers/risks: time, money, injury?
Self-efficacy: moderate
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Constructs:
Attitude toward the behavior Beliefs about the behavior Evaluation of behavioral outcomes
Subjective norms What others think about your behavior How motivated you are to comply with the
expectations of others
TRA Cont.
Beliefs and Subjective Norms help predict Intentions
Your Intentions predict your actual Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Developed by Fishbein & Ajzen
An extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
TPB versus TRA
Adds the construct: Perceived Behavioral Control
Belief about personal control in combination with belief about the one’s ability to do what needs to be done.
Actual Behavioral Control: have the skills and resources needed to quit.
TPB Cont.
People will perform a behavior if: They believe the advantages of success
outweigh the disadvantages of failure.
They believe that other people with whom they are motivated to comply, think they should perform the behavior.
They have sufficient control over the factors that influence success or ability to perform the behavior.
TPB
Attitude toward the behavior
Subjective Norm
Intention Behavior
Perceived Behavioral
Control
Actual Behavioral
Control
TPBHealthy eating
takes time, extra money and a lot of
energy
Friends / family do not exercise
and junk food is always
abundant
Eating healthier / exercising
Behavior
“Not much I can do”
Nearby grocery stores often have good sales,
lives near farmer’s market. Lives near park and
walking trails
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) AKA: Stages of Change Developed by Prochaska & DiClemente Major Constructs:
Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Decisional Balance Self-Efficacy
Precontemplation
“The shoes are still at the store”
Not thinking about changing behavior in the next six months.
May be unaware of risks or problems. Needs some work “under the hood.”
Contemplation
“Shoe shopping”
Seriously thinking about making a behavior change, but have not yet made a commitment to action
Preparation
“You bought the shoes”
Ready to take action in the very near future (next 30 days)
Have a plan of action Experimenting with new behaviors
Action
“Wearing your shoes on a regular basis”
Actively engaged in new behavior(s) for less than six months.
Efforts are sufficient to reduce risk of disease
Self-Efficacy
Confidence that one can be successful in the new behavior across different challenging situations.
Relapse
More likely when you are stressed, anxious, or feeling depressed.
More likely if you lack social support or are experiencing interpersonal conflicts
More likely if you return to a setting (environment) that “cues” your old behavior(s)
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Decisional Balance
Decisional Balance
Self-Effic
acy
Self-Effic
acy
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
Between every stage, the client needs to have decisional balance and self-efficacy
Pro’s of TTM
Encourages less “labeling” terms. (Precontemplation rather than “loser” or
“lost cause”) Must accept people “where they are” Behavior change is not viewed as linear It is easy to stage clients It is not based on an instant gratification
mentality Allows for stage-matched interventions
How to stage a person using TTMDo you exercise regularly?
No Yes
Do you intend to in the next 30 days?
Have you been doing so for more than 6 months?
No Yes No Yes
Do you intend to in the next six months?
No Yes
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation Action Maintenance
(Pearson Ed, 2012)
Adapted from:
Autobiography in Five Short Chaptersby Portia Nelson
II walk down the street.
There is a deep hole in the sidewalk.I fall in
I am lost … I am helplessIt takes forever to find a way out.
III walk down the same street.
There is a deep hole in the sidewalk.I pretend I don’t see it.
I fall in again.I can’t believe I am in the same place.
It still takes a long time to get out.
IIII walk down the same street.
There is a deep hole in the sidewalk.I see it is there.
I still fall in … it’s a habit.My eyes are open.I know where I am.
I get out immediately.
IVI walk down the same street.
There is a deep hole in the sidewalk.I walk around it.
VI walk down another street.
Behavior change theories with interpersonal focus
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) **
Social Network Theory (SNT)
Social Capital Theory
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) A behavior change theory with an
Interpersonal / Social network focus.
Reciprocal Determinism
Characteristics
of the Person
Environment in which the behavior is performed Behavior of
the person
More constructs of SCT
Behavior Capacity
Expectations
Expectancies
Self-Control / Self-Regulation
Self-Efficacy
Reinforcement
Observational Learning
Emotional Coping Responses
Reinforcement
Any action or event that increases the desired behavior
Present something positive Money New clothes
Remove something negative Nagging Teasing
Punishment
Any action or event that decreases the likelihood that the desired behavior will occur.
Present something negative Criticize Policies or laws
Remove something positive Praise Privilege
Behavior theories with community focus
Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DF) ** AKA: Diffusion Theory
Community Readiness Model (CRM)
Diffusion of Innovations
The progressive adoption by members of a community or society of an idea or practice over time.
Categories of Adopters
Innovators (<3%) Independent, risk-takers, eager to try new
ideas Not necessarily the most respected
members of the community Seek info on their own, rely on their own
judgment in making decisions about adoption
Try out new ideas and provide the first tests of the utility of the innovation
Categories of Adopters
Early Adopters (14%) Respected members of the community Opinion leaders Powerful influence on other potential
adopters Trendy … like to be up on what is good and
new Seen as opinion leaders
Categories of Adopters
Early Majority (34%)
Greatly influenced by mass media and opinion leaders
By virtue of their numbers, they begin to form a new norm
Lots of contact with peers, but don’t hold leadership positions.
Categories of Adopters
Late Majority (34%) Skeptical of change
Tend to wait until an innovation is established as a norm before adopting
Motivation is greatly influenced by peers
Don’t like risk and uncertainty
Categories of Adopters
Laggards (16%) Very traditional and conservative
Tend to have less education and lower SES
Socially and geographically mobile
Narrow and restricted communication networks
Suspicious of innovations and adverse to risk
Determinants of Diffusion’s Speed and Extent
Is the innovation better than what it will replace?
Does the innovation fit with the intended audience?
Is the innovation easy to use?
Can the innovation be tried out before adopting?
Are the results of the innovation observable and easily measured?
A few more pieces
Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Factors
Barriers to change PRECEDE/PROCEED behavioral diagnosis
phase
Predisposing Factors
Provide the rationale or motivation for a person or group to act KAB (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs) Personal preferences Existing skills Self-efficacy beliefs
Individual level theories Intrapersonal are most appropriate for
addressing these factors.
Reinforcing Factors
Factors that provide reinforcement and reward for actions and encourage repetition of the action Social support Peer influence Significant others (family, spouse, partner) Employers, teachers, health providers,
community leaders, decision-makers
Enabling Factors
Factors that provide the means or make the action possible.
Availability of programs or services or skills training
Accessibility of programs or services or skills training
Writing Objectives
Objectives start with the word “to” followed by an action verb.
Specify a single, key action to be accomplished The What / how much
Specifies a target date The When
Avoids the How and Why Realistic and attainable