theories of personality what is it? do you have a "good" personality? do you have a...
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Theories of PersonalityTheories of PersonalityWhat is it?What is it?
Do you have a "good" personality?Do you have a "good" personality?
Do you have a "lot" of personality?Do you have a "lot" of personality?
Most think of it as social Most think of it as social attractivenessattractiveness
EvaluativeEvaluative
DescriptiveDescriptive
Does not consider actual behavior only Does not consider actual behavior only the effects of the behaviorthe effects of the behavior
Define:Define: Essentially the study of individual Essentially the study of individual
differencedifference Predicated on this positionPredicated on this position
““The unique organization of The unique organization of characteristics that is typical of an characteristics that is typical of an individual's recurrent behaviors.”individual's recurrent behaviors.”
Book–The underlying causes within Book–The underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and the person of individual behavior and experience.experience.
As many definitions as there are As many definitions as there are personologists.personologists.
How StudiedHow Studied Idiographic—stresses the unique Idiographic—stresses the unique
personality. No two people are personality. No two people are alike. Must study them individuallyalike. Must study them individually
Nomothetic—personality is unique Nomothetic—personality is unique but it is not profitable to discuss but it is not profitable to discuss personality in this way. Rather, personality in this way. Rather, they are going to use norms.they are going to use norms.
We will see different theoretical We will see different theoretical orientations using different orientations using different methods to study personality.methods to study personality.
Theories differ in:Theories differ in: Main ThemeMain Theme Aspects of Personality–constructsAspects of Personality–constructs How constructs are relatedHow constructs are related DevelopmentDevelopment Range of convenienceRange of convenience Methods and tools of assessmentMethods and tools of assessment Hypothesis/empiricalHypothesis/empirical
A theory is basically a set of A theory is basically a set of assumptions assumptions about behavior.about behavior.
A “good” theory will:A “good” theory will: Be Logically RelatedBe Logically Related Have Operational DefinitionsHave Operational Definitions Be of high Usefulness–applied valueBe of high Usefulness–applied value Have a high degree of Verifiability Have a high degree of Verifiability
(Proof—NO!)(Proof—NO!) Show a high degree of Show a high degree of
comprehensivenesscomprehensiveness Which theory is the “BEST” theory?Which theory is the “BEST” theory? None reallyNone really Should be EclecticShould be Eclectic
Sigmund Freud (1856-Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)1939)
BackgroundBackground One of eightOne of eight Oldest of Oldest of
MotherMother Mother’s “Pet”Mother’s “Pet” Wanted to be a Wanted to be a
teacher-but was teacher-but was JewishJewish
Thus, went into Thus, went into private practiceprivate practice
Major Theme:Major Theme: The wanting of satisfaction and the The wanting of satisfaction and the
avoidance of pain.avoidance of pain. To try to maximize instinctual To try to maximize instinctual
gratification while minimizing gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt.punishment and guilt.
HedonisticHedonistic The Ego is important but the Id is The Ego is important but the Id is
the major impetusthe major impetus Psychoanalysis–emphasizes the Psychoanalysis–emphasizes the
content of thought rather than the content of thought rather than the pure neurological aspects of pure neurological aspects of thought.thought.
Mind:Mind: ConsciousConscious PreconsciousPreconscious Unconscious – most of the Unconscious – most of the
important aspects of personality important aspects of personality are unconsciousare unconscious RepressedRepressed Dreams–Royal Road to the Dreams–Royal Road to the UnconsciousUnconscious
Manifest content (overt) and Manifest content (overt) and Latent content (interpretation)Latent content (interpretation)
Parapraxes or slips of the tongueParapraxes or slips of the tongue Personality is Irrational according to Personality is Irrational according to
Freud and he considers all of us to Freud and he considers all of us to be irrational be irrational
Systems of Personality–Freud Systems of Personality–Freud developed these late in his life.developed these late in his life. Interaction of the three Rarely Interaction of the three Rarely
does one take complete controldoes one take complete control What happens if it doesWhat happens if it does
IDID Innate/inheritedInnate/inherited Primitive and biologicalPrimitive and biological Libido – Source is the Id.Libido – Source is the Id.
Psychic energy–not sexual energy Psychic energy–not sexual energy Libidinal energy is never lost it is Libidinal energy is never lost it is only transformedonly transformed
Pleasure Principle-Minimize Pleasure Principle-Minimize pleasure–hedonisticpleasure–hedonistic
Tension reductionTension reduction Reflex action - Automatic Reflex action - Automatic reaction/reduces tension reaction/reduces tension immediatelyimmediately
Primary Process - Rids tension by Primary Process - Rids tension by forming an imageforming an image
Wish-fulfillment - Mental image Wish-fulfillment - Mental image (ID (ID cathexis)/Dreams/Hallucinations. cathexis)/Dreams/Hallucinations. Can tell a lotCan tell a lot
Has no idea of time. No past and Has no idea of time. No past and no future, only present moment no future, only present moment countscounts
Personality is Basically evil/irrationalPersonality is Basically evil/irrational Instincts - inborn psychological Instincts - inborn psychological
representations of an inner somatic representations of an inner somatic source of excitationsource of excitation Psychological representation = Psychological representation =
wish/motive/foodwish/motive/food Body excitement = need/nutritionBody excitement = need/nutrition
Eros – life, pleasureEros – life, pleasure Thanatos – death, aggressiveThanatos – death, aggressive
Aspects of InstinctsAspects of Instincts SourceSource - body condition/need, does - body condition/need, does
not changenot change Aim or PressureAim or Pressure - removal of body - removal of body
condition, does not change, condition, does not change, regressive, motivational qualityregressive, motivational quality
ObjectObject - behavior used to secure - behavior used to secure satisfaction, can change, seeks satisfaction, can change, seeks homeostasis, reduce tensionhomeostasis, reduce tension
ImpetusImpetus - strength, can change, - strength, can change, most variation for satisfactionmost variation for satisfaction
Strives for balanceStrives for balance
EgoEgo Initially develops to control the Initially develops to control the
urges of the Idurges of the Id Develops from Id - displaced energy Develops from Id - displaced energy
from Idfrom Id Libidinal displacements - "X" amountLibidinal displacements - "X" amount Cathects energy - invests psychic Cathects energy - invests psychic
energy in need satisfying objects - energy in need satisfying objects - Object cathexis. If not satisfying Object cathexis. If not satisfying redirects to Egoredirects to Ego Id – image of bottle or breast Id – image of bottle or breast Ego – FoodEgo – Food
Cathexis - Driving forceCathexis - Driving force As Ego becomes more successful it gets As Ego becomes more successful it gets
more energy - if fails it loses energymore energy - if fails it loses energy Identification - matches mental image Identification - matches mental image
with realitywith reality Reality Principle – Delay gratification Reality Principle – Delay gratification
until appropriate – mature individuals until appropriate – mature individuals because it considers consequencesbecause it considers consequences
Secondary Process - Realistic thinkingSecondary Process - Realistic thinking Helps to get the ID real rather than Helps to get the ID real rather than imaginary satisfactionimaginary satisfaction
Finds satisfying objects for ID’s needsFinds satisfying objects for ID’s needs
Reality testing Reality testing "Executive" of personality"Executive" of personality Ultimate purposeUltimate purpose - further Id's aims - further Id's aims Mostly a Rational systemMostly a Rational system Strives for balanceStrives for balance Defines the “I”– who we think we Defines the “I”– who we think we
are are Strong, independent, and effective Strong, independent, and effective
when it is able to effectively when it is able to effectively cooperate with the Id and Superegocooperate with the Id and Superego Is this rational?Is this rational?
Defense Mechanisms—protect the ego Defense Mechanisms—protect the ego from itselffrom itself They are not concerned directly with They are not concerned directly with conflict or frustration.conflict or frustration.
How do they function:How do they function: They protect the Ego from They protect the Ego from ANXIETYANXIETY
Anxiety signals the Ego there is Anxiety signals the Ego there is tension within the personality tension within the personality system that need to be reducedsystem that need to be reduced
UnconsciousUnconscious Distort, deny, falsify realityDistort, deny, falsify reality
Types of Defense MechanismsTypes of Defense Mechanisms Denial–Primitive–more in childhoodDenial–Primitive–more in childhood Reaction FormationReaction Formation ProjectionProjection IdentificationIdentification DisplacementDisplacement Rationalization–to disguise true Rationalization–to disguise true
motives–little distortion so motives–little distortion so considered a mature defenseconsidered a mature defense
Intellectualization–sour grapesIntellectualization–sour grapes Sublimation–most desirable–creative Sublimation–most desirable–creative
individualsindividuals
Superego or Super EgoSuperego or Super Ego Values, norms, ethics - "Moral Arm“Values, norms, ethics - "Moral Arm“
Develops from Ego Develops from Ego Strength and content of Superego Strength and content of Superego
primarily determined by our parentsprimarily determined by our parents Ego Ideal – reinforcementsEgo Ideal – reinforcements
Allows individual to set Allows individual to set goalsgoals If attains, self-esteemIf attains, self-esteem
Conscience – punishedConscience – punished Demands perfection - Tries to Demands perfection - Tries to persuade Ego that Perfectionistic persuade Ego that Perfectionistic goals better than realistic onesgoals better than realistic ones
Similar to Ego - controls Id impulsesSimilar to Ego - controls Id impulses
Similar to Id – irrationalSimilar to Id – irrational
Ego now balances the demands of the Ego now balances the demands of the Id and the Superego. “I can have one Id and the Superego. “I can have one more drink if I ask someone to drive more drink if I ask someone to drive me home.”me home.”
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
Informationwhich can
easily bemade
conscious
Thoughts,feelings,
urges, and otherinformation
that is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness
Informationin your
immediateawareness
Rational, mediating dimension
of personality
Moralistic,judgmental, perfectionistdimension of
personality
Irrational, illogical,
impulsivedimension ofpersonality
AnxietyAnxiety Tension - needs to be reducedTension - needs to be reduced Signals Ego dangerSignals Ego danger Reaction to an unfamiliar situationReaction to an unfamiliar situation
Reality - real dangers - EgoReality - real dangers - Ego Neurotic - fear something will be Neurotic - fear something will be
punished – Shame - Idpunished – Shame - Id Moral - conscience – guilt - Moral - conscience – guilt -
SuperegoSuperego
Psychosexual development (not Psychosexual development (not really)really) Libidinal energy, progress from Libidinal energy, progress from
autoerotic to more mature agents autoerotic to more mature agents of pleasureof pleasure
FixationFixation OvergratificationOvergratification UndergratificationUndergratification
Oral - birth to 1 yearOral - birth to 1 year Anal - 1 year to 2 yearsAnal - 1 year to 2 years
Sad/masochistic behaviorSad/masochistic behavior Environmental constraintsEnvironmental constraints
Phallic - 2 to 6 years--Sex role Phallic - 2 to 6 years--Sex role identificationidentification Oedipus Complex Resolution - Oedipus Complex Resolution -
castration anxiety - provides the castration anxiety - provides the motivation for resolutionmotivation for resolution
Electra Complex - Penis envyElectra Complex - Penis envy LatencyLatency
Suspended animationSuspended animation Is Freud wrong here?Is Freud wrong here?
GenitalGenital NarcissisticNarcissistic ““Lieben und arbeiten” Lieben und arbeiten”
““To love and to work”To love and to work” Descriptive of adult personalitiesDescriptive of adult personalities
Personality is essentially Personality is essentially developed by age 6developed by age 6
Early childhood experiencesEarly childhood experiences
People tend to be highly People tend to be highly irrational.irrational.
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms Abnormal - overuseAbnormal - overuse
Very comprehensive theory - most of Very comprehensive theory - most of any we will discuss.any we will discuss. Precise and testable? NoPrecise and testable? No Lacks applied value? NoLacks applied value? No Totally lacks value? NoTotally lacks value? No
Unit of Analysis (data):Unit of Analysis (data): Free Association – tool for gaining Free Association – tool for gaining
access into unconscious mind.access into unconscious mind. Dream AnalysisDream Analysis
Remember, dreams are the Remember, dreams are the “Royal Road to the Unconscious” “Royal Road to the Unconscious” for Freudfor Freud
BackgroundBackground SwissSwiss Clergy FamilyClergy Family Dreams shaped Dreams shaped
his lifehis life ““Interpretation Interpretation
of Dreams”of Dreams”
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)
Differ with Freud:Differ with Freud: De-emphasis sexuality especially De-emphasis sexuality especially
infantile sexualityinfantile sexuality Greater emphasis on spirituality Greater emphasis on spirituality
(mystical and religious).(mystical and religious). Emphasis on cultural universals in our Emphasis on cultural universals in our
experienceexperience
Main Theme:Main Theme: The tendency toward attainment of The tendency toward attainment of
selfhoodselfhood Balance between opposing forces of Balance between opposing forces of
personalitypersonality Main Aspects:Main Aspects:
Self–the integrated personalitySelf–the integrated personality All of the individual’s qualities and All of the individual’s qualities and potentialspotentials
Conglomeration of all the opposing Conglomeration of all the opposing forcesforces
Motivates person to wholenessMotivates person to wholeness
Individuation process-Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processesconglomeration of all the processes
Psyche - thoughts, feelings, Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconsciousbehavior, conscious, unconscious Helps us adapt to social and Helps us adapt to social and physical environmentphysical environment
Strives for wholenessStrives for wholeness Compensation – relationship of Compensation – relationship of conscious and unconsciousconscious and unconscious
Need bothNeed both
Individuation–restoring wholeness Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult to the psyche in adult development–mid life–becoming a development–mid life–becoming a fully developed person with all fully developed person with all psychic functions developedpsychic functions developed
Transcendent Function–integration Transcendent Function–integration
of all opposing aspects of of all opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole.personality into a unified whole. The integration of the already The integration of the already differentiate systems of differentiate systems of personalitypersonality
Ego:Ego: Conscious - individualistic mindConscious - individualistic mind DifferentiationDifferentiation Gatekeeper - SelectiveGatekeeper - Selective Directs business of everyday lifeDirects business of everyday life Sense of identity and continuitySense of identity and continuity
Personal Unconscious:Personal Unconscious: Preconscious and unconsciousPreconscious and unconscious DefensesDefenses Develops out of learning and Develops out of learning and
experienceexperience
Complexes - a cluster of ideasComplexes - a cluster of ideas Strong emotional contentStrong emotional content Preoccupied–obsessionPreoccupied–obsession Interferes with normal Interferes with normal functioningfunctioning
Generally healthy - unhealthy in Generally healthy - unhealthy in overuseoveruse
IndividualisticIndividualistic
Collective Unconscious:Collective Unconscious: Most unique contribution to Most unique contribution to personality theory–most personality theory–most importantimportant
Communal, species memory–Communal, species memory–represents accumulated culture represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman of humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birthlife). Lodged in psyche at birth
Due to genetic inheritanceDue to genetic inheritance Not inherit specific memories/ Not inherit specific memories/ predispositions inheritedpredispositions inherited
Achieves consciousness through Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosisdreams and psychosis
Includes the archetypesIncludes the archetypes Similar for allSimilar for all Younger generations have more Younger generations have more Collective Unconscious.Collective Unconscious.
Why?Why?
Archetypes:Archetypes: Dominants/Primordial images - Dominants/Primordial images -
thought forms from past thought forms from past Common experiencesCommon experiences Psychic InstinctsPsychic Instincts They have both positive and They have both positive and
negative negative aspects about them aspects about them Determines, in part, perceptionsDetermines, in part, perceptions PsychosisPsychosis
Shadow-animalistic possibilitiesShadow-animalistic possibilities Most powerful/dangerousMost powerful/dangerous Sexuality/aggressionSexuality/aggression Leads to vitality and passionLeads to vitality and passion Freud?Freud?
Anima - feminine possibility in manAnima - feminine possibility in man Animus - masculine possibility in Animus - masculine possibility in
womenwomen Help understand opposite sexHelp understand opposite sex Freud?Freud?
Persona - Conventional mask Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to act– how society expects us to act Freud?Freud?
The Great Mother–ancestral The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by experience of being raised by mothers. mothers.
The Spiritual Father–wise old manThe Spiritual Father–wise old man The Hero–special forces allows to The Hero–special forces allows to
beat tough opponentsbeat tough opponents The Trickster–ultimately brings The Trickster–ultimately brings
about positive resultsabout positive results Mandela–archetype of orderMandela–archetype of order Transformation–alchemistsTransformation–alchemists
Synchronicity–meaningful coincidenceSynchronicity–meaningful coincidence Phenomena which seem logically to Phenomena which seem logically to
be coincidental have connections be coincidental have connections that feel meaningful.that feel meaningful.
Psychic Energy–life energyPsychic Energy–life energy Psychic value–cathexed energy in an Psychic value–cathexed energy in an
objectobject
Principle of equivalence - if value of Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be compensated by decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspectopposite shift in another aspect
Principle of entropy–the distribution Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balanceequilibrium or balance
Energy never lost, just transferredEnergy never lost, just transferred
Development:Development: No real stages per se.No real stages per se. Causality - influence on behavior Causality - influence on behavior
from pastfrom past Teleology - influence on behavior Teleology - influence on behavior
due to the anticipated futuredue to the anticipated future
Psychological TypesPsychological Types Person’s grouping based upon the Person’s grouping based upon the
three major dimensions of three major dimensions of personality–eight different personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions.attitudes and the four functions.
Fundamental Attitudes:Fundamental Attitudes: IntroversionIntroversion (inner world) versus (inner world) versus
ExtraversionExtraversion (outer world) (outer world) Dominant Functions:Dominant Functions:
ThinkingThinking–intellectual and rational –intellectual and rational versus versus FeelingFeeling–evaluation and –evaluation and rationalrational
SensingSensing–reality and irrational –reality and irrational versus versus IntuitionIntuition--perception via --perception via unconscious processes and unconscious processes and irrationalirrational
Word Association Technique:Word Association Technique: Give a word, say the first thing that Give a word, say the first thing that
comes to mindcomes to mind Used to help uncover complexesUsed to help uncover complexes
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
BackgroundBackground Health-rickets, Health-rickets,
pneumoniapneumonia Older brother-Older brother-
compensationcompensation Freud’s Freud’s
personal personal physicianphysician
How he differs from Freud:How he differs from Freud: Fulfillment theorist.Fulfillment theorist. Individual Psychology-Unique–focus Individual Psychology-Unique–focus
on the ego.on the ego. He changed theory as time went on.He changed theory as time went on.
Main basic motive underlying Main basic motive underlying human behavior is the need to human behavior is the need to overcome inferiority.overcome inferiority.
Main Theme:Main Theme: Striving toward superiority and Striving toward superiority and
perfection. perfection. Good for the individual and society. Good for the individual and society. Striving for a goal.Striving for a goal.
The same goal of wanting a The same goal of wanting a perfect society.perfect society.
Going from a felt minus to felt plus Going from a felt minus to felt plus situation.situation.
Dissatisfaction of the felt minus.Dissatisfaction of the felt minus. Present in infancy.Present in infancy.
Main Ideas:Main Ideas: Organ Inferiorities–real physical Organ Inferiorities–real physical
weaknesses.weaknesses. Inferiority Complex–when growth process Inferiority Complex–when growth process
stagnates. Felt Minusstagnates. Felt Minus All neurotics have an inferiority complexAll neurotics have an inferiority complex
Feelings of Inferiority–psychological Feelings of Inferiority–psychological perceptions of weakness or inferiority.perceptions of weakness or inferiority. Has nothing to do with reality.Has nothing to do with reality. ““I’m not smart–I cannot do well in I’m not smart–I cannot do well in
college.”college.” Can influence the individual greatly.Can influence the individual greatly.
Compensation-Attempt to overcome Compensation-Attempt to overcome real and/or imagined inferiorities. real and/or imagined inferiorities. No legs–becomes a sports announcer.No legs–becomes a sports announcer. Believe dumb–work all the harder.Believe dumb–work all the harder. If compensation does not work ideas If compensation does not work ideas
become an inferiority complex.become an inferiority complex.
Creative Self – trying to find or create Creative Self – trying to find or create experiences that will lead to experiences that will lead to fulfillment.fulfillment. Expressing the capacity of exercising Expressing the capacity of exercising
free will to transcend the forces free will to transcend the forces acting upon the person acting upon the person
It is compensatory–creative way to It is compensatory–creative way to compensate for feelings of inferioritycompensate for feelings of inferiority
Fictional Finalisms--Ideals of Fictional Finalisms--Ideals of perfection and superiority. perfection and superiority. Subjective experience rather than Subjective experience rather than
objective realityobjective reality Usually are a fiction–“All people are Usually are a fiction–“All people are
created equal.” Normals can see the created equal.” Normals can see the fiction but they can still use the fiction but they can still use the finalism to spur or drive their finalism to spur or drive their behavior. behavior.
Unique to the individual. Unique to the individual. Helps us to set goals and reach Helps us to set goals and reach
achievements.achievements. May be conscious or unconscious.May be conscious or unconscious.
Social Interest–How we take an Social Interest–How we take an interest in others.interest in others. Occupational Tasks - vocation, Occupational Tasks - vocation,
productive.productive. Societal Tasks - adapt to others & show Societal Tasks - adapt to others & show
an interest in others. an interest in others. Love Tasks - relationships between and Love Tasks - relationships between and
among the sexes. The three are tasks are among the sexes. The three are tasks are highly related.highly related.
Neurotics-strives for self-interests. Neurotics-strives for self-interests. Normals-wants to help advance a perfect Normals-wants to help advance a perfect
society.society.
Style of Life--How we fit into our own Style of Life--How we fit into our own particular niche-what we are like.particular niche-what we are like. Established by age 4 or 5Established by age 4 or 5 All other needs are subordinate to All other needs are subordinate to
it. it. "The very pattern of each existence "The very pattern of each existence
as the person creates it.“as the person creates it.“ Based on unique interrelations of Based on unique interrelations of
inferiorities. inferiorities. The unique way in which a person The unique way in which a person
pursues her/his goalspursues her/his goals Must first develop social interest.Must first develop social interest.
First memories–do not have to be First memories–do not have to be accurate–psychological aspects effect accurate–psychological aspects effect memory and that is what is importantmemory and that is what is important Can highly influence behaviorCan highly influence behavior Key to understanding a personKey to understanding a person
Mistaken Styles of LifeMistaken Styles of Life Ruling Type–want to dominate othersRuling Type–want to dominate others
Sadistic, tyrannical, delinquentSadistic, tyrannical, delinquent Getting Type–dependently leans on Getting Type–dependently leans on
others others Passive, lazy, depressedPassive, lazy, depressed
Avoiding Type–do not want to deal Avoiding Type–do not want to deal with problems with problems Isolated, coldIsolated, cold
Socially Useful Type–helps othersSocially Useful Type–helps others
Development--No real stages per se.Development--No real stages per se. Based on quantitative and Based on quantitative and
qualitative nature of the family.qualitative nature of the family.
Family ConstellationFamily Constellation The unique sociological factors of The unique sociological factors of
the family and how those factors the family and how those factors influence each child.influence each child.
Gives each child a particular set of Gives each child a particular set of problems with problems with which to cope.which to cope. Only child, first child, absence of Only child, first child, absence of parent, etc.parent, etc.
Family Atmosphere–The unique Family Atmosphere–The unique emotional relationships between the emotional relationships between the different family members.different family members. Cooperative atmosphere of Cooperative atmosphere of mutualmutual
trust and respect leads to trust and respect leads to constructiveness. constructiveness. Opposite leads to Opposite leads to destructiveness. destructiveness.
Personal initiative atmosphere Personal initiative atmosphere leads to leads to activeness. activeness. Opposite leads to passiveness.Opposite leads to passiveness.
Styles of LifeStyles of LifeComprised of Fictional Finalisms and Comprised of Fictional Finalisms and Traits. Traits.
Active-Constructive.Active-Constructive. Highly service Highly service oriented (this is the Fictional oriented (this is the Fictional Finalisms for these folks). Positively Finalisms for these folks). Positively ambitious. Most positive style of life. ambitious. Most positive style of life. Adlerian IdealAdlerian Ideal
Passive-Constructive.Passive-Constructive. Tend to seek Tend to seek attention (FF). A positive style of life. attention (FF). A positive style of life.
11 Active-Destructive.Active-Destructive. Hurts others. Hurts others.
Spiteful, wants power (FF) over Spiteful, wants power (FF) over others. Negative.others. Negative.
Passive-Destructive.Passive-Destructive. Lazy, gets Lazy, gets power (FF) by being lazy. Negative.power (FF) by being lazy. Negative.