theories under stress: the evolution of early genetics
TRANSCRIPT
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THEORIES UNDER STRESS:THE EVOLUTION OFEARLY GENETICS
The Science of Evolution and the Evolution of theSciences, 13/10/2016
Charles H. Pence
Department of Philosophyand Religious Studies
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How can we understand thestructure of scientificcommunities duringtheoretical crises?
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THE BIOMETRY /MENDELISMDEBATE
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color by Mads Madsden
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Fleeming Jenkin, in 1884, from memoir by R.L. Stevenson
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William Bateson, in 1905
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W.F.R. Weldon
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Karl Pearson and Francis Galton
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From Weldon (1893)
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Gregor Mendel
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St. Cross Church, Holywell
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The basic idea: (e.g., Provine 1971)
• 1867: Jenkin’s review of the Origin
• 1892: Bateson’s Materials
• 1893: Weldon’s first biometrical work
• 1901: Rediscovery of Mendel
• 1906: Death of Weldon
• ∼1930: Beginning of Synthesis
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SOCIOLOGICALSTRUCTURE
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Kyung-Man Kim, 1994
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After Fig. 2, Kim 1994
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New emphasis: paradigm articulators – those who“articulated the still inchoate paradigms byextending and elaborating the theory,” but without“evaluat[ing] their mentor’s theory” (Kim 1994, 35)
Five of these – Darbishire, Schuster, Yule, Pearl, andShull – converted from biometry to Mendelismbetween 1903 and 1910.
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Kim’s focus: structures ofeducation, training, and theory
transmission
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Good! But this is an activedebate in the literature.
Can we detect its signal there?
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NETWORKS OFDISCOURSE
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From previous work (Pence 2011, 2015) Iknew some of this debate played out inNature. Let’s find more.
A network of around 100 biologists workingon heredity published around 2,000 articlesin Nature between, roughly, 1870 and 1940.
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Aside: Check out the data! The network I will bedescribing can be interacted with live at:
https://cpence.github.io/biometry-mendelism/
And all data is at:
https://github.com/cpence/biometry-mendelism
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(data: full network, animated network,time slices)
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• —1894: No robust clustering, standardcenter-periphery network
• 1895–99: Cluster of people involved in debatepulled out of broader conversation
• 1900–04: Bateson and Weldon completelyseparate from remaining network
• 1905–09: Last biometrical analysis,Pearson/Pearl working together; Weldonretreats to experimental work, dies
• 1910—: Back to a cluster-free network
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CONCLUSIONS
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Community structure isreflected in the structure ofthe network of discourse
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But! It’s not straightforward,and the networks of discoursegive us interesting questionsto ask about the community.
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Paradigm “debaters?”Paradigm “warriors?”
Participating in debatesbetween paradigms pulls youout of the broader network.
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Networks of discourse don’tsort paradigm A from paradigmB, nor do they give us Kim’s
sociological structure.
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After Fig. 2, Kim 1994, line weight proportional to edge weight in network of discourse, dashed line indicatesconnection present in Kim but missing in new network. Pearson-Pearl line reduced for clarity.
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You get a variety of linksacross paradigms, and thoseconnections can be difficult todescribe in any other robust
way.
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Problems and Next Steps:
• This is just one journal, broadly based in the UK.Can’t see Davenport’s school in the US very well.
• Another siloing effect: biometricians found anew journal, Biometrika. Working on dataaccess now.
• Just one case study! Need more!